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TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


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Photographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  NY.  14580 

(716)  872-4503 


m 


C^. 


CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHM/ICMH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions  /  Institut  canadien  de  microreproductions  historiques 


O^ 


.<^ 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notes/Note*  techniques  et  bibliographiques 


The  Institute  has  attempted  to  obtain  the  best 
original  copy  available  for  filming.  Features  of  this 
copy  which  may  be  bibliographically  unique, 
which  may  alter  any  of  the  images  in  the 
reproduction,  or  which  may  significantly  change 
the  usual  method  of  filming,  are  checked  below. 


D 


Coloured  covers/ 
Couverture  de  couleur 


I — I    Covers  damaged/ 


Couverture  endommag6e 


I — I    Covers  restored  and/or  laminated/ 


Couverture  restaurie  et/ou  pelHculAe 

Cover  title  missing/ 

Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 


rtpt  Coloured  maps/ 


Cartes  g6ographiques  en  couleur 

Coloured  ink  (i.e.  other  than  blue  or  black)/ 
Encre  de  couleur  (i.e.  autre  que  bleue  ou  noire) 


I — I   Coloured  plates  and/or  illustrations/ 


D 


Planches  et/ou  illustrations  en  couleur 

Bound  with  other  material/ 
Reii*  avec  d'autres  documents 


r*^  Tight  binding  may  cause  shadows  or  distortion 

L^!r  along  interior  margin/ 

La  re  liure  serrie  pout  causer  de  I'ombre  ou  de  la 
distorsion  l«  long  de  la  marge  IntArieure 


D 


L'Institut  a  microfilm*  le  meilleur  exemplaire 
qu'il  lui  a  it*  possible  de  se  procurer.  Les  details 
de  cet  exemplaire  qui  sent  peut-dtre  uniques  du 
point  de  vue  bibliographique.  qui  peuvent  modifier 
une  image  reproduite.  ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  una 
modification  dans  la  mithode  normale  de  filmage 
sont  indiquis  ci-dessous. 


I — I   Coloured  pages/ 


Pages  de  couleur 

Pages  damaged/ 
Pages  endom  magmas 


I — I    Pages  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
I      I   Pages  detached/ 


Pages  restaurtes  et/ou  pellicuiies 

Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 
Pages  dicolories,  tacheties  ou  piquies 


Pages  ditachAes 

Showthrough/ 
Transparence 

Quality  of  prin 

Quality  inigale  de  I'impression 

Includes  supplementary  materii 
Comprend  du  materiel  supplimentaire 

Only  edition  available/ 
Seuie  Mition  disponible 


r~n  Showthrough/ 

I      I  Quality  of  print  varies/ 

I      I  Includes  supplementary  material/ 

I — I  Only  edition  available/ 


D 


Blank  leaves  added  during  restoration  may 
appear  within  the  text.  Whenever  possible,  these 
have  been  omitted  from  filming/ 
II  se  peut  que  certaines  pages  blanches  ajouttes 
lors  d'une  restauration  apparaissent  dans  le  texte, 
mais,  lorsque  cela  Atait  possible,  ces  pages  n'ont 
pas  hxh  filmAes. 

Additional  comments:/ 
Commentaires  suppiimentaires: 

This  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Ce  document  est  film*  au  taux  de  reduction  indiquA  ci-dessous. 

10X  14X  18X  22X 


Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata 
slips,  tissues,  etc.,  have  been  refilmed  to 
ensure  the  best  possible  image/ 
Les  pages  totalement  ou  partiellement 
obscurcies  par  un  feuillet  d'errata,  une  pelure, 
etc..  ont  At*  filmies  h  nouveau  de  fapon  A 
obtenir  la  meilleure  image  possible. 


28X 


30X 


E 


12X 


16X 


20X 


24X 


28X 


D 

32X 


mmim 


MWWWWMi 


tails 

du 
odifier 

une 
mage 


irrata 
to 


pelura. 


n 

32X 


The  copy  filmod  here  has  been  reproduced  thank* 
to  the  generosity  of: 

Library  of  Congress 
Photodupiication  Service 

The  images  appearing  here  are  the  best  quality 
possible  considering  the  condition  and  legibility 
of  the  original  copy  and  in  Iceeping  with  the 
filming  contract  specifications. 


Original  copies  in  printed  paper  covers  are  filmed 
beginning  with  the  front  cover  and  ending  on 
the  last  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, or  the  back  cover  when  appropriate.  All 
other  original  copies  are  filmed  beginning  on  the 
first  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, and  ending  on  the  last  page  with  a  printed 
or  illustrated  impression. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contain  the  symbol  — ^  (meaning  "CON- 
TINUED"), or  the  symbol  y  (meaning  "END"), 
whichever  applies. 

Maps,  plates,  charts,  etc.,  may  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratios.  Those  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  exposure  are  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  as 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


1  2  3 


L'exemplaire  fiimA  fut  reproduit  grAce  A  la 
gAnArositA  de: 

Library  of  Congress 
Photodupiication  Service 

Les  images  suivantes  ont  6t6  reproduites  avec  ie 
plus  grand  soin,  compte  tenu  de  ia  condition  et 
de  la  nettetA  de  l'exemplaire  fiim6,  et  en 
conformity  avec  les  conditions  du  contrat  de 
filmage. 

Les  exemplaires  orlginaux  dont  la  couverture  en 
papier  est  imprim6e  sont  fiimto  en  commengant 
par  Ie  premier  plat  et  en  terminant  soit  par  la 
derniAre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration,  soit  par  Ie  second 
plat,  salon  Ie  cas.  Tous  les  autres  exemplaires 
orlginaux  sont  film^s  en  commen9ant  par  ia 
premidre  page  qui  comporte  une  einpreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration  et  en  terminant  par 
la  dernlAre  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 

Un  des  symboles  suivants  apparaftra  sur  la 
derniire  image  de  chaque  microfiche,  selon  ie 
cas:  Ie  symbols  — ►  signifie  "A  SUIVRE  ",  ie 
symboie  V  signifie  "FIN  ". 

Les  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  dtre 
filmte  d  des  taux  de  reduction  diff6rents. 
Lorsque  Ie  document  est  trop  grand  pour  Atre 
reproduit  en  un  seul  cliche,  il  est  fiim6  A  partir 
de  I'angle  sup6rieur  gauche,  de  gauche  k  droite, 
et  de  haut  en  bas,  en  prenant  Ie  nombre 
d'images  n6cessaire.  Les  diagrammes  suivants 
illustrent  la  m6thode. 


1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

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NORTHERN   TOUR 


KKIifO 

A   GUIDE 

TO 

I  SARATOGA,  LAKK  GEORGE,  NIAGARA, 
CANADA,  BOSTON,  &c.  &c. 

TURocau 

irHB  STATES  OF  PKNNSYIiVANIA,  WEW-JER9ET, 

NEW-YORK,  VKBMUNT,  NKW-HAMPSIUBE, 

MASSACHUSETTS,   IlHOnE-ISLANll* 

AND   CONNECTICUT  J 

EMBRICINS   AN   ACCOCST   OF   THK 

j  Cimal.1,  Collegen,  Public  Iiutiluihns,  Natural  CuriotitieM, 
and  interciting  ObjecJn  thtrein 


PHIIADELPHM. 
II.    C.    CAREY    &    I.    LEA. 

1835. 


^3S:^*>P- 


A    ^ 


f!6h 
•^^ 

RASTEBN  DISTRICT  OF  PENNSYLVANIA,  to  wit! 

BK  IT  RKMKMBKHKD    TJ,.^-m  .he^h;j^^e«^  ^ay^of 

..A  Northern  Tour:  being  .  ""•J^'».«Ct!rnVnn.y"v';^X:  N  "v5S^r! 

,„  e„nror,„Uy  to  the  A.t  of  *«  Cpngr.-  of  th..  Un.  J^^^^^^ 
"All  Alt  for  till-  riiCTitrtir'nint  ilL' "".S5V„.pri.t«»t  of  luch  oooIm. 
m«l.-,  cl.»rt.,an.l  hook.,  •" ''^  »»  I;«"XVW"h.Tct,  .i.litl. -1.  ''An 
duAnK  the  tim...  Ihenm '"^  '""'Iv,,*'  a„  At"  lor  the  ^ncour.Kement 
Act  «r.pi.lem.iitaiy  to  .n  Act,  7"';'"  '  ."^J,,, ,,  ,„d  booki,  to  the  au- 
orUiin.'.K,  l-y  ?-'""»jF  ^VS,d.rinKthr  ml.  therein  mentioned,' 
ra^rt'lSr"  eSr.;'t.\h;P'';n.l  .-rt.  or  d.,lgninK.  -.gravn.,, 
.iidetuhiughTHturiiftl  and  "ther  print,. 


M  ^ 


"l.ydU  H^Miiile>^.Fi;'JLt'j:- 


t  .j»  «,*wH<»<p**"*fi*M*' 


**>*»*«iB4s«^8!^K^^R-^ 


,^.s^'d 


LVANIA,  lowlt! 

.  T»i»t  on  the  thlrtiilli  <lay  of 
r  uf  tht  IiidoiM-ndnKit;  of  the 
;  U.  Mil,  H.  C,  Carnj  &  I-  Lt'i, 
i«  Office  the  Title  of  »  Book,  th« 
ill  the  word,  following,  to  wit:- 

Siiratoirii,  I.nke  Oeorge,  Niararo, 
St,t.,'Sf^..n.ylv.nVNewJer. 
,ir.-,  M«s«aihu«  to.  Hhod.-Uluid, 
nt  of  the  C>.n»l.,  College?,  PubUo 
interetting  ObjecU  therein. 

eu  of  the  United  Statei,  intituled, 
riling,  by  ircuring  the  <!«pie«  of 
""".!  pn,priet««  of  .ueh  copies 
'ml  al...  ti  the  Act,  entitled,  «  Au 
"  All  Act  for  the  encoiirageoi™' 
RP«,  Chans  and  hook.,  to  the  »u. 

rX  the  time,  therein  n.eiilione.1, 
tlie  arts  of  ditigniiig,  engraviiiK', 

XL,  Clerk  of  the 

IcrnDislilitof  I'rmuiilvaJi'n 


"ThtS^sjMf^/iU: 


ADVERTISEMENT. 


Ir  is  the  object  of  the  little  volume,  which  i«  here  pre- 
sentcd  to  the  traveller,  to  airord  what  hi«  hitherto  been 
wanting,  in  «n  excursion  throuKh  the  northern  part  of  the 
Union— a  work  to  which  he  may  conveniently  refer  for  m- 
formation,  on  thoae  wibject*  that  wiU  naturally  attract  h« 
attention,  during  a  tour.     Table*  have  been  prepared  and 
inserted,  which  it  is  believed  accurately  mention  the  differ- 
ent  routes,  and  the  distances  between  the  different  place* 
nn  those  routes ,  they  have  been  formed  from  the  best 
•wthorities  on  such  subjects.    Attention  has  been  paid,  in 
I  the  accounta  given  of  the  various  public  works  and  insUtu- 
tions,  to  collect  aU  the  information  relative  to  tliem  from 
sources  that  may  be  relied  on,  but  every  thing  so  rapidly 
changes  and  improves  in  the  countries  through  which  we 
puss,  that  perhaps  some  things  may  have  been  Inadvertently 
omitted.     The  mineralogy  and  geological  character  of  the 
.lifferent  districts  have  been  attended  to,  and  it  is  believed 
thut  they  will  be  fovmd  as  corix*  I  «B  can  be  expected.    The 
most  accurate  historical  accounts  have  been  introduced,  of 
events  worthy  of  remembrance,  that  have  occurred  on  any 
[  of  the  spots  near  which  oui-  course  may  lie  i  and  wl  '-re  the 
official  documents  relative  to  them  were  not  to  be  obtained, 
ihe  historians  of  the  greatest  accuracy  and  celebrity  have 
been  referred  to.  , 


ittMitminititmimi: 


(*#*''" 


■'iiti*w"i  rn^i  H^*- 


^ij>.'"gp.' 


J\ 


•y  ADVEBTISEKEM. 

In  passing  throuRh  the  state  of  New-York,  a  traveller  w^U 
find  a  vast  mass  of  information  in  the  works  of  Mr.  Spaflor.l, 
a  gentleman  who  has  collected,  with  extraordinary  diligence 
and  accuracy,  an  immense  number  of  useful  facts,  relative  at 
once  to  its  history,  antiquities,  institutions,  geography,  and  I 
cori-nerce.    The  travels  of  Mr.  Darby  tln-ougl»  the  sam.  . 
state  abound,  like  his  other  works,  with  a  great  deal  of  valu- 
able  informaf.on  and  many  ingenious  specuUt.ons.    Mr.  S.I- 
liman'9  Tour  from  Hartford  to  Quebec  is  in  the  hanas  of. 
every  one,  equally  delightful  from  its  profound  science.  lU 
riowing  dercriptions,  and  its  liberal  sentiments.     All  that  is 
interesting  with  regard  to  New-England,  is  combined  m  the  | 
volumes  of  Dr.  Dwight.  a  scholar  and  a  poet,  who  has  de-! 
scribed  her  history  with  the  elegance  and  research  of  the 
one.  and  deUneated  her  native  beauties  with  the  ardent  per- 
ceptions  and  expressive  language  of  the  other. 

To  these  vriters  we  have  been  indebted  for  much  valu- 
able  matter,  and  to  them  we  would  refer  such  travellers  asl 
seek  for  more  extended  information  than  the  size  and  charuc 
ter  of  this  little  volume  would  permit  us  to  hitroducr- 

PMladelphia,  June  1, 1825. 


RorTE  n 


rf.jj»w»!bijJiW^-T*; 


"""■^m 


J\ 


EM-. 

New-York,  a  traveller  will  I 
the  works  of  Mr.  Spafl'ord, 
ith  extraordinary  diligence 
r  of  useful  facts,  relative  at 
istitations,  geography,  and 
Darby  tlu-ougli  the  same  [ 
3,  with  a  great  deal  of  valu- 
ious  speculations.     Mr.  Sil- 1 
auebec  is  in  the  hands  ofj 
im  its  profound  science,  its 
ral  sentiments.     All  that  is  I 
ingland,  is  combined  in  the  j 
ar  and  a  poet,  who  has  de- 
egance  and  research  of  the 
eauties  with  the  ardent  per- 
e  of  the  other, 
en  indebted  for  much  valu- 
ould  refer  such  travellers  as 
tion  than  the  size  and  charuc 
ermit  us  to  hitroducft. 


CONTENTS. 


RorTE  FROM  Philadbiphia  to  Nkw-Yohk  .    .    . 
New-Yobk  to  Sabatooa    -    -    -    - 
Excursion  to  Olenn'n  Folk,  and 

Lake  George 

Albany  to  ths  Falls  of  Niaoaba 
Falls  of  Niaoaba  to  Qcbbsc    -    - 

MONTBBAL  to    AlBANT     .      .      -      -      - 

BrBLisroToK  to  Bostok      .     .    .    - 

Albany  to  Boston 

Excursion  to  Nahant     -    -    -    - 
VusTON  to  New-Yohk 


14 

67 

79 
162 

212 
236 
246 
262 
264 


i'-V 


M  ,  . 


i^KSSsp;- 


,r>viff!t'J:W!'''>!Mf^S!P*''V"-^''W^^^^9^^ 


INtl 
it  has  0 
Ihe  citi 
tumnal 
Union, 
ropean 
ment,  I 
Atlanti 
our  CO 
mannei 

It  is 
which 
amid  i 
glory  t 
succesi 
custon 
post  a 
times- 
which 
to  the 
man  n; 
whole 
ren  wi 
I  prospe 
^andi 
word, 
field,  i 


X"»g*r*ba«»*9fe?*'-- 


(WiW^^"^ 


f*WF!^?5IS!^^ 


NORTHERN  TOUR. 


IN  the  gratification  of  a  reasonable  and  uRcfiil  curiosity, 
It  has  of  late  years  become  a  custom  with  a  large  portion  of 
Ihe  citiEcns  of  the  United  Stites,  to  pass  the  summer  and  au- 
tumnal months  in  a  tour  througli  the  northern  section  of  the 
Union.  The  idea  which  so  long  prevailed,  of  making  Eu- 
ropean countries  the  only  field  for  observation  and  amuse- 
ment, has  passed  away ;  and  while  a  few  ai-e  led  across  the 
Atlantic  by  a  more  ardent  curiosity,  the  gieat  majority  of 
our  countrymen  are  content  to  gratify  it  amid  congenial 
manners  and  mstitutions  in  their  native  land. 

It  is  true,  the  nations  of  Europe  present  scenes  and  objects 
which  are  unknown  to  us ;  tUncy  may  there  indulge  itself 
'  amid  mouldering  niins,  dignified  by  all  that  age  and  classic 
1  glory  can  impart  ?  philosophy  may  view  the  varied  effects  of 
'  successive  revolutions,  in  eveiy  age  and  in  every  climate— of 
1  customs,  which  have  bleuded  the  mdeness  and  ignorance  ot 
past  ages  with  the  splendour  and  refinement  ot  modem 
times— of  govei-nments,  in  ever>'  form  except  th.it  alone 
which  we  have  learned  to  prize— <)f  civilization,  here  earned 
to  the  highest  point  of  luxury,  there  depressed  as  low  as  hu- 
man nature  can  endure— of  commerce,  iu  one  age  enriching 
wliole  nations,  which  in  another  are  httle  better  than  a  bar- 
ren waste— of  ambition  and  national  pride,  destroying  the 
prosperity  of  extended  regions,  fi-om  the  mere  desire  of  ag- 
nandizement,  or  the  support  of  unfounded  pretensions  j  in  a 
word,  the  European  traveller  beholds  around  him  a  vast 
field,  in  wliich  improvement  has  graaually  worked  its  way; 


Uritfni    <..«<i'i    rtMm    numinu 


-^— f».il><l)i  ».lijllKH.»T!fl»HWy 


2 


HOBTHEBN  TO«n. 


hnt  he  sees,  on  cverv  side,  the  marks  of  ancient  ignorance. 
Scss  and  absurd  habits  and  customs,  and  the  remnants  o 
fonner  biS>arism  blended  with  tl,e  tyranny  which  .8  not  yet 

SS^tur^lrrhLdin,  down,  ""S*^ Va^uJoUrse  m^ 

&r&  vSwtoVpmling'ufe  delusions  of  a  false  am- 

*'£tlTo\hemTo7  cL  s  Xr^-e'^rthy  of  their  n-. 
pomt  out  to  "^"^.V;  "'""  .-,,„.ri„ns  on  which  it  is  useful  and 
^Ci::^toZX'ir^^^^^r.. at  once  a  memo.ndu.n  | 

jaidsguide.  •  *    , 


,:**^*?*»S!iKfe/-;^f^.'*,- 


ovn. 

avks  of  ancient  ignorante, 
itoms,  and  the  remnants  of 
e  tjTanny  which  is  not  yet 

nt9  a  fairer  and  a  nobler 
ndulge  in  brighter  visions, 
with  more  justice  and  de- 
ll and  the  wilderness  start- 
'.ation  i  smiling  villages  ris- 
issing  into  rich  and  lordly 
manly  and  intelligent  race, 
red,  trom  their  earliest  fore- 
institutions,  which  they  ni 
ininjurcd,  to  the  countless 
1  them.    Nature  here  seems 
dinary  energies,  and  to  have 
scale— eveiy  region  teems 
TicuUure — commerce  smiles  j 
•and  conscious  and  proud  ot 
lerica  offers  to  other  nations 
aggi-andizc  herself  by  inter- 
r  tlie  delusions  of  a  false  am- 

0  our  investigation,  and  that 
travellers  who  will  not  pre- 

1  such  it  is  the  object  of  this 
some  of  their  excursions,  to 
which  ai-e  worthy  of  their  no- 
ms  on  which  it  is  useful  and 
them  at  once  a  memorandum 


noVTB   FROM   PHItADSLPIlIA   TO    NIV-TORK. 


PHILADELPHIA  TO  NEW-YOUK. 


Birsct  Route. 

M.  M, 
Philadeiphia. 
Cross  Frankford  Creek  to  Frankford      -    -    5    5 

Holmcsbm-g 5  10 

Cross  Pennepack  Creek 

Poquasin  Creek 2  12 

Nesliaminey  Creek *  16 

Bristol      - 4  20 

MorrisvlUe l"  30 

Cross  Delaware  River  to  Trenton       -    -    -    1  31 

jAwrenceville --6  3/ 

Princeton '^, 

Kingston,  on  Millstone  River 2  43 

New-Brunswick 14  57 

Cross  Raritan  River 

Rahway  on  Rahway  River 12  69 

Elizabethtown 5  74 

Newark    - .  -    .- ^  ^" 

Cross  Passaic  River 

Hackensack  River 484 

Jersey  City  (PaulusHook) 5  89 

Cross  Hudson  River  to 

Nbw-Vobk 2  91 


Deviations. 
1.  Phihdelphia  to  Trenton  by  water. 

Burlington,  N.  J. 1^ 

Bristol,  P. 1  19 

Bordentown,  N.  J. 9  28 

Trenton,  N.  J *  33 


m  -^^''''' 


■t^**!"<*i»5%V-;-^ 


BOtJTB  JHOM  PHlLADItPHIA   TO   RIW-tOBK 


2.  Sordentown  to  New-York. 

M.    M. 

Cranberry ,V^ 

Spotteswood Q  ""-J 

Soutli  Aniboy °  i"* 

Cross  to  North  Amboy jt  -ii 

New-Ywk  (by  steam-boat) ^x!  ar 


3.  iVeM»-5ru»wu)^■cfr,  %  Staten  Island,  to  New-York. 

Woodbridgc ,  . 

Staten  Island  Sound,  New  Ferry  '    •    '    [i  ^^ 

Castleton       It  22 

Lazaretto      *""""'''"''    eoy 
iVeic-rwA;  (by  steam-boat) » '^' 


4.  By  Elizabethtown  Point  to  New-York. 


Elizabethtown  to 
Elizabetlitown  Point  -    • 
New-York  (by  steam-boat) 


10 


2 
12 


PuuADEtPHiA  to  Tbbhtok,  by  Water,  33  miles. 

Since  the  establishment  of  steam  boats,  this  has  become 
the  usual  route,  and  the  road  is  not  often  selected  by  tra>el. 
lers  esnecially  in  sunmicr.  I'he  passage  by  water  .s  indeed 
SdXieeablei  the  views  are  more  beautiful,  and  the  river 
Senti^a  finer  prospect  above  Philadelphia  than  it  does 
Fewer  mn,  Soon  after  leavingtl.e  city,  the  shores  pdually 
coXcHnd  offer  bolder  features  than  tl.e  flat  banks  which 
pS  'themselves  to  the  eye  of  the  U-avellcr  on  cnt  ^-Je. 
fn  liis  passage  from  Baltimore.  The  shores,  but  espec.aUy  that 
of  Pennsylvania,  are  adorned  by  many  snuhng  villages,  and 
the  country-seatL  of  gentlemen  .^f  Philadelphia  At  e.gl|teen 
miles  from  that  citp  is  Burlington,  on  the  Jersey  shore, 


which,  i 
porate  r 
which  g 
houses, 
reputati 
in  the  n 

On  tl 
distance 
est  cour 
one  thoi 
and  thoi 
tlieir  gn 
shrubs, 
ceeding 
characti 
whole  SI 
pie,  an(] 
tions,  a 
llissus, 
taste. 

Leavi 
still  mo 
thickly 
sent  in  1 
resquc  ( 
sliore,  ii 
ble  forei 
sloops  V 
ton  and 
Durham 
tlie  sho; 
eiideavo 
by  their 
uninten 
ness  of  1 
.ind  silo: 
esting. 

Nine 
on  the  J 
ly  from 
it  for  a  1 
York.  ' 


Jfv^lf^ 


lA  TO   RIW-tOHH. 


oint  to  New-York. 


n,  by  water,  33  miles. 

jam  boats,  this  has  become 
not  often  selected  by  travel- 
'  passage  bv  water  is  indeed 
more  beautiful,  and  tlie  river 
e  Philadelphia  than  it  does 
tlie  citv,  the  shores  gradually 
es  than  tlie  flat  banks  which 
rtheU-avellcr,  on  either  side, 
•he  shores,  but  esiiecially  that 
y  many  smiling  villages,  and 
>f  Philadelphia.  At  eighteen 
igton,  on  the  Jersey  shore, 


vmm 


BHISTOt— BOnDENTOWN.  5 

which,  if  its  size  and  population  are  not  adequate  to  its  cor- 
porate rank — that  of  a  city,  may,  from  its  fine  green  bank, 
wliich  gradually  declines  to  tlie  margin  of  the  nver,  its  neat 
houses,  its  smiling  aspect,  and  salubrious  air,  well  merit  the 
reputation  it  enjoys,  as  one  of  the  most  charming  retreats 
in  the  neighbourhood  of  Philadelphia. 

On  the  opposite  bank  of  the  Delaware,  and  at  about  the 
distance  of  a  mile  from  Burlington,  \h  Bristol,  one  of  the  pretti- 
est country  towns  in  America.  Its  population  does  not  exceed 
one  thousand  inhabitants;  but  the  houses  are  in  general  good, 
and  those  fronting  on  tlie  river  are  built  with  great  taste  j 
tlieir  green  lawns  descencUng  to  its  very  margin,  decked  witli 
shrub.s,  weeping  willows  and  other  ornamental  trees,  are  ex- 
ceedingly picturesque  ;  and  the  house  of  Mr.  Craig  gives  a 
character  of  Attic  beauty  and  exquisite  simplicity  to  the 
whole  scene.  It  is  formed  oi\  the  model  of  a  Grecian  tem- 
ple, and  is  indeed,  though  with  some  variation  in  the  propor- 
tions, a  copy  of  the  beautiful  temple  of  tlie  Muses  on  the 
llis.sus,  one  of  the  most  enchanting  remnants  of  Atlienian 
taste. 

Leaving  Bristol,  the  passage  up  the.  river  becomes  perhaps 
I  still  more  interesting.    Though  tlie  banks  are  no  longer  so 
thickly  gemmed  with  couiitr)'-seats,  yet  they  begin  to  pre- 
sent in  themselves  something  of  a  stronger  and  more  pictu- 
resque ciuu"acter,  occasionally  rising,  especially  on  the  Jersey 
sliore,  into  abrupt  cliffs,  many  of  wliich  are  adorned  with  no- 
ble forest  trees.     A  liveliness  is  imparted  to  the  scene  by  tlie 
sloops  which  are  constantly  met,  on  tlicir  way  between  Tren- 
ton and  Pliiladelphia,  anil  the  inteiniediate  villages.     The 
Durham  boats  too  are  seen  stealing  slowly  and  silently  along 
the  shores ;  tlic  men  enguged  in  poling  them  occasionally 
endeavouring  to  relieve  tlie  tcdiousness  of  tlieir  employment 
by  their  songs,  whose  monotony  would  usually  render  them 
uninteresting,  but  which,  hannoniising  with  the  placid  still- 
I  ness  of  the  water  over  which  they  are  passing,  and  their  slow 
I  .iiid  silent  progress  along  the  shore,  makes  them  not  uninter- 
I  esting. 

I  Nine  miles  above  Bristol,  we  reach  Bordenioum,  a  village 
Ion  the  Jersey  shore.  It  is  built  on  a  lofty  cliff,  rising  abrupt- 
lly  from  the  river,  and  an  excellent  road  has  been  cut  tlirough 
lit  for  a  new  line  of  stages,  estabUshed  on  this  route  to  New- 
I  York.  The  road  from  Uordentown  to  South  Amboy  is  »  new 

*2 


i  i.',i '. 


iii 


tmw^ 


*  BOBDEXTOWK. 

one,  una  presents  little  variety;  it  has,  however,  tl.c  advantniie 
"fbeinir  'lie  shortest  aistancc  by  land  between  New-York  and 
Philudclpliia.     Dordcntown  h  a  very  pretty  v.llajre,  contiim- 
inff  about  one  hunched  dwcUinj?  houses,  in  ^ncral  very  well 
built;  and.  like  Hurhngton  and  Bristol,  is  a  tavounte  retreat 
of  the  Philadelphians  in  summer.    There  is  a  circumstance, 
however,  connected  with  its  history,  which  will  render  it 
neculiurly  interestinff  to  the  travcliei— it  was  the  residence 
Sf  theatre  Fmncis  Hopkinson,  a  name  dear  to  the  scholar  as 
C  as  wit  and  humour  shall  charm,  and  still  dearer   o  the 
mt?iot,  as  long  as  ardent  devotion  to  his  countr);'s  good  shal 
E  i.is  adniiration  and  love.    An  anecdote  is  mentioned 
with  reir-ml  to  him,  which  it  is  believed,  has  never  yet  been 
nubUshed.  and  which  sliows  that  his  merits  were  not  known 
To  his  ow,;  countrymen  alone.  DuriiiK  the  ''evo  utionary  w.u- 
a  party  of  Hessians  invaded  Bordcntown  so  suddenly,  th.it  M. 
Hopkmson's  family  had  barely  time  to  escape,  ^c«^;>ng  ' 
house  and  all  it  contained  a  pvcy  to  the  invaders.     Attei  tin, 
ret  eat  of  the  Uritish  from  Phila<lelphia  in  17^8,  a  volume  was 
brought  to  Mr.  liopkinson,  which  ","^f ""  °*^.'-'f.>\'"l':J 
beh  nd  him  at  his  lidgings  ;  it  was  a  i,ook  that  had  belonged 
to     s  librai-y  at  Hordentown,  and  on  the  blank  page  the 
officer  lad  written  in  German,  that  he  bad  taken  the  volume 
from  tie  library  of  Mr.  Hopkinson,  who  wa-s  a  violent  and 
n^mSo     sing  rebel ;  but' that,  from  the  books  and  the  phi- 

^Sll'l^Sue' :;S^":;.s  formeny  the  abode  of  one  who 
hJl  so  nobly  distinguished  himself  in  the  defence  .ml  ser- 
S  of  our  country,  must  ever  impart  to  t  a  charm  in  the  eye 
rfa  traveller;  yet  perhaps,  his  sensibilities  will  not  be  less 
awakened,  when  he  beholds  it  now  the  residence  of  one  who 
hrSht  its  peaceful  retirement  after  having  been  driven 
fron  t  e  palaceiof  Europe-wlien  he  reflects  that  the  brother 
of  a  mighty  Emperor,  who  nded  nearly  the  whole  of  bu- 
rope  a^d  himselV  the  sovereign  of  a  g'-«='\"''^''"' '«  ""^^^ 
humble  citizen  of  New-Jersey,  known  perhaps  more  by  h^ 
cSes^  and  the  benevolence  of  his  heart,  than  by  Uie  high 

'^SSXiif'thrltidence  of  the  Count  de  Survilliers 
tiosel  Buonaparte,)  is  a  fine  estate  of  about  five  hundred 
SS,  exleS  ^ols  CrossAvick's  creek,  a  stream  which 


inters  the 
out  with  ^ 
of  a  Rurc 
present,  c 
thing  to  b 
both  resp 
a  few  yea 
hud  the  1 
nieiits  ai'i 
I  splendid  ( 
treasure  t 
will  afl'or( 
From  1 
vcller  to  ' 
tlie  termi 


I'l 

Leaviii 

I  village  ii 

As  this  s 

I  pliia,  it  h 

turnpike 

Frankfor 

street,  al 

of  .stone, 

jfardens  i 

I  with  tre 

I  Frankfoi 

in  the  n 

1  in  the  v 

I  houses  ; 

1  numeroi 

I ance. 

From 
I  rection  I 
I  creek. 
J  graduall 
I  the  rive 


^:>?»  j^^ll^ffi**   . 


,  however,  tlie  advantage 
I  between  New-York  und 
y  ])retty  village,  cont«ii\- 
ises,  ii\  Rcncral  very  well 
istol,  is  a  favourite  retreat 
There  is  a  circumstance, 
py,  which  will  render  it 
lei- — it  was  the  residence 
me  dear  to  the  scliolar  as 
m,  and  still  dearer  to  the 
to  his  country's  good  shall 
M  anecdote  is  mentioned 
icved,  has  never  yet  been 
lis  merits  were  not  known 
ing  the  revohitionaiy  war, 
town  so  suddenly,  that  Mr. 
le  to  escape,  leaving  their 

0  the  Invaders.  Alter  the 
phia  in  1778,  a  volume  w  as 

1  a  Hessian  officer  had  left 
I  a  i)ook  tliat  had  belonged 
cl  on  the  blank  page  the 
t  he  had  taken  the  volume 
n,  who  was  a  violent  and 
rom  the  books  and  the  phi- 
,  ho  was  certainly  a  man  of 

lerly  the  abode  of  one,  who 
clf'in  the  defence  and  ser- 
part  to  it  a  charm  in  tlie  eye 
iens'.ljilitits  will  not  be  less 
)w  the  residence  of  one  who 
It  after  having  beci\  driven 
n  he  reflects  that  the  brother 
d  nearly  the  whole  of  Eu- 
of  a  great  nation,  is  now  an 
mown  perhaps  more  by  his 
f  his  heart,  than  by  tlie  high 

of  the  Count  de  Survilliers 
;state  of  about  five  hundred 
ck's  creek,  a  stream  which 


tlUSHroHD— HOlMESBl'no. 

inters  the  Delaware  at  nordentown.  The  grounds  arc  laid 
out  with  great  taste,  and  afi'ord  in  some  degree  a  specimen 
of  a  European  park.  The  mansion  of  the  Covuit  docs  not 
present,  cither  In  iU  situation  or  exterior  appearance,  any 
thing  to  he  greatly  admired,  and  is  ceilainly  fai-  inferior  in 
botii  respects  to  the  old  house,  which  was  burned  down 
a  few  years  since  ;  and  wluch,  placed  ilirectly  on  the  Point, 
had  the  advantage  of  a  noble  view.  The  ii\terior  arrange- 
ments are,  however,  exceciUngly  commodious  i  and  tlu 
splendid  collection  of  paintings  which  adorns  tiie  rooms,  is  a 
1  treasure  that  no  other  jnirt  of  the  continent  can  boast,  and 
will  artoid  a  traveller  of  taste  the  highest  gi-atification. 

From  nordentown,  a  passage  of  hve  miles  brings  the  tra- 
veller to  Trmlun,  the  capital  of  the  state  of  New-.ler8ey,  and 
the  termination  of  steam-boat  navigation  on  tlie  Delaware. 


I'HiLAnEtPHiA  to  Tbestox,  %  hiul,  31  milex. 

Leaving  Philadelphia  by  the  great  eastern  road,  the  first 
I  village  is  that  of  Fraukford,  about  five  miles  from  the  city. 
As  this  stage  may  be  considered  as  an  environ  of  Philatlel- 
nliia,  it  has  all  the  character  belonging  to  it;  the  road  is  a  fin6 
turnpike,  and  the  countiy  is  level,  with  gentle  undulations. 
Fiankford  is  a  very  pretty  village,  consisting  ot  one  main 
street,  about  a  third  of  a  mile  in  length  ;  the  houses  are  built 
of  stone,  or  board,  neatly  painted,  and  suiTounded  with  little 
trardens ;  and  the  road  being  wide,  is  planted  on  each  side 
with  trees  in  front  of  the  houses.  The  country  around 
Fmnkfonl  is  agi-eeable,  and  foi-ms  from  the  numerous  villas 
in  the  neighbourhood,  one  of  the  most  cheerful  residences 
in  the  vicinity  of  the  city.  It  contains  about  one  hundred 
houses  !  and,  though  it  has  no  staple  manufacture,  yet  the 
1  numerous  shops,  stores  and  taverns,  give  it  a  busy  appear- 

From  Frankford,  tlie  road  proceeds  in  a  north-eastern  di- 
rection five  miles  to  Ilolmesburg,  a  village  on  the  Pmnepack 
I  creek.   On  tlve  right,  as  tlic  country  recedes  from  the  eye,  it 
gradually  becomes  more  and  more  level  for  about  a  mile  to 
the  river  Delaware,  along  whose  margin  it  descends  into  mea- 


nnisTot— MonmivH.".— TiiENTOx. 


3 

wcxrIs  villas  and  occas  onal  g;liini>HCH  of  the  n\cr,  lhoii(fli  in. 
nmd  in  notlufficiently  elevated  to  afford  any  very  extennne 

''^r"t'K  Holmclrg  the  road  cn,sse.the  Po,u.W. 

ere  k.  fo  r  milcH  further  the  W,««««ey,  and  ...  four  mo.^e 

we  reach  Bristol  o.,  th"  Delaware.     The  so.l  »  ...  h'cne.~al 

h,anlv  mixed  with  pavel,  a.id  a  Hubstrutum  of  soft  „..caceo,., 

JSr  he  aspect  of  the  co...,t.y  is  plv^sinB.  the  reach  of 

™ect  often  extensive,  and  prescthiff  goml  farms,  the 

^    r,  ne.a  a..d  freq..e..tly  eleg.!..t.  a.id  the  whole  bespeak- 

r^  character  of  cLfort  ami  wealth  in  the  ow..o.;s,  ...deed 

Zv  are  ™ny  either  respectable  eo„nt.y  KCtlernen,  or 

SlLns wh  have retiredfrom Phila.lclphiatohecomefarn.ers. 

pSB'^tol.  the  road  proceeds  for  a  few  m.les  along 

the  shore  of  the  r  ver,  which  it  the.,  leaves,  a..d  takes  a  d.- 

ectcouM    toMun-;..///.,  t....miU:s  from  Br.sto  ,  and  s.t..ate 

on  the  bn..k  of  the  I)elawa.-e  opposite    «  Irento...    llns 

^,wn  tikes  its  nan.e  from  Mr.  Hobe.l  Mon.s,  a..d  exhibits  an 

rrtunate  scheme  of  a  .na,.  whose  min.l  was  perhaps  as 

L,Sr"sthat  of  a..y  one  of  his  ag. ,  but  whose  .Ics.gi.s  proved 

^  til  e ly  too  vast  for  that  age  to  rcali/e.   Tak.ng  adva..tap 

of  the  rapids  in  the  Delawa.'e,  Mr.  ^'''.f"*  *=""  f"  ?^^lnt    o 
eec  foiof  most  extensive  ma...ifactunng  establishmen  s,  to 
acco.n.nod..te  which  this  tow.,  was  laid  out,  but  the  u..de.-tak. 
W  wa^not  suited  to  the  existh.K  state  o    the  count.y,  %Na 
MOO.  neldected,  a.,d  evenU.ally  tun.bled  i..to  r......     One  o 

le  ho.  ses,  a  lumdsome  buildi..g  h.tc.ded  for  the  residence  o 
Mr.SSwHsafte.wanlsocc,.piedbylheceleh.-ated 
^.M^eral  Moreaa.  From  Morrisvi\le  the  road  c-osses  the  Dela- 
Ce  on  a  substantial  wooden  bridge,  erected  ...  the  year 
1805,  to  Trenim. 

Tbknton  to  Nb-w-Yobe,  60  miles. 
T,P«tnn  the  capital  of  New-Jersey,  is  a  neat  country  town, 
co.Sn?  about  ?our  tho..sand  inhabitants,  though  .ncorpo- 
Xd^as  a  city.  The  situation  of  the  town  .s  open  and  plea- 
*  T,u\  t^  elevation  above  tlie  river  affords  a  pleasmg 
Spe^uiVwSsclosedhyhighh^^ 
Hne  colmtiy  of  Pennsylvania  on  the  western  shore. 


Uiit 

I  al  Wft 

II  n  eve 
best  p 
the  sin 
(ii'spon 
ik'spait 
had  be 
the  Dri 
as  they 
vasion 
ever  w 
sive  nif 
in.  parti 
way  to 
of  me  s 
fortune 
lidl  of 
rnemy 
nclled 
battle  \ 
self  vc 
brggc^ 
(langfer, 
tions  oj 
01.  the 
"  Gentl 

Leav 
of  a  lig 
settlecf 
where  1 
approai 
iigh  a.i 
and  eatj 
(icea.i,  i 
vesink 
north, t 
iKites  ir 
prospec 
txccpt 
a  few  g 
along  t 


jeautifiilly  varicffftted  with 
Kcsofthe  river,  lli(ni(fh  tin- 
)  uflbrd  any  very  extensive 

e  road  crosses  the  Poqwain 
humhiey,  and  in  four  more 
re.     The  soil  is  in  h'eneral 
ubstrutum  of  soft  micaceous 
y  is  pleasing,  the  reach  of 
>rc8cnling  goinl  farms,  the 
nt,  and  tlie  whole  bespeak- 
/calth  in  the  owiui-Si  indee<l 
able  country  gentlemen,  or 
ladclphia  to  become  farmers. 
:ced9  for  a  few  miles  along 
:lien  leaves,  and  takes  a  di- 
es from  Bristol,  and  situated 
opposite  to  Trenton.    This 
•bert  Morris,  and  exhibits  an 
vhose  mind  was  perhaps  as 
,  but  whose  designs  proved 
)  realize.   Taking  advantage 
Hr.  Morris  contemplated  the 
liac.turing  establishments,  to 
UK  laid  out!  but  the  undeitak- 
ng  state  of  the  counti-)',  was 
tumbled  into  ruin.     One  of 
intended  for  the  residence  ot 
lied  by  the  celebrated  French 
le  the  road  ci-osses  the  Dela- 
bridge,  erected  in  the  year 


yoBK,  60  miles. 

ersey,  is  a  neat  country  town, 
inhabitants,  though  incorpo- 
if  the  town  is  open  and  plea- 
tlie  river  aftbrds  a  pleasing 
ly  high  hills,  but  extends  over 
la  on  the  western  shore. 


THK.NTO* — I'lUSt'ETOX. 

U<it  Trenton  is  cliicfly  remarkable  as  the  locne  of  Gene- 
ral  Washington's  victoiy  over  the  British  at  Christmas,  1776( 
iin  event,  which,  among  his  many  great  acts,  is  perhaiis  tho 
bust  pmof  of  his  fortitude  and  resourcesj  whicli  retrieved 
the  sinking  fortunes  of  his  country,  and  raised  the  gloomy 
despondence  of  the  Americans,  tlien  almost  on  the  vei-ge  of 
despair.  The  continental  army,  defeated  in  several  battleit, 
had  been  driven  from  the  Jerseys  across  the  Delaware  by 
the  British;  and  broken,  dislieartcned,  and  witho>it  resource, 
as  they  were,  couKl  oppose  no  obstacle  to  the  successful  in- 
vasion of  the  middle  states.  The  genius  of  Washington  how- 
ever was  equal  to  the  occasion,  and  by  the  acts  of  one  deci- 
sive night,  he  robbed  them  of  the  fruits  of  a  whole  campaign, 
imparted  new  bope  and  vigour  to  our  cause,  and  opened  the 
way  to  eventual  triuniph.  Taking  advantajfe  of  the  festivity 
of  the  season,  when  tlie  British  were  carousmg  over  the  fallen 
fortunes  of  their  adversaries,  he  crossed  the  Delaware,  though 
full  of  ice,  in  the  middle  of  a  stormy  night,  attacked  the 
f  nemy  early  in  the  morning,  and  after  a  severe  conflict  com- 
pelled them  to  surrender  at  discretion.  It  is  said,  that  as  the 
battle  was  about  to  commence,  the  General  had  placed  him- 
self very  fai-  in  advance;  observing  this,  his  aidesnle-camp 
begged  him  to  retire  where  he  would  be  less  exposed  to 
I  (langper,  and  equally  able  to  superintend  and  direct  the  mo- 
tiona  of  his  troops;  but  appearing  to  have  staked  every  thing 
on  the  event  of  this  conflict,  he  calmly  replied  to  them, 
"  Gentlemen,  from  this  point  I  only  go  forward." 

Leaving  Trenton,  the  road  continues  through  a  countiy 
I  of  a  light  sandy  soil,  and  not  very  fertile;  though  it  is  well 
I  settled  with  good  farms.  At  six  miles  we  reach  Laujrencevitie, 
I  where  the  soil  changes  to  a  dark  earth  oi'  light  texture.  As  we 
I  approach  Frinceton,  four  miles  farther,  the  country  becomes 
I  high  and  open,  aflbrding  many  noble  prospects;  to  the  south 
land  east,  it  stretclies  in  aflat  sandy  plain  to  the  shores  of  the 
Idcean,  along  which  are  seen  rising  the  highlands  of  the  Ne- 
Ivesink  hills,  giving  a  rich  termination  to  the  view.  To  the 
Inorth,  the  countiy  becomes  more  and  more  hilly,  till  it  termi- 
liiutes  in  a  distant  blue  ridge.  Princeton  itself  commands  a  fine: 
Iprospect,  but  has  little  besides  the  college  to  reconmiend  it; 
li'xcept  this,  the  town  consists  chiefly  of  taverns,  stores,  and 
la  few  good  dwelling-houses,  straggling  for  neaily  half  a  mile 
Jjlong  the  road  side.  'I'he  College  is  a  large  plain  stone  build- 


.\« 


10 


rniscKTO!*— i»KW-Bnr5iwi(K. 


i„t.,al...Mt  <mi-hu...lrc.l  ami  eighty  toot  Iomk.  .fty-f<mr  .!«p. 

am   tour  Ht..rie»  l.iKh.  without  a  ^.htury  '•rch.t.c.  .   .  n   • 

n..nt.    Ah  a  litir.ry  institution,  however.  Nan-mu-  lull  hol.N 

"■  itc  a  aistinffuinh.'l  .-ank  am..nK  thonc  of  the  Un.lc.l  SUU.s 

U  wu»  i  cornor.t.ti  in  1746,  U,ouKh  it  wa»  ..ot  pcnuan.-n  > 

cHtahlislc."  it  Princeton  until  1757.    The  number  o»  .tu.Ui.tH 

SIS  one  Imnclr.-.,  and  it  in  --rtcl  to  mjt  o.Uy  by  „ 

men  from  NewJrrsey,  but  from  most  ol  the  othci  Htati*. 

U  1  aHVlan2.n,e  libmy  and  muxeum,  with  u  ».>h^  collection 

of  ohilomn  hical  instruments,  and  within  its  walls  have  been 

elCtcdiol  the  mo.tdiHtinp.ishea  ci^'-';- J'^ -[ - 

trv.     The  battle  of  I'rinceton  was  fought  in  the  to^  n  on  tit 

Sof  Junuarv.  1777.    It  wasacm.tinuutionof  the  p  an  ^^^^^^^^^^ 

General  WaihinKtcm  Ud  so  nobly  commenced  at     renUn,, 

w'd  was  attended  with  e.iual  success,   lie  is  reported  on  tlus 

o  ia^on'o  have  exerted  limself  with  ^rcat  peminal  bra^^^^^^ 

and  to  have  been  several  times  exposed  to  the  most  immi 

"'?vSs  from  Princeton  brinf,,  the  t^veller  to  J^^^^^^^^^^^ 
n  V  1  aire  on  the  MilM„ne  river,  and  fourteen  miles  larthci,  to 
VewTnZclk.  For  the  first  few  miles,  the  sod  is  barrcn;|nd 
rtonv  .  b  t  as  we  proceed  it  improves,  and  on  approaching 
S'ter  place  thJ^countiy  prese'nts  a  more  agreeable  aspect, 
and  is  settled  with  numerous  farm-houses. 

Ntw.Bnm.noick  is  a  p  ca-sant  town,  or  rather  c'ty,  tor  it  iias 
thaVcornmX  "^nk,  situated  on  the  banks  of  the  Uantan,  a 
river  wh^rLnavi^Aible  for  vessels  of  eighty  tons,  and  whu; 
rhe.^  nasied  by  a  fine  bridge  of  twelve  arches,  and  foil 
ilti^  mrfortv  feet  lonfff    It  contains  a  population  ot 
;S;^uSc^d  Si^ons^  There  are  rr^-^^^^^, 
esncciallv  on  the  main  street,  which  is  broad,  and  s  the  res 
Zee  o/a  number  of  genteel  families.    The  town  is  very  ol.l. 
Jn    was  oriSly  founded  by  the  nutch.  whose  descendants 
s^    comn.  se  a  large  proportion  of  its  inhabitants.     I  he  c.,1- 
w  JouK  by  tL  Wut'ch  clergy,  though  now  no  more  tluin 
..  .mLmmar  school,  is  a  handsome  and  spacious  edihce. 

•^"ng  he  bridge  from New-llrunswick.  the  prospjc 

on  t  le  Uaritan.  both  above  and  below,  is  very  beaut,  ul,  tka 

a  ov^  embmdng  an  extensive  sweep,  with  elevated  banks. 

nred  w?th  i.  and  crowned  by  «  «-»y.-£f  t^ie 

try     The  view  down  the  river  is  not  so  estcnsne,  but  t lie 


nmitiiMu  '.iiaawBiMiw'WiaBBKgg"'' 


J 


lii'iglit  I 
(jxerhan 

l''or  a 
soil  pre 
I  lew  on 
Karitan 
hoy,  siti 
Kurituii. 
buds  of 

At  //. 
the  rive 
ut  AV/tH 
rising  a 
iiihabita 
by  snial 
:ire  quil 
tuun  in 

The  s 
tluough 
liumlsoii 
ilic  pasa 

Prom 
miles,  tl 
ind  mo» 
seven  tl 
the  Fm 
cmirse  t 
To  a  tra 
one  of 
tremely 
'  lended 
lieme  n 
into  the 
wide,  u 
well-bui 

lorned 
Iniildin^ 
tensive. 

Ontl 
Ihe  celc 
passes  ( 
freat  in 


y  foot  loiiK,  tifty-f<>»>i'  •It'Pp' 
Mililiiiy  urcliitiitinal  mna- 
lowcvir,  NuKHttU-llull  lioliN 
;  tliOHC  of  llii-  llnile<l  SUitis. 
i^h  it  was  not  pcniianciitly 
17.   Tlic  immber of  MiKkiits 
Mortcd  to,  not  only  by  )  oiiiiK 
n  most  ul'  tl\e  other  ntulis. 
WLum,  with  II  i\m  collection 
I  within  its  wulls  have  been 
,;nishcd  citi/cns  of  the  coun- 
M  fou^lit  in  the  town  on  tlic 
mtiniiutionof  the  plun  wiinli 
bly  commenced  ut  'rrenu-n, 
•cess,  lie  is  reported  on  Ih.s 
I' with  ffrcat  personal  bravery, 
i  exposed  to  the  most  immi- 

nffs  the  traveller  to  Kingnlim. 
and  fourteen  miles  l'artl\er,  tu 
•w  miles,  the  soil  is  barren  and 
njjroves,  and  on  approaching 
lents  a  more  agreeable  aspect, 
rm-hoiises.  . 

town,  or  rather  city,  for  it  has 
n  the  banks  of  the  Ilaritan,  ii 
scls  of  eighty  tons,  and  which 
e  of  twelve  iirclies,  and  four 
It  contains  a  population  ot 
There  are  many  good  houses, 
krhich  is  broad,  and  is  the  resi- 
amilies.    The  town  is  very  old, 
Jie  Outch,  whose  descendants 
,n  of  its  inhabitants.    The  col- 
rgy,  though  now  no  iiiore  tluiii 
ime  and  spacious  eilifice. 
iNew-Urunswick,  the  prosiuct 
[I  below,  is  very  beautitul;  tlwi 
;  sweep,  with  elevated  banks, 
cd  by  a  finely  cultivated  Conn- 
er is  not  so  extensive,  but  the 


Ctt</I  RKTHTOWir— KKWARK. 


11 


•■.  A-wi^'^jWS:S»'^-"T"' 


J 


lii'iglit  and  colour  of  the  bunks,  and  the  noble  wocxb  wliirh 
(iverhaiig  them,  arc  Kn(  ly  contracted. 

For  i«  few  miles,  the  country  in  rather  barren,  and  a  reddish 
soil  prevails;  but  where  the  road  Ut  Jim  In  il^  (rosses  it,  the 
\iew  on  the  right  is  ver)  fine,  extending  ovlt  the  vule  of  the 
Kuritan  to  its  mouth,  ami  einliracing  the  two  towns  of  Am- 
boy,  situated  on  their  jutting  pinmontories,  die  bay  of  the 
Haritaii,  the  fine  plains  of  Staten  Island,  and  tiie  blue  liigh- 
bnds  of  the  Ncvesiiik  faintly  rising  in  the  distance. 

At  liii/iiiuit/,  twelve  miles  from  New-Hnmswick,  we  rrosn 
the  river  of  the  same  name,  and  in  five  miles  farther  arrive 
ut  Elizahdhlnimt,  whose  si)ires  are  seen  us  we  ujiproiich  it, 
rising  among  the  trees.  It  is  a  neat  town  of  four  IhoiisanJ 
inhabitants,  with  a  market  and  several  churches,  surrounded 
by  small  hut  well-cultivated  farms  and  villas,  many  of  which 
:ire  quite  handsome.  In  aiiti({uity  it  exceeds  every  other 
tuwii  in  tlie-  state,  having  been  settled  as  early  as  16()4. 

The  steam-boat  route  iiere  leaves  the  main  road,  and  passes 
'lirough  a  beautiful  country,  covered  with  neat  farms  and 
iiandsome  houses,  two  miles,  to  Elizabelhtnum-Point,  whence 
ilie  passage  to  New-Vork  by  water  is  only  ten  miles. 

l''roni  l'',ii%ahethtown  to  Newark,  the  next  stage,  is  only  six 
miles,  through  a  well  cultivated  district.  NewiU'k,  the  largest 
and  most  flourishing  town  in  the  state,  with  a  population  of 
>cvcn  thousand  iniiabitants,  is  situated  on  the  west  bank  of 
the  Fastaic.  river,  six  or  seven  miles  above  its  mouth  bj-  the 
cmirse  of  the  river,  though  only  two  or  three  in  a  direct  line. 
I'o  a  traveller  from  the  South,  this  town,  which  is  certainly 
one  of  tlie  prettiest  in  the  United  States,  will  appear  ex- 
tremely interesting,  as  it  is  the  first  instance  of  tliat  beauty, 
'  lended  witii  attention  to  public  convenience,  and  to  ex- 
lieme  neatness,  wliich  becomes  more  common  as  he  advances 
into  the  eastern  slates.  The  main  street  is  two  hundred  feet 
wide,  and  forms  a  noble  esplanade,  along  which  are  many 
well-built  houses ;   there  are  five  churches,  some  of  them 

lomed  with  handsome  spires,  and  seveiul  other  public 
buildings ;  and  tlic  trade  of  the  place  is  flourisliing  and  ex- 
tensive. 

On  the  Passaic  river,  fourteen  miles  north  of  Newark,  are 
Ihe  celebrated  fulls,  and  the  village  of  Patterson.  The  road 
passes  over  a  redcUsh  sandy  soil,  and  presents  a  scene  of 
^eat  interest  and  beauty.    Three  miles  above  Newark  is  the 


'|i    f 


^\ 


i     'I 


III  !■ 


•HH  I 


-  ^^■^ivs^mvpji^ss^i^i^iip'filu'iihit^^i^^ 


iBetM.'if*9fH*W*'-W 


12 


PATTEHSON. 


wmmm 

mmmm 

'^""r-.nto  ?rJeTit^  from^ft  i  hillB,  which, 
''^f    rf  f^SacSsNew  Jefsey  to  the  Hudson,  appears  to 

cession  to  the  ""'^;.   ^,^,f  l.^^X  trlv  el'er  to  the  rock 
the  eastern  bank  o^themer^^^^^^^^^ 

r^H  "^KSiy '  See?   The  hills  around  rise  into  lo  ty 
IftrdepthotsevCTtyiwoi  ^^^^^^  ^^  ^.^^^^. 

chffs  <='™f^^^'*,\°^^^^^^^^^^  the  dark  hue 

rushing  o^erthe  precipic.  anu  b  j.^^,  ^^^^  ,,^. 

of  tlie  rocks  continually  *^f  ^  ^'P  *P^''y'i,  contrasted  with  the 
T  "^f  'r  TtSeXa^  ^r  a  &;  a^stelow.  and  the 
SarJ^oi'S^Sof  tl^e  wo<ids around,  present., 
scene  of  truly  romantic  beauty.  „,^„„ji  toNew-Yoik, 

Hackens(uJe  river,  f""' ""^^^  P*^* 'f  Xt  salt  marshes,  which 

on  a  noble  causeway  »;"  «  J^^^^^friJ:^  SlTen^^^^^^ 
extend  fromNewarkBay  along  tjie^ivc^^^^ 

miles  into  the  country.    A  part  01  m  by  cutting  a  ditch 

^''L'^pt'ed^^^S  S^  of  ;UTSl^e  feet,  fo^^^ 

.  Near  tW,  viUage  U  a  eopper -jne,  '.1^{;=]' «fr,?5;^4SSSf  X": 
volut.nnary  war,  but  is  no*  "^:Sne«loiri»t  wi  1  be  rewarded  for  half  a" 


)  farther  that  of  Equamuk. 
ining  about  two  thousand 
lelebrated  for  its  extensive 
great  facility  for  tlie  forma- 
noble  water-power  of  the 
1  ten  cotton  factories  with 
rge  duck  manufactories/^ 
mfactory,  and  a  paper  mill, 
ot  even  still  more  attracUve 
a  busy  manufacturing  town, 
lis  which  the  rivers  of  our 
this  spot  the  Passaic  do- 
om a  ridgc  of  hills,  which, 
to  the  Hudson,  appears  to 
lilands  wluch  follow  in  sue- 
■  a  quarter  of  an  hour  along 
figs  the  travel'er  to  the  rock 
cleft  or  chasm  a  pei-pendicu- 
he  hills  around  rise  into  lofty 
[1  the  white  sheet  of  watci 
oiling  beneath,  the  dark  hue 
1  spray,  the  nust  for  ever  ris- 
ibow,  all  contrasted  with  the 
a  few  yards  below,  and  the 
he  woods  around,  present  a 

may  proceed  to  New-York, 
an  interesting  ride  of  twenty 
xnsack,  Durham  xnAHohohin. 
the  soad  from  Newark  to  the 
ises  nearly  the  whole  distance 
iy  of  flat  salt  marshes,  which 
the  river  Hackensack  several 
of  these  mai-shes  lias  formerW 
is  formed  by  cutting  a  ditch 
Lce  sufficiently  wide  on  which 
ox  togeUier  and  over  these 
f  two  or  three  feet,  forming  a 

•■  which  wa«  worked  during  the  re- 
,f '  The  ruim  of  the  edifice.  »t^»eh- 
loKistwilV  rew«ded  for  half  «» 
uwne  of  Schuyler'!  Mine. 


FADLlrS   HOOK. 

haixl  and  even  surface,  while  the  line  of  trees  on  each  side  af- 
loids  a  grateful  shade  from  the  summer  heat.  At  the  end  of 
the  causeway  the  river  Hackensack  is  passed  on  a  bridge 
one  thousand  feet  in  length ;  it  is  a  deep  stream,  soon  falUng 
into  Newark  Bay,  and  navigable  for  several  miles  into  the 
country. 

From  this  river  the  road  passes  for  five  miles  over  a  rocky 
ridge,  and  thiough  the  salt  marshes  which  border  the  Hudson, 
to  Jersey  City,  or  Faulus  Hook  ,■  immediately  opposite  tu 
which,  on  the  eastern  bank  of  the  river,  here  two  miles  wld<s 
sUnds  the  cit\  of  i>V/c-}Wf. 


J4 


BorTF.  r»0M 


NEW-YOUK  TO  SAUATOGA. 


.     Nbw-Yohk  to  AiBANT,  by  umler. 

M.      M- 

New.Yobk  to  New-Jersey  State  line  -    -  ^^    g 

Stony  Point 12    51 

West  Point '■  359 

Ncwburg  - !    .'  14    73 

Poiighkeepsie .    .  15     88 

Kingslo" 1    '.    '.     .  21  109 

Catskill ..3112 

Hudson .  28  X40 

AUiimy 


New- 


Nkw-Yobk  to  AiBANT,  along  the  Eastern.  Bank  of  llu 
Hudxon  Iliver. 

New-Yobr  to  Kingsbridge }■ 

PhiHii)sburg,  on  Sawmill  river,  '     '    [    '.J^  ^9 

TaiTytown 6  35 

Singsing    -    - '.'.'.  3  38 

Cross  Croton  river ^    ^  1  39 

Croton '544 

Verplank's  Point "    "  ^  ^g 

Peekskill  -    "    "    '    ' on  fifi 

Fishkill,  on  Fishkill  creek, "71 

Cross  Napping  creek, ^  g^j 

Poughkeepsie '  -  gg 

Hyde  Paik _  ^  yj 

Staatsburg '    "  5  97 

Bhinebeck '.    '.  13  110 

Clennont '"  j^  jj^j 

Jauseas  creek *12  123 

Columbian'ville,  on  Kinderhook  creek,   -      6  129 


.  ^,^J*^ii^4^^it^f^f^K&f^ 


AUATOGA 


!»T,  hy  water. 

M.      M- 

tute  line  -    -  21 

18    39 

12    51 

....  8    59 

14    73 

15     88 

21  109 

....  3  112 

....  28  UO 


HKW-TOBK   TO   SAHATOr.A. 

M. 

Kiiulevhook  Landing 5 

<Jrcenl)iish 18 

Cross  Hudson  river  to  Aiban»  ....       1 


Xkw-Yobk  to  AiBAvr,  along  the  IVeslem  Bank  of  the 
lltidsiiii  River. 

Nkw-Yobk  to  Iloboken 2 

New-Durham 3      5 

Hackinsack 9    14 

Gloster      .- -  8    22 

New-York  and  New-Jersey  State  line      -  3    25 

Tappan 126 

Nyack  ..----- 5    31 

Warren 7    38 

Stony  Point 5«  43 

Gibraltar 4    47 

West  Point 3    50 

ranterbnry 5     55 

New-Windsor 3     58 

Newburg  ..- 2     60 

Milton 12    72 

Pelham 12     84 

Kingston ■    ■    ■    ■  ^    ^"^ 

(vross  Ksopus  creek  to  Sagertie's   -    -    -  12  105 

Catskill 12  117 

Athens •     -  6  123 

New-Ualtimore 14  137 

.\tBAN» 15  152 


AtHANT  to  Sakatoqa,  lif  Schenectodt/. 

Aldaky  to  Schenectady 16 

(;n)ss  Moliawk  river  to  Longtown       -    -      8  24 

linlMon -      4  28 

Bttlktim  Springs 3  31 

Sahatoua  Spbikgb      ----•,-•      8  39 


nummmmf^ 


16 


HOBOKEX— KIN-GSBKIDOK— PIlItUPSBURO 

AiBAST  to  Saratoga,  by  Waterford. 

fl.  Af. 

AiBAWT  to  Mohawk  river ^  ^^ 

Watcrfovd ie  o*; 

Anthony's  HiU "  *^ 

Ballston  Springs a  *7 


We  shall  not  detain  our  readers  with  a  description  of  the 
great  commercial  city  of  NewYork ,  one  suffic.ently  minute 
^uld  occupy  too  much  space  in  «^";  I'^le  ,^»^^""^' ^f  .,  * 
may  easily  be  obtained  from  the  regular  guide-books  of  the 

^^LMVi%  New-York  therefore,  at  once,  we  shall  endeavom. 
to  point  out  to  the  northern  tourist,  the  ol»J=ct«/»^"='\  ^T"' 
attiSrhis  notice,  as  he  glides  in  the  steam-boat  along  the 
waters  of  the  majestic  Hudson.   ^     .    ^         ,    ^  c^  u„  *h« 
On  leaving  the  quay,  the  right  >s  formed  at  first  by  the 
citvUselTihln  by  Ss  environs,  V'!"!^"/  becoming  less  and 
S  compact,  till  they  are  succeeded  by  the  villas,  country- 
seats,  and  small  farms,  which  usually  surround  a  >arge  c  t> . 
Thrift  is  formed  by  the  Jersey  shore,  on  wh.ch  are  «c«"er. 
ed  the  houses  of  the  city  of  Jersey  and  Hoboken.  the  banks 
RTadually  becoming  bolder  as  we  Proceed ,  and  about  three 
Siles  above  Pauhis  Hook,  the  attention  o  the  traveller  «  at- 
tracted  to  the  spot  where  General  Ham.  Ion  was  kdled  by 
KuitV  on  tlie  11th  July.  1804.     At  Fort  Lee,  s.x  mi ks 
farther,  the  western  shore  becomes  still  more  abrupt,  and  the 
pSce  higher,  on  the  opposite  bank,  but  about  a  mile 
lho"I\^  F^t  Uishin^ton-  md  though  the  hills  are  bold, 
tCwe  less  perpendicular,  and  slope  more  gtadually  to  tl  e 
r£ Than  those  of  New-Jersey.     The  nver  is  here  upwa^ 
of  a  mUe  in  width.    The  same  character  conUnues  until  we 
pLst^esmaH  creek  which  leads  to  Kir,gsbridge.  the  bound- 
s' of  Uie  city  and  county  of  New-York.     The  name  givv 
to  this  creek  by  the  Dutch  was  Spyten  puyml  KM,  or  Sp  - 
tbg  Devil  ci-eefe ;  a  name  probabfy  confened  on  it  by  sonic 


w  ortliy 
he  enc 
After  t 
cjuereil 
miles  u 

Froii 
bold  i 
liigh,  e 
teen  ir 
forms  t 
are  kn 
seem  t 
p'lisses 
width  I 
tentio'i 
face  w 
(lark  c( 
their  ai 
line  wl 
strikes 
north  tt 

The 
in  widi 
three  i 
Dutch 
cautioi 
plored 
passug' 
teresti] 
its  bea 
ing  pe 
a  class! 
descrij 

«Nc 
across 
cd  she 
bold  I 
ing  in 
up  fi-o 
upland 
rocky 
Now  ' 


rwmnmff^r 


— rniLUFSBURC. 


by  Waterford. 


M. 

Af. 

y 

2 

u 

15 

26 

3    29 
8    37 


1  with  a  description  of  the 
rk ;  one  sufficiently  minutft 
n  oiir  little  volume,  and  it 
regular  guide-books  of  the 

it  once,  we  shall  endeavoiir 
•ist,  the  objects  which  will 
I  the  steam-boat  along  the 

lit  is  formed  at  first  by  the 
rradually  becoming  less  and 
2ded  by  the  villas,  country- 
iually  surround  a  large  city, 
shore,  on  which  are  scatter- 
ley  and  Hoboken,  the  banks 
e  proceed ;  and  about  three 
tcntion  of  the  traveller  is  iit- 
ral  Hamilton  was  killed  by 
14.     At  Fort  Lee,  six  miles 
^es  still  more  abrupt,  and  the 
site  bank,  but  about  a  mile 
i  though  the  hills  are  bold, 
1  slope  more  gradually  to  the 
The  river  is  here  upwards 
character  continues  until  we 
Is  to  Kivgsbridge,  the  bound- 
few-York.     The  name  givoii 
9  Spyten  Ihtyoil  Kill,  or  Spi- 
lably  conferred  on  it  by  sonic 


TAPPAN    SEA. 


17 


w  orthy  burgomaster  of  yore,  fi-om  the  tiwiblcs  and  dangers 
he  encountered,  in  exploring  its  almost  endless  windings. 
After  this  the  country  is  more  tame,  thoiigli  beautifully  che- 
cjuered  with  wood  and  cultivation,  as  far  i\»l'hillipsburg,  five 
miles  above  Kingsbridge. 

From  Fort  Lee  the  Jcrsc;y  shore  becomes  more  and  more 
bold  i  its  precipices,  some  of  which  are  three  hundred  feet 
high,  extend  in  a  regular  and  continued  line  for  about  four- 
teen miles,  where  a  large  bay,  running  in  to  the  westward, 
forms  the  entnince  of  the  Tappan  Sea.  These  cliffs,  which 
are  known  by  the  name  of  the  Palisades,  are  basaltic,  and 
seem  to  form  a  part  of  the  fii-st  great  ridge  of  hills  which 
passes  along  the  eastern  side  of  the  continent :  they  vaiy  in 
width  from  half  a  mile  to  two  miles,  and  will  attract  the  at- 
tention of  every  traveller,  from  tlie  lofty  and  perpendicular 
face  which  they  present.  The  rock  is  hard,  fine,  and  of  a 
dark  colour ;  it  was  used  in  fonner  ages  by  the  Indians,  for 
their  arrow-points.  About  twehe  miles  above  Fort  Lee,  the 
line  which  divides  the  states  of  New- York  and  New-Jei-sey 
strikes  the  west  bank  of  the  Hudson ;  and  from  that  point 
northward,  both  sides  of  the  river  belong  to  New-York. 

The  Hudson,  which  below  had  seldom  exceeded  a  mile 
in  width,  now  spreads  into  an  expanse  of  water  not  less  than 
three  miles  broad,  which  was  denominated,  by_  the  ancient 
J)utch  navigators,  the  TappaanZee;  and  where,  it  is  said,  the 
cautious  Myiihcci-s  always  pnidentjy  shortened  siul,  and  im- 
plored the  protection  of  St.  Niehohis,  ere  they  crossed.  The 
passage,  of  eight  miles,  through  tliis  lake,  is  exceedingly  in- 
teresting, and  might  demand  at  our  hands  some  delineation  of 
its  beai'des  ;  but  this  has  been  already  done  by  the  enchant- 
ing pen  of  the  venerable  historian  of  New-York,  who  imparts 
a  classic  feeling  to  eveiy  scene  he  has  described,  and  whose 
description  the  U-aveller  will  thank  us  for  inserting. 

«  Now  did  the  vessel  of  the  gallant  Peter,  career  it  gayly 
across  the  va.st  expanse  of  Tappan  Bay,  whose  wide  extend- 
ed shores  present  a  variety  of  delectable  scenery — here  the 
bold  promontory,  crowned  witli  embowering  trees,  advanc- 
ing into  the  bay— there  the  long  woodland  slope,  sweeping 
up  fi-om  the  shore  in  rich  luxiuiance,  and  terminating  in  the 
upland  precipice — while  at  a  distance  a  long  waving  line  of 
rocky  heights,  tlirew  tlieir  gigantic  shades  across  the  water. 
Now  wovud  they  paas  where  some  little  modest  intervalj 
b2 


1 1 

I 


ill  >' 


,1'   I 


18 


TAPPAH    ifi\. 


oDcnlnff  amonir  these  stupendous  scenes,  yet  retreating  m 
it  were  for  protection  into  the  embraces  of  the  neighbouring 
mountains, 'displayed  a  rund  naradise,  fraught  with  sweet 
and  pastoral  beauties,  the  velvet  tutted  lawn-the  bushy 
copse-the  tinkling  rivulet,  stealing  through  the  frerfi  and 
vivid  verdure— on  virhose  banks  Aras  situated  some  little  In- 
dian village,  or  peradventure,  the  rude  cabin  of  some  solitary 

""•The  different  periods  of  the  revolving  day,  seemed  each 
with  cunning  magic,  to  diffuse  a  different  chai-m  over  the 
scene.     Now  would  the  jovial  sun  break  gloriously  from  the 
east,  blazine  from  the  summits  of  the  lulls,  and  sparkling  the 
landscape  with  a  thousand  dewy  gems ;  while  along  tlie  bor- 
ders  of  till'  river  were  seen  heavy  masses  of  mist,  which  like 
midniglit  caitiffs,  disturbe.l  at  his  approach,  made  a  sluggish 
retreat,  rolling  in  suUun  reluctmce  up  the  mountains.     At 
such  times  all  was  brightness  and  life  and  gayely— the  atmo- 
sphere  seemed  of  an  indescribable  pureiiess  and  transparen. 
cv_tlie  birds  broke  forth  in  wanton  madrigals,  and  Uie 
freshening  breezes  wafted  the  vessel  merrily  on  her  course. 
But  when  the  sun  sunk  amid  a  flood  of  glory  in  the  west, 
mantling  the  heavens  and  the  earth  with  a  thousand  gorge- 
otis  dyes— then  all  was  calm,  silent  and  magnihcent.      The 
late  swelling  sail  hung  lifelessly  against  the  must-the  sea- 
man  with  folded  arms  leaned  against  the  slirouds,  lost  in  that 
invohmtaiy  musing  which  the  sober  grandeur  of  natwe  com- 
nands  in  the  rudest  of  her  children.     Tiie  vast  bosom  of  the 
Hudson  was  Uke  an  unruffled  minor,  retiecting  the  golden 
splendour  of  the  heavens,  excepting  that  now  and  then  a 
bark  canoe  would  steal  across  its  surface,  filled  witli  painted 
savages,  whose  gay  feathers  glared  brightly,  as  perchance  a 
lingering  ray  of  the  setting  sun  gleamed  upon  them  trom 
tlie  western  mountains."*  c  ^^ 

Near  the  little  village  of  Tappan,  and  three  or  four  miles 
from  the  western  shore,  is  the  tomb  of  Major  Andrf,  Uie 
amiable  and  interesting  young  EngUsh  officer,  who,  in  Uie 
year  1780,  fell  a  victim  to  the  schemes  of  the  treacherous 
Arnold  and  his  own  impmdence.  At  that  period,  his  fete 
was  by  many  considered  unjust,  by  all  was  lamented— but 
time,  which  jJways  corrects  tlie  transitory,  and  often  incon- 

■  Knickerbocker,  II.  103. 


nKtemti 
Americ 
of  war 
amiabh 
»  taste 
been  g 
study, 
him  a; 
formed 
deliver 
of  cant 
expert 
ed.  A 
river,  i 
turn  to 
but  wl 
though 
ed  by  t 
scoutir 
offered 
if  they 
tare  pi 
New-V 
leljvei 
whocc 
high  St 
of  Joh 
captor 
ceive, 
thatth 
a  silve 
I  this  in 
motto 
I  chief  1 
I  Congr 
dered 
ed  to ' 
letter 
by  tak 
ing  fin 
beau, 
partici 


HAJOR  ANOHC. 


19 


I  scenes,  yet  retreating  m 
>race8  of  the  neighbouring 
idise,  fraught  with  sweet 
t  tufted  lawn— the  bushy 
ng  through  the  fresh  and 
iras  situated  some  little  In- 
rude  cabin  of  some  solitary 

evolving  day,  seemed  each 
k  different  charni  over  the 
»  break  gloriously  from  the 
the  hills,  and  sparkling  the 
,'ems ;  while  along  the  bor- 
n\asscs  of  mist,  which  like 
approacli,  made  a  sluggish 
ice  up  the  mountains.     At 

life  and  gayety — the  atmo- 
Ic  pureiiess  and  transpareu- 
vanton  madrigals,  and  tlie 
essel  merrily  on  her  course. 
Hood  of  glory  in  the  west, 
rth  with  a  tliousand  gorge- 
lent  and  magnificent.     The 

against  the  mast— the  sea- 
Li  nst  the  slirouds,  lost  in  that 
bcT  grandeur  of  nature  com- 
•en.  Tlie  vast  bosom  of  the 
linor,  reflecting  the  golden 
;pting  that  now  and  then  a 
I  surface,  filled  witli  painted 
red  brightly,  as  perchance  a 
\  gleamed  upon  them  from 

aan,  and  three  or  four  miles 
tomb  of  Major  Andr<,  tl>e 
Enghsh  officer,  who,  in  the 
schemes  of  the  treacherous 
ie.  At  that  period,  his  fate 
t,  by  all  was  lamented — but 
s  transitory,  and  often  incon- 

Kt,  IL  103. 


Htlerate,  opinions  of  the  dry,  has  justified  the  decision  of  the 
American  general,  as  consonant  to  the  principles  of  morality, 
of  warlike  intercourse  and  of  honour.     It  is  siiid  he  was 
amiable  and  accomplished,  and  nature  had  bestowed  on  him 
a  taste  for  elegant  literature  and  the  fine  arts,  which  had 
been  greatly  improved  by  a  goml  education,  and  attentive 
study.     His  fidelity,  with  his  situation  and  character,  made 
him  a  good  agent  in  tl>e  conduct  of  the  plot,  which  had  been 
formed  by  sir  Henry  Clinton  and  the  mfamous  Arnold,  for 
ilelivering  up  West  Point  to  the  British  ;  but  his  high  ideas 
of  candour,  and  his  abhorrence  of  duplicity,  made  him  in- 
expert in  practising  those  arts  of  deception  which  it  recjuir- 
ed.     After  having  secretly  met  Arnold  on  the  beach  of  the 
river,  and  formed  the  necessary  plans,  he  attempted  to  re- 
turn to  New-York,  assuming  a  feigned  name  and  a  disguise ; 
but  when  he  had  advanced  sonic  distance  in  security,  and 
thought  himself  out  of  danger,  he  was  stopped  and  discover- 
ed by  three  of  the  New-York  militia,  who  were,  with  others, 
scouting  between  the  outposts  of  the  two  armies.    Andr£ 
offered  his  ciptore  a  purse  of  gold,  and  a  new  valuable  watch, 
if  they  would  let  him  piiss;  and  permanent  provision,  and  fu- 
ture promotion,  if  they  would  convey  and  accompany  him  to 
New- York.    They  nobly  disdained  the  profi'ered  bribe,  and 
delivered  him,  a  prisoner,  to  Lieutenant-Colonel  Jemison, 
who  commanded  the  scouting  parties.     In  testimony  of  the 
high  sense  entertained  of  the  virtuous  and  patriotic  conduct 
of  John  Paulding,  David  Williams,  and  Isaac  Van-Wert,  the 
captors  of  Andr^,  Congress  resolved,  "that  each  of  them  re- 
ceive, annually,  two  hundred  dollars  in  specie,  during  life ; 
that  the  board  of  war  be  directed  to  procure  for  each  of  them 
a  silver  medal,  on  one  side  of  which  should  be  a  shield,  witli 
this  inscription,  « Fidelity,'  and  on  the  other  the  following 
motto  •  Vincit  Amor  Patrix ;'  and  that  the  commander  in 
\  chief  be  requested  to  present  the  same,  with  the  thanks  of 
I  Congress,  for  Uieir  fidehty,  and  the  eminent  service  they  ren- 
dered their  country."   Lieutenant  Colonel  Jemison  forward- 
ed to  Washington  aU  the  papers  found  upon  Andri,  with  a 
letter  giving  an  account  of  the  whole  affau- ;  but  the  express, 
by  taking  a  different  route  from  the  general,  who  was  return- 
ing fW)m  a  conference  at  Hartford,  with  count  de  Rocham- 
beau,  missed  him.    The  same  packet,  which  detailed  the 
particulars  of  Andre's  capture,  brought  a  letter  from  him,  in 


mM'^^ 


»ii*|,iii,l  Iftii  !"!l 


20 


MAJOB   ANDIIt- 


^hirh  l.e  avuwcl  his  name  and  character,  ami  cndeaNonrea 
to  show  that  he  did  not  conic  under  the  descnpt.on  of  a  Hpy. 
The  "etter  las  expressed  in  tcnns  of  dignity,  without  .nso- 
?ence  and  oTapology.  withov.t  meanness.  He  stated  therem. 
th-^  he  ail  heKl  a  CO  respondence  with  a  person,  under  the 
Ser^  oft  s  Kcnc™l ,  thit  his  attention  went  no  lurUier  than 
meet^>E  at^p"«on  on  neutral  groand,  for  the  purpose  of 
hitSnce  and  that,  agiiinst  his^tipulation,  h.s  mtention, 
Ind  Sout  Is  knovk^K'e  beforehand,  he  was  brought 
Siint^^  American  postst  and  had  to  concert  lus  escape 
from  them.  King  taken  on  his  return,  he  was  betrayed  in- 
K.  vi le  r,,  dition  of  an  e.,emy  in  disguise,  ll.s  pnnc.pal 
recues  Is,  t  at  "  whatever  hfs  fiUe  might  '«,  a  decency 
of  treatment  n.ight  be  obs.M-ved,  which  would  mark,  that, 
is St"nu.e.  be  was  brande.l  wi.i>  n<>thmp  that  was 
dish<mourable,  au.l  that  he  .^^s  uivoUmtan ly  a^i  .mpostcr. 

General  Washington  appointed  a  court  martial,  who  exa- 
mined no  the  a«a^  witb'lhe  most  scn.pvd.mscare,  and  finally 
CO  ulemlKd  him  to  death  as  a  spy,  agreeably   o"'^  ^wsand 
usaii-es  of  nations.     The   Hrilisii  officers   nuide  every  cxcr- 
t.on  to  save  hin,.  but  without  effect.     It   was  the   general 
p",ion  of  the  American  anny,  tijat  lus  hfe  wa^/orfef  d ; 
and  that  national  dignity  and  sound  policy  reimu-ed,  Uiat  U  e 
Se  ,u iV  should  be  exacted.      An.lre.  though  supenor    o 
be  tenws  of  death,  wished  to  die  like  a  sol(her     1  o  obtiun 
t  is  nmuu-,  he  wrote  a  letter  to  Washington,  fraught  with 
sentiments  of  military  dignity.     From  an  adherence  to  the 
X^s  of  war,  it  was  not  tliought  proper  to  grant  hisreqiK^^ 

but  his  delicacy  was  saved  from  the  pain  of  receivmg  a  nega- 
Uve  a^^swer.  The  guaid,  which  attended  h.m  in  h,s  confine- 
mu.rna'ched  widi  him  to  the  place  of  execut.on.  The 
way  over  which  he  passed,  was  ci-owded,  on  each  side,  bv 
^uLm  spectators.  Their  sensibility  w;is  strongly  «n.pressei^ 
by  beholding  a  welWressed  youth,  in  the  bloom  ot  hfe,  J 
neculiarlv  enRaeing  person,  mien  and  aspect,  devoted  to 
fmrneSte  elecltion.'^  Major  And.-£  waUced  wkh  firmness, 
compoure  and  dignity,  between  two  officers  o  lus  guard, 
his  iims  being  locked  in  theirs.  Upon  seeine  the  prepara- 
Uons,  at  the  fatal  spot,  he  asked,  with  some  degree  ot  con- 
cern  "must  Idle  \n  this  manner.'"  »«  wastol3  it  wa^un- 
avoidable.    He  repUed  "  1  am  reconciled  t«  my  fate,  but  not 


'II  ihf  n 
iiii7  pai 
nance,  I 
»dmirat 
was  ask 
thing  t< 
you  wil 
I'he  su< 

This 
harity,  i 
Americ 
w!is  wai 
ed  witl 
which  I 
The  fir 
penung 
tinguist 
by  a  re{ 
state  oJ 
causes 
contagi 
to  a  cei 
perhap 
cessity 
ed  it  w 
bound! 
I  it  migh 
to  take 
which 
I  but  em 

Thoi 
I  for  infli 
I  this  ur 
I  of  uni^ 
I  govern 
I  the  fri« 
I  of  this 
Ified,  b 
I  to  his  ^ 


SP"^ 


Pfl» 


Dm;. 

character,  and  endeavoured 
Icr  the  description  of  a  npy. 
ns  of  dignity,  withtnit  inso- 
canness.  He  stated  therein, 
:c  with  a  person,  under  the 
cntion  went  no  furtlier  than 

ground,  for  the  purpose  of 
lis  stipulation,  his  intention, 
■foreliand,  he  was  brought 
1  had  to  concert  liis  escape 
I  return,  he  was  betrayed  in- 
y  in  disguise.  His  principal 
IS  fate  might  he,  a  decency 
J,  wliich  would  mark,  that, 
nded  witij  nothinp  that  was 
i  invoUmtarily  an  impostor." 
id  ii  court  martial,  who  exi- 
st scnipulouscare,  and  finally 
)y,  agreeably  to  the  laws  and 
li  officers  made  every  exer- 
ellect.  It  was  the  general 
,  tliat  his  life  was  forfeited ; 
und  ])olicy  reciuired,  tliat  tlie 

Andre,  though  superior  to 
iie  like  a  sohUer.    To  obtain 
to  Washington,  fraught  with 
Fx'om  an  adherence  to  the 
it  proper  to  grant  his  re«iucst; 
I  the  pain  of  receiving  a  nega- 
h  attended  him  in  his  confine- 
le  place  of  execution.     The 
ILS  crowded,  on  each  side,  bv 
ibility  was  strongly  impressed, 
puth,  in  the  bloom  ot  life,  ol 
nien  and  aspect,  devoted  to 
Andri  walked  with  firmncs-s 
een  two  officers  of  his  guard, 
8.    Upon  seeing  the  prcpara- 
ed,  with  some  degrefe  of  Con- 
ner }"  he  was  told  it  was  un- 
reconciled t»  my  fete,  but  not 


MA.roii  *:iunK, 


n 


'11  iho  inodCi"  but  soon  subjoined,  "it  will  be  !)iii  a  niomcn- 
lary  pang."  He  a.scended  the  cart  with  a  pleasing  counto- 
iiiince,  and  with  a  degree  of  composure,  which  excited  the 
admiration,  and  melted  the  hearts,  of  all  the  spectators.  He 
WM  asked,  when  the  fatal  moment  was  at  hanci,  if  he  had  any 
thing  to  say  '  He  answered,  "nothing  but  to  request,  that 
)nu  will  witness  to  the  world,  that  I  die  like  a  brave  man." 
The  succeeding  moments  closed  the  affecting  scene. 

This  execution  was  the  subject  of  severe  censures.     Bar- 
harity,  cruelty  and  murder,  were  plentifully  charged  on  tho 
Americans  j  but  impartial  men  of  all  nations  allowed,  that  it 
was  warranted  by  the  usages  of  war.  It  cannot  be  condemn- 
ed without  condemning   the  maxims  of  self  preservation, 
I  which  have  uniformly  guided  the  practice  of  hostile  nations. 
I'he  finer  fcelingfs  of  humanity  would  be  gratified,  by  dis- 
I  penwnsf  with  the  rigid  maxims  of  war,  in  favour  of  so  dis- 
tinguished an  officer  i  but  tliese  feelings  must  be  controlled 
by  a  regard  for  the  public  safety.    Such  was  the  distressed 
state  of  the  American  army,  and  so  abundant  were  their 
causes  of  complaint,  that  there  was  much  to  fear  from  the 
contagious  nature  of  treachery.    Could  it  have  been  reduced 
to  a  certainty,  that  tliere  were  no  more  Arnolds  in  America, 
perhaps  Andre's  life  might  have  been  spared ;  but  the  ne- 
cessity of  discouraging  further  plots  fixed  his  fate,  and  stamp- 
ed it  with  the  seal  of  political  necessity.  If  conjectures  in  the 
boundless  field  of  possible  contingencies  were  to  be  indulged, 
I  it  might  be  said,  tliat  it  were  more  consonant  to  humanity, 
to  take  one  life,  than,  by  ill-timed  lenity,  to  lay  a  foundation 
which  probably  would  occa-sion,  not  only  the  loss  of  many, 
I  but  endanger  the  independence  of  a  great  country. 
I     Though  a  regaixl  to  the  public  safety  imposed  a  necesaty 
I  for  inflicting  the  rigours, of  martial  Ihw,  yet  the  rare  worth  of 
I  this  unfortunate  officer,  made  his  unhappy  ca.se  the  subject 
I  of  universal  regret.     Not  only  among  the  partisans  of  royal 
I  government,  but  among  the  firmest  American  republicans, 
I  the  friendly  tear  of  sympathy  freely  flowed,  for  the  early  fall 
lofthis  amiable  young  man.    Some  condemned,  others  justi- 
I  fied,  but  all  regretted,  the  fat;d  sentence  which  put  a  period 
I  to  lus  valuable  life.* 

•  See  Ramsny,  H.  380-3J4. 


pm 


I'll,,  r 


Iff 


«-W«!«f|WpWW 


22  .fAnH»Tow>(—«i?<(iitu«'i— «■••"''»  "••"!«■«'• 

A»  we  enter  the  Tapjmn  Seu,  the  wostem  shore  beeo.m. 
«  rich  una  «.u'lv  cuUi/aUd  e.mntry.  risin^r  K^ntly  frum  t^,c 

K  of  the  aajucent  country,  from  the  inveterate  propens  - 
y  of  the  huiumls  to  linger  about  the  vU^  V^arT^lt  " 
m«r  .  I  (lavs  And  its  neiglibourhood  is  now  fainihar  to  tliL 
S^;  k-rT^  the  s^enc  from^h.ch  the  hanlcs.  Ichabod  (  mm, 
Tas  drt'e^by  the  haughty  frowns  of  the  ,cau  eous  but  urn  - 
e^ried  KitnLvanT^s/el,  the  bh.stenng  nva^^  of  «™ 
Bones,  and  the  more  than  mortal  vengeance  of  the  lUadlcM 

three  miles  farther.  tl,e.rr«/o«rH.arv.^..chcnler^^^^^^ 

,t  the  northern  extremity  ot  tlie  I  appan  ^J  *•  'J^'"f.„;,,^ 
«^,  Point  on  the  east,  we  now  enter  nuvernhfiwUtiy,  anouior 
fx;S:f  tt  rive;,  in  whichare  a  numberol  ..^^^^^^ 
ed  islands:  near  ts  northen  temunation.  on  tUt  w<^«'"^ 
!horr"HS  ««V  Point,  asteipronnd  hill,  nsmg  perhaps  s.xtv 
tTaboTe'rriver.'having'abold  -ckybore;, -^ u.u  . 
to  the  main  land  by  a  niinow  .sthmns.  The  "^"  »^'"  ^'J',,^ 
fort  are  still  distinct,  and  wil  be  ■■^•<=°»"=«=^"^,*^.*'^':„*^i5th  of 
Cieueral  Wayne's  pliant  exploit  on  the  "'K'^t°»J^  ";';", 
Jiilv  1779.  when  Tie  took  it  by  storm  irom  the  ""t'""' *'"' 
in  v'three  hundred  men.  It  is  thirty-nine  miles  above  New- 
viCand  thCas  well  as  the  opposite  point,  .s  composed 
n(  a  hard  calcareous  stone.  ,  ._  .r , 

°  Oppo^itTto  Stony  Point,  and  on  the  eastern  ^hore. -»  ^  ^^ 

pla^s  P,,;,,/,  a  beautiful  penins"l'VP''"J^'=»'"e;"3f,X; 
,va-\t  kv  the  British  friirate.  to  receive  «;eneral  Arnold. alter 
i!  tea1^.^V  at  West  pSTnt.'  Two  miles  above  at  the  boUom 
of  H  deep  bAy.  running  into  the  river,  and  eight  <nj|«=%'*<';'' 
Croton'l  the  village  of  PeekskiU,  very  pretUly  sUimted  at 

Sketch  Book,  II.  W- 


the  foot 

trade  w 

Hi'veral 

V.  ar,   to 

now  sea 

itnd  eac 

traces  o 

We  r 

brated 

passage 

Mountai 

Indians 

cxtensic 

I  ceediiig 

(lecidecl 

I  and  gne 

clrcunia 

appeara 

I  a  passa^ 

I  as  the  g 

tbrmer  | 

I  northen 

ilie  bor< 

I  tains  in 

J  was  fori 

Itlicr  by 

Iter  of  c 

[science 

■present 

Itlieir   ir 

I  forms  a 

Itheoriea 

Un  e 

Iby  a  bol 

Itiundrci 

Irhunde 

|of  tllilK 

t  narrov 

iXBear 

Onth 

Beading 

ain,  cal 


vr'?' 


l>F.F.KHKII.L^THr.    HIfilll.A1<in«. 


2.1 


i — STONY    I'lllNT. 

the  wostcm  fAwrc  beioim t 
trv.  risii>(^  Rcntly  from  tlic 
II  ttrniiiwtmg  in  ni(?h  iw^^- 
A  s(i  ft-itilo,  beinK  K<'"'=';»''y 
oiiLR;  t\ie  upni:ar.ince  ot  llic 
ifvil,  and  the  intermixture  tit 
ts,  fine  forcstjt  and  cuUivat- 
'S  presents  many  an  int(-r. 
VhlllipHbiirg  is  Tnrrylowii, 
h  New-York.  The  name  wm 
ler  (lays,  l>y  the  Kood  house- 
i-om  the  inveterate  propensi- 
about  the  village  tavern,  on 
irliood  is  now  familiar  to  the 
;h  the  hapless  Ichabod  V.mK 
ns  of  the  beauteous  but  haixl- 
i;  bhistering  rivalry  of  Uroni 
il  vengeance  of  the  Headless 

the  village  ot  Sinssingi  wl 
wer,  which  enter*  the  H"'^"" 
5  Tappan  Sea.  Passing  /««- 
nter  Huverntrnw  Bay,  another 
are  a  number  of  it)cky,  wood- 
termination,  on  the  west<-m 
Muul  hill,  rising  perhaps  sixtv 
l)old  rocky  shore,  and  united 
sthinuH.  The  remains  of  the. 
he  recollected  as  the  scene  ot 
it  on  the  night  of  Uie  I5th  ot 
f  storm  from  the  British,  witli 
tliirty-nine  miles  above  New- 
;  opposite  point,  is  composed 

il  on  the  eastern  shore,  is  Ver- 
isula,  projecting  into  the  nver. 
)  receive  «ieneral  Arnold,  atter 
Pwo  miles  above,  at  the  bottom 
e  river,  and  eight  miles  above 
shill,  very  prettily  situated  at 

ok,  II.  asJ- 


(lie  foot  of  the  flif(hlaiiil.i,  and  carrying  on  a  con.iiderable 
trade  witli  New-York.  In  its  neiglilxiurliood  arc  the  ruins  of 
•-rverul  forts,  iit.'.H  liy  tiie  Ann-nc:iiiH,  in  tlie  revolutionary 
war,  to  protect  tliis  iiiiportant  passi  but  liiesc  remains  are 
now  scarcely  to  be  timiul,  even  by  the  in(|iiisitive  traveller, 
and  each  successive  year  renders  yet  nioiv  indistinct  these 
traces  of  that  interesting  periwl. 

Wc  now  enter  upon  a  scene,  which  iius  lung  been  cele- 
brated as  one  of  unrivalled  beauty  and  niugiiitieenee — the 
passage  of  tlie  Hudson  through  the  Hijfhltin(/K,  or  Kishkill 
Mountains.  This  runi-e  of  liiils,  wliich  was  known  to  the 
Indians  as  the  Matteuwan  Mountains,  appears  to  be  an 
extension  of  the  second  great  cliuiii,  or  lllue  Uidge,  pro- 
ceeding from  the  south-west.  Its  geological  formatum  is 
decidedly  primitive,  and  is  i)riiicipally  composed  of  granite 
and  gneiss,  imbedding  oceasionally  oii  s  of  iron.  From  the 
circumstance  of  its  so  directly  cit)s.siiig  the  Hudfon,  and  th<5 
appearance  so  strikingly  presented,  of  tliat  river  having  forced 
a  passage  through  it,  geologists  liave  looked  upon  this  ridge 
as  the  great  soutlieni  bouiulary  of  a  \ii.st  lake,  which  at  some 
ttjrmer  period  spread  its  waters  fur  and  wide  over  the  more 
northern  districts,  and  extended  as  far  as  the  high  lands  on 
llie  borders  of  Massacliusetts aiKl(:oiinectiritt,and  the  inoun- 
taias  in  the  neigblxiuriiood  of  Saratoga.  Wlietlierthis  outlet 
was  forme<l  l)y  some  powertiil  convulsion  of  nature,  or  wlie- 
liicr  by  the  gradual  abrasion  of  the  watew,  can  only  be  mat- 
ter of  conjecture  umuiig  those  «  bo  are  skilled  in  geological 
science ;  and  whatever  cliimiis  sucli  an  investigation  may 
present  to  tlieiii,  the  gay  traveller  svould  milie'r  dwell  on 
their  majestic  beauties,  and  contemplate  tlieir  romantic 
Turms  and  ever-varying  shades,  fliaii  perplex  himself  witli 
theories  the  truth  of  wliich  can  never  tie  determined. 

On  entering  the  llighlaiuls,  the  western  shore  is  foniied 
by  a  bold  round  mountain,  rising  steeply  to  the  height  of  nine 
tiundred  feet,  and  called  by  tlie  liuteh,  UunderlHirrich,  or 
Thunder  hill.  A  second  hill,  ot  the  same  form,  and  upwaixis 
of  tliirteen  hundred  feet  high,  is  only  separated  from  it  by 
I  narrow  ravine  or  vale:  the  mountain  is  known  by  the  name 
»f  Bear  Ilill,  and  the  valley  by  tliat  of  Unake  Hole. 

On  the  opposite  shore,  the  nuitherii  bank  of  the  little  bay 
leading  to  Peekskill  is  foimed  by  a  remarkably  steep  moun- 
tain, called  Jinthony'a  Abtc .-  Uie  sides  present  a  nidc  rocky 


f 
I 


34 


AMTRONt'*   "M^- 


...rfuc-  Wutly  mtermingJ.fd  with  trees  and  it»  summit  n«H 
^,le'lol\>  cit-vation  of'  ..ine  hundred  an.l  th.rty-five  tec. 

Kv/^at  the  rairuculou.  account  wa»  received  irom 
i;m^e.'no  wortliy  of  implicit  belief,  luul  he  not  owcrted  « 
~.  tn,e  a*  any  thing  in  hi«  book—n  u«ert.on  wluch  fully 

'"^'r^«m  rrA  to  tell  .  fact."  «.y.  the  venerable  histo- 
viun.  "Which  I  doSbt  much  my  reader.  w.U  he«t»t^  to  »,- 
i-  K,.t  if  il.fv  <lo    thev  arc  welcome  not  to  believe  a 

S\.U1U  *X(^-  t't"  ■^or^.otl|•mK  which  it  co„t.^n. J 
mm^  mie    It  must  be  known  then,  thut  the  noie  ot  Anthon> 
rtr^mpe  "r  wu.  of  u  very  lu«ty  «.o.  ntnUUng  boldly  »^^^^^^ 
his  countenuncc  hke  u  niounUiin  o»  Oolcoiida »  beintf  «unip 
tiouBvLdeckcdwill.  rubies  and  other  precious  . tone.-- 
!      itu,.  « llui  of  a  kii.ir  of  good  fellows,  which  jolly  Bac 
.    .n^->'"t''^^»»  who  b't.use'^  heartily  at  the  Augon     No« 
thuH  it  happened,  that  bright  and  early  ...  the  mormng.  U.. 
i  od  AntKoiiy.  having  washed  his  burly  viwge.  wa.  leannn- 
o  e   thc-uui  r.nnli.ig  of  the  galley.  co..ten.plaUng  .t  m  U 
^  assy  wan-  below.    Just  at  ih.s  n.o.nent,  the  '""fj""' *"  ' 
b  eaki-Tgin  all  his  Hplc.dour  from  behind  one  ot  the  Ik 
luWrof  the  lligblumls,  did  tUrt  one  of  hi»  most  pote  i 
leans  till  upon  t..e  rcfulgct  nose  of  the  sounder  ot  bra>- 
_u\e  reHecu'^n  of  which  shot  straightway  down,  hissing  ho  . 
into  the  water,  and  killed  a  mighty  stuigeon  that  was  spm 
inio  lilt  w»     .  ^  monster,  being  with  mti 

'"?  lZ,tf  hoisted  on  boanl.  furnished  a  luxurious  repast  f. 
ale  crew,  bdng  accounted  of  excellent  flavour,  excepti.ip 
a  out  the  wound,  where  it  smacked  a  itUe  of  bnmstone 
S  tl  s!  on  my  veracity,  wa*  the  first  Ume  that  ever  stm- 
econ  w^  eaten  in  these  part»  by  Christian  people. 
^  "  VVlien  this  astonishing  m.raclc  came  to  be  inade  known 
to  Peter  atuyvesant,  and  Svat  he  tasted  of  the  uiiknown  hi, 
Le,  Smfy  we"  be^upposed.  marvelted  exceedingly ,  «u^ 
La  monument  thereot',  he  gave  tl.e  najne  ot  f "<*f«jr»  Ato 
to  a  stout  promontory  in  the  neighbourhood,  and  .t  has  con 
tTnued  to  be  called  Anthony's  Nose  ever  since  that  bme. 
Tftcr  tmiung  this  point,  the  river  h»  a  dmsct  course  oJ 


lllOIlt  I 

pI  pri»( 
:i  half  c: 
Mri'ply 
and  llu 
loftier 
iiig  hai 
piMsed 
ing  aid 
As  we 
more  i 
ill  nlg^ 
excel)! 
(  verj  I 
(liaiigi 

VclIlT, 

uiid  th 
now  Cfl 
Kevolii 
to  seen 
statfii, 
(li'spir 
tio  mill 
sidered 
iiUcnip 
the  not 
fate  of 

The 
in  the 
<JongT( 
unrenii 
which 
to  its  p 
intcndi 
placed 
Rink  ai 
ledge 

The 
dred  ai 
The  ai 
first  e: 


I  trcett,  and  U»  summit  ri«f» 
undred  and  thirty-ftve  ted 

noimUin  acquired  iu  nami-, 

lit the  celebrated  Diedntli 

1  wc  should  be  inclined  to 
iccount  waa  received  from 
iclief,  luul  he  not  a»«erted  ii 
luk an  awiertion  wltich  fully 

;t,"  nay*  the  venerable  hirto 
y  readers  will  heaitate  to  he- 
welcome  not  to  believe  a 
iiotliinjf  which  it  contain*  i-. 
>en,  thut  the  no»e  of  Anthoii) 
ty  »w,  »ln>tting  boldly  trom 
ill  of  GolcoiiJa»  beintf  sump 
and  other  precious  atones— 
lod  fellows,  which  jolly  Bac 
;  heartily  at  the  flagon.    Now 
lid  early  in  the  morning,  U.' 
Ilia  burly  viaagc,  was  leaning 
irallcy,  contemplating  it  in  Uu 
ia  moment,  the  illustrious  sun. 
from  behind  one  of  the  liiKi 
tlart  one  of  his  most  pottn 
nose  of  the  sounder  at  bri>- 
straightway  down,  hissing  hot. 
ighty  sturgeon  that  was  spor 
huge  monster,  being  with  iiili 
furnished  a  luxurious  repast  tr. 
of  excellent  flavour,  exceptiiip 
smacked  a  little  of  brimstone 
s  tlie  hrst  time  that  ever  stuj 
by  Christian  people. 
,raclc  came  to  be  made  known 
he  tasted  of  the  unknown  fisli, 
1,  marvelled  exceedingly  5  and, 
ive  tlie  name  of  Antkony'B  JSm 
neighbouihood,  and  it  has  con- 
i  Nose  ever  since  that  time.' 
he  river  has  a  direct  coarse  « 


iliout  ninf  miles  to  U'nt  Point.  Imlcod,  from  \U  rr(fulurily, 
it  prcHcntH  tJK'  upiK'iiraiK'c  of'u  f^nd  ruiiiil,  anil  is  lint  ulioiM 
a  half  or  three  <|iiurt('rH  of  11  mile  in  width.  TIk'  ImiikH  risr 
steeply  for  nhout  one  hundred  or  one  hiiruh'i'tl  and  fifty  feet, 
and  tlic'ii  form  a  flat  areUi  which  set'mM  tri  he  \.\\v  base  of  tlir 
loftier  hills  that  rise;  uimvc  in  stupeiuloiH  (i^raiulcur.  Look- 
ing hark,  the  scene  is  closed  by  the  iiiimntaiim  wc  have; 
piiMsed  (  ami  Inokinff  lorwartl,  the  same  high  chains,  stn-lch- 
iiig  along  on  either  hand,  appear  to  unite  in  the  diHt;::ici'. 
.\s  we  uppi-oach  West  I'oint,  the  scene  increiues  more  and 
more  in  nictiiresqiie  j^niiideur — the  hunks  on  each  side  riso 
ill  iiijcged  majesty,  and  present  a  uniform  covering  of  wood, 
excc]»t  where  interrupted  by  projecting  rocks,  which  assume 
I  \er\-  hue  as  the  sun  shines  upon  them,  and  reflect  an  evcr- 
( liaiigiiig  picture  on  the  placid  mirror  at  their  feet. 

\\  cxI  I'oint  is  an  object  of  no  common  interest  to  the 
v(  Her,  both  from  the  recollections  of  niist  times  and  evints, 
:iii<l  the  ronscious  pride  we  must  feel  in  the  liislifiitlon  it 
now  contains.  The  fort  was  built  at  an  early  period  of  the 
Kevohition,  at  once  to  keep  open  the  passage  of  the  Hudson, 
to  seciue  a  communication  between  the  southern  and  eastern 
Stiiteu,  and  to  ufl'ord  an  arsenal,  and  an  asylum  where  in  a 
(i'spenite  extremity  a  vigorous  stand  might  advantageously 
til.-  madi.-.  It  is  well  known  how  important  the  Hriti.>*h  con- 
sidered it,  and  that,  despairing  of  reducing  it  by  force,  they 
attempted  to  ga\n  it  by  corrupting  the  commanding  otticet', 
the  notorious  Arnold.  The  ill  success  of  his  scheme,  and  the 
fute  of  his  coadjutor  Andr<-,  have  been  already  alluded  to. 

The  military  college  of  the  United  States  was  founded  here 
in  the  y(;ar  1801 ;  find  its  first  organization  was  devolved  by 
tjongress  upon  the  late  Genenil  Williams,  whose  talents  antl 
unremitting  industry  did  honour  to  himself  and  his  country 
which  employed  him.  Its  discipline,  however,  was  brought 
to  its  present  perfect  state  in  the  year  1817,  when  the  super- 
intendent who  now  presides  over  it.  Colonel  Thayer,  was 
placed  at  its  head;  a  gentleman  who  unites  to  a  distinguished 
Ruik  and  reputation  in  his  profession,  a  vu-st  fund  oi  know- 
ledge acquired  in  similar  establishments  in  Kurope. 

I'hc  number  of  cadets  all  >wed  by  (/'oneress  is  two  hun- 
dred and  sixty,  of  whom  about  sixty  are  admitted  annually. 
The  age  of  admission  is  from  fourteen  to  twenty.    At  the 
lirst  examination,  at  which  many  candidates  arc  always  diii- 
C 


I'tii 


(i 

'i  'b  ,1: 


.■i...l.: 


!^f 


.«pu*«J,!,ai  »!'■»»" 


26  WBST  POIirr— MIUTABT  colikok. 

in  French,  mathematics,  '*'=•    *"^.  j  without  ffood 

SSSi  Ihey  ^e'Sdt'2'drawforit  us  an  en- 

Ph'iSh  Wuch,  both  OS  a  likeness  and  a  picture,  does 
irreat  credit  to  that  accomphshed  artist. 
^ThP  bMTacks  of  the  cadets  are  spacious  and  weU  built. 
TiLe  Sii^aloom,  to  which  is  attached  -other  roon. 

solitary  <=''«fi"^™«If "  ^^^etT^  discipUr  a,  there  is  no- 
instituuon,  and  Xf^Xra  ti^veUer  wiS  be  more  struck, 

•^^ITcCn^i'dL^^^htlLtTi;  sounded,  the  studeiitsn., 
roifu^iheirbei'clean  their  amis,  appourtments.  and  rooms, 

*tKotK'eve%tul2'.^stli^tosubjoinU.efo^^^^^^ 
i«gSleithe  -le  affoniing  a.H,ewotthe  n«nner  .nwh.ch 
thi  employmcnte  of  the  day  are  distributed ,  the  oUier,  a  m 
of  the  studies  which  «re  pursued:— 


UlSTi 


Hcveill 
— Po 
—Ins 


Class  1 
2 

4 


Rreakii 


Class  1 

—  2 

—  3 

—  4 


Cilass  1 


Class  1 


'^if 


_^,,,| 


PABT   COLIKOB. 

led  in  the  elementary  stii- 
jcl  to  what  is  called  a  Btite 
to  a  severe  course  of  study 
kfter  six  months,  there  is  a 
,ot  be  passed  without  good 
n.  Those  who  are  successttil 
(lete  their  four  years'  course 
proper  conduct,  which  how- 
et  is  allowed  by  the  govern- 
,  besides  two  rations  a  day, 
tionth.  The  sixteen  dollars, 
clothing,  stationary,  candles 
niished  to  them,  and  placed 
ny  surplus  on  the  balancing 
wed  to  draw  for  it  as  an  en- 

1  is  one  of  the  finest  in  the 
ntific  v/orks,  both  of  our  own 
iig  the  ornaments  it  contains, 
efferson,  painted  by  Sully  ol 

likeness  and  a  picture,  does 
ed  artist, 

are  spacious  and  well  built, 
ich  is  attached  another  room, 
leir  arms,  &c.  The  plan  ot 
emselves,  what  has  been  pre- 
out  at  lectures,  is  found  to  be 
e  cadets  assembled  in  one  hall, 
to  the  room  of  another  durnig 
jeing  appointed  to  prevent  all 
shment  for  insubordination  is 
fvants  are  alLved  about  the 

b  itsdiscipUra,  there  is  no- 
traveller  will  'ae  more  struck, 
ess  which  prevsul  throughout 

It.  ,    ^    . 

:  is  sounded ;  the  students  nse, 
arms,  appointments,  and  rooms, 
'  the  day.  .  .     .    .  „ 

iteresting  to  subjoin  the  touow- 
•  a  view  of  the  manner  in  which 
Ire  distributed;  the  oUier,  a  list 
iued:— 


WSST  MIST — TnUtJint  COLUttK. 


27 


Distribution  o?  Stijdh!s,  awd  Empiotment  of  Time 

DUniNO   THE    DaT. 

From  dawn  of  day  to  sunrise. 

Heveilld  at  dawn  of  day — Roll-call  immediately  after  reveille 
— ^Police  of  rooms— <;  leaning  of  arms,  accoutrements,  8ic. 
—Inspection  of  rooms,  thirty  minues  after  roll-call. 

Prom  sun-rise  to  seven  o'doek. 

Glass  1.  Study  of  engineering  and  the  military  art. 

2.  Study  of  natural  and  experimental  philosiophy. 

3.  Study  of  mathematics. 

4.  Study  of  mathematics. 

From  seven  to  eight  o'clock. 

nreakfast  at  seven  o'clock — Guard  mounting  at  half  past 
seven — Class  parade  at  eight. 

From  eight  to  eleven  o'clock. 
Class  1.  Recitations  and  diawing  relative  to  engineering  and 
the  military  art. 

2.  Recitations  in  natural  and  experimental  philosophy. 

3.  Recitations  in  mathematics. 

4.  Recitations  in  mathematics. 

From  eleven  to  twelve  o'clocl: 

Lectures  on  cngi.ieering  and  the  military  art. 
Lectures  on  natuial  and  experimental  philosophy. 
Study  of  mathematics. 
Study  of  mathemiitics. 

From  twilve  to  one  o'clock. 

Montlay,  Wednesday,  and  Friday,  lectures  on  chy- 
mistry  as  applied  to  the  arts,  or  on  mineralogy  and 
geology. — Tuesday,  Thursday,  and  Saturday, 
study  of  the  same  subjects. 

Tuesday,  Thursday,  and  Saturday,  lectures  on 
chymistry. — Monday,  Wednesday,  and  Friday, 
study  of  the  same  subject. 

3.  Recitations  in  French. 

4.  Study  and  recitations  of  French.        .,    .^-t 


Cilasa  1. 

3. 

4. 


Class  1. 


2. 


i| : ' 


«piiwn«i«J«i|)W. •'!''' 


28 


VEST   POIHT— MIUTART   COLIBOB. 

Fmm  one  to  two  o'clock. 


Dinner  at  one  o'clock— Recreation  from  dinner  to  tVfo 
o'clock. 

From  two  to  four  o'clock. 
Class  1.   Study  and  rccitatioiw  of  geography,  liistory,  ethics, 

and  national  law. 

2.   Di-awing  of  landscape  and  topography. 

3    Monday,  Wednesday,  and  Friday,  drawing  of  the 

humln  figure-Tuesday  and  Thursday,  sUidy  ot 

French. 
4,   Study  and  recitations  of  French. 

From  four  to  sunset. 

Military  exercises-Dress  parade  and  rolUall  at  sunset. 

From  stmset.  to  half  hour  past. 

Supper  immediately  after  parade-Signal  to  retire  to  quar- 

'  ^  ters  immeiatcly  afler  supper. 

From  half  hour  pari  sunset  to  half  past  nine  o'cMc. 
Class  1.   Study  of  engineering  and  the  militanr  art. 
__  2.   Study  of  natural  and  experimental  philosophy. 

3,   study  of  mathematics. 

4,   Study  of  mathematics. 

From  Italfpast  nine  to  ten  o'clock. 
Tattoo  at  half  past  nine  o'clock-Roll-call  immediately  aftf.r 
tatt^— -Signal  to  extinguish  ligi.ts,  and  mspect.on  of 
rooms,  at  ten  o'clock. 


o 


II iiiiiiiiiiil  ,,,rr 


•xnx  couEoe. 

'.wo  o'clock. 

ition  from  dinner  to  t*»(> 

c. 

mr  o'clock. 

f  geography,  liistory,  ethics 

Mid  topography. 

ind  Friday,  drawing  ot  the 

sday  and  Thursday,  study  ot 

>f  French. 

\o  sunset. 

»de  and  roU-call  at  sunset. 

ittlf  hour  past. 

de— Signal  to  retire  to  quar- 

r  after  supper. 

to  half  past  nine  o'clock. 

and  the  military  art. 
experimental  philosophy. 

i. 

S. 

ine  to  ten  o'clock. 

k— Roll-call  immediately  after 

lish  lights,  and  inspection  of 


WEST   POINT— MIim«¥   COLtCOS. 


29 


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FAHT  COUECH. 


ETX 


111 


mu-ssris  u-mnoj 


HPHUMia 


vrtn  poim^— MiLiTiBT  couses. 

On  the  south  side  of  the  point,  is  a  snot  which  no  traveller 
will  pass  unnoticed— on  which  no  traveller  will  tread,  without 
dropping  a  tear  to  one  of  the  most  gallant  and  noble  8ol(Uer% 
who  came  to  fight  for  freedom  in  a  distant  land,  and  one  who 
would  have  fought  for  her  as  bravely  and  successfully  in  his 
own,  could  he  have  controlled  the  destiiiv  of  nations.  A 
narrow  and  very  steep  path,  in  which  large  fragments  o(  rock 
have  been  laid  to  form  steps,  conducts  us  down  to  a  small 
platform,  enclosed  on  three  sides  by  steep  rocks,  while  on 
the  fourth  a  perpendicular  precipice  of  near  a  hundred  fee% 
hangs  over  the  nver. 

Here  dwelt  Kosciusko, — here, 

"  Where  once  the  garden  smiled. 
And  still  where  many  a  garden  flower  grows  wild* 
Where  now  a  few  torn  shrubs  the  place  disclose." 

The  young  men  of  the  College,  in  a  spirit  that  does  them 
honour,  have  subscribed  fifteen  hundred  dollars  to  build  here 
a  monument,  which,  when  finished,  will  be  seen  at  a  conn- 
derable  distance.  "  How  woidd  the  hero  have  rejoiced," 
says  an  English  traveller,  "  if  he  could  have  known  that  his 
memory  would  have  been  thus  venerated  by  the  vouth  of  a 
foreign  land  !  A  monument  to  the  champion  of  Freedom 
will  stand  well  in  the  land  of  Liberty  ;  and  by  none  could  it 
be  more  properly  erected,  than  by  tiie  defenders  of  the  rights 
of  man." 

To  the  north  of  the  point,  and  at  about  a  quarter  of  a  mile 
from  the  college,  is  a  small  flat  piece  of  ground,  in  a  little 
nook,  between  the  foot  of  the  mountain  and  the  river.  On 
this  spot,  which  has  been  lately  converted  into  a  garden, 
stands  t  small  wooden  house,  which  General  Washington 
niade  his  head-quarters  during  the  revolutionary  war.  On  a 
very  steep  projecting  point  of  rock,  immediately  above  this^ 
is  the  burial-ground  of  tlie  college,  where  a  handsome  column 
of  white  marble,  surmounted  with  some  appi<opriate  iiulitaiy 
emblems,  has  been  erected  to  the  memoiy  m  tiiose  cadets 
who  have  died  at  the  place,  and  whose  names  are  inscribed 
on  it.  Another  very  chaste  and  beautiful  monument  stands 
at  the  nortii  comer  <rf' the  parade,  close  to  the  road  by  which 
every  one  must  pass  before  he  can  arrive  at  the  college.  It 
is  a  small  tapenng  obelisk  of  white  marble,  atantUng  on  a 
ample  pedestal)  on  which  is  this  inscription;— 


1 


pijiil!*^' 


■i;i 


32  WIST   tOtWT—tOVr    rUTHAM. 

TO 
TH«  JIBMOUT   Of 

COLONEL   WOOD, 

TBI!  »on  ,j^oB-0«HE«At   BROWH. 

b«utiMbr«»  field  pieces  which  wwe^^  ^^ 

States  by  the  French  i"  ^^^''^nSZ  UUi„Jratio 

S  V«^keVa^ven=i::  the  .nauy- 

On  the  summit  of  the  hUl,  aooye  «  c  j,^^„     once 

tive  traveller  may  trace  the  ™.ns  of  old  /»J  i  «      ^_ .^  ^^.,^ 

Cik  is^l  to  have  written  the  foUoNVing  lines:- 

Dreary  and  lone  as  the  scenes  that  s™ml  thee. 

tS- battlements  rise  'mid  the  ci-ags  "f  the  wild, 
Ye  dew  are  thy  niins,  for  brightly  """'iJ^O'^^'  . 

•TwM  here  the  first  dawn  of  our  Liberty  smiled. 

But  lonely -8  thy  terrace-thy  walls  are  forsaken. 
"  to  mfns  wound  thy  pi-o«d  ramparts  arc  low, 

'*''^"si«^L':a«Se?;:ndr7^^ 

Now  tS^^r^am  of  the  eaglet  slow  gl'di"?  »»«;«. . 
.       /done  sends  ito  note  from  the  mists  of  the  cloud. 

But  where  are  th«  heroes  whose  home  once  was  here. 
When  tiiHeSons  of  tyranny  peopled  our  shore- 

wXere  raised  the  rd«^.^«^-^.iX.rfie^^'roar> 
And  guarded  their  home  'mid  the  batUe  s  herce  roar 

.  see  .n  Excumon  through  thsUnited  Sutc,  by  an  EnglWi  Gentle- 
msn— Londoni  1824. 


Th 

An 

\ 

Tb 

1 

Wl 

I 


Aft 
into  p 
stupe 
toth( 
a  pro 
si^re. 
ruae. 
craga 
hei^b 
their 
neatl 
limit] 
High 
moui 
eleva 
recec 
whic 

W 
tily  s 
bumi 
New 
eigh 
New 
was 
the 
port! 
vessi 
crea: 
villai 
anai 
is  VI 
aret 


! 


liT  hjtsam. 


HT  or 
WOOD, 

;  rBUM  roaT  bhik, 

hit  Friind  and  Comii-nder, 

t  BROWN. 

I  the  artillery  of  the  college, 
on  of  dlftercnt  si/.eB.  besides 
Among  Uie  cannon  are  two 
h  were  brought  to  the  United 
evolutionary  war ;  they  arc 
m  is  inscribed,  UUima  ratio 
-ign  traveller,  "at  which  aU 
swhat  amused."* 
bove  the  fortress,  the  inquim- 
M  of  old  Fw/ /•«'»««"».  «'?f«= 
riass,  but  now  lulent  and  dilR- 
ils  spot,  that  a  gentlemen  ot 
en  the  following  hnes:— 

>s  that  surroimd  thee, 

the  ci-ags  of  the  wild, 
rightly  around  thee, 

of  our  Liberty  smiled. 

ly  walls  ai-e  forsaken, 
I  ramparts  are  low; 
annon  awaken, 
he  valleys  below. 

c  i-uins  among^ 

fe,  and  the  war-drum  beat  loud, 

let,  slow  gliding  along, 

\  the  mists  of  the  cloud. 

vhose  home  once  was  here, 
mny  peopled  our  shore — 
aid  to  Freedom  so  dear, 
.  'mid  the  batde's  fierce  roar' 

United  Sutc,  by  an  English  Gentle- 


NGW-WI)fn«Oll— RBWBUIia. 


33 


They  sleep  in  yon  vale,  their  rude  forti-ess  below. 
Where  darkly  the  shade  of  the  cedar  is  spread  < 

And  hoarse  thruugli  the  valley  the  mountijn  winds  blow* 
Where  lowly  they  rest  in  the  sleep  of  the  dead. 

The  flowera  of  the  forest  have  brighten'd  that  spot. 
The  wild  i-ose  has  scatter'd  its  bloom  o'er  that  g^und. 

Where  lonelv  they  lie — now  forgetting — forgot — 
Unwak'd  by  the  mountain-storin  thuiid'ring  around. 

After  passing  West  Point,  the  river  widens  on  the  right 
into  a  considerable  bay;  and  the  shores  are  still  crowned  oy 
stupendous  mountains,  which  give  a  majestic  foreground 
to  the  scene.  The  river  then  turns  to  the  left,  and  opens 
a  prospect  which  perhaps  exceeds  every  other  on  the  pas- 
8!^.  The  mountains,  which  have  become  more  lofty  and 
rude,  tumble  at  once  into  the  river,  and  form  on  each  shore 
craggy  precipices,  some  of  them  perhaps  a  thousand  feet  in 
height:  their  sides  are  formed  of  large  massy  rocks  and  trees{ 
their  lofty  elevation  throws  a  dark  shade  over  the  river  be> 
neath,  and  impresses  the  whole  scene  with  unrivalled  sub« 
iimity  and  grandeur.  In  front  is  seen  the  termination  of  the 
Highlands  {  and  as  we  look  through  the  lofty  vista  of  the 
mountains,  we  behold  a  wide  expanse  of  beautiful  and  gently 
elevated  cou  -  bursting  on  the  eye.  The  hills  soon  after 
recede  on  ea^  .-.ide,  and  take  a  direction  across  the  countiy, 
which  spreads  far  and  wide  into  a  rich  and  fertile  vale. 

We  now  pass  the  village  of  New-  Whidtor  on  the  left,  pret- 
tily situated'  on  the  biuik  of  the  river,  and  carrving  on  some 
business  witil  New-York.  Two  miles  and  a  half  bring  us  to 
Newhwg,  a  villa^  also  on  the  west  shore  of  the  Hudsoiv 
eight  miles  north  of  West  Point,  sixty-one  mUes  north  of 
New-York,  and  one  hundred  south  of  Albany.  The  town 
was  built,  little  more  than  i;wenty  years  ago,  for  receiving 
the  pnMluce  of  the  western  counties  of  tiie  state,  and  trans- 
porting it  to  New- York !  in  consequence,-  it  has  about  fifty 
vessels  constantly  employed  in  this  trade,  and  is  rapidly  in- 
creasing in  wealth  and  population.  It  is  incorporated  as  a 
village,  and  contiuns  about  five  hundred  houses,  four  churche% 
an  academy,  a  bank,  and  one  hundred  stores  and  shops.  It 
is  very  prettily  laid  out ;  and  the  courts  for  Orange  county 
are  alternately  held  here  and  at  Goshen.    Th*  academy  is  a 


m 


F^m  NewbuTK  the  view  down  the  river  .9  a8to»,shm(fly 
gJSSriSgXcUy  to  west  point  tUr.K.gh  the  |.^^^^^^^ 
thTnJomitun*^  of  them  finely  softened  off  by  the  d.» 

*"iS!L,i«  nnnonte  to  Newburff,  on  the  eastern  bank  of  the 
river^BES.?«nKn^We«^thetwoloftiestmoun. 

Srf^^nKnds.    The  former  i» fourteen  hundred  and 
S^n^Sfe  ftSSve  the  river,  and  the  -"jH  to  the  fla^^^ 
SSr  on  its  summit  is  so  easy,  that  cairiages  have  f«9""'*'y 
SSne  up.  The  New  Beacon,  or  Grand  Sachem   .sshfl  more 
E  ito  elevation  reaching  to  sixteen  hundred  and  e'Rh^*^° 
ffiSvethetide.  The£wfrom^U  — 
r>».*.  nf  West  Point  itlitterinK  in  the  sun  ?  Anthony  s  Nose 
SJV^Tbeyo^dSthe^anpan  Sea  spre^^^^^ 
"Se.     TO  the  north,  the  Huison  «  seen  fov  more  than 
fiftTmiles  •  while  the  eye  wanders  around  over  a  fertile  ana 
avc^Stivatod  region,  chequered  with  every  thing,  that 
SfSntewrt Ta  Scape  so  Jich,  extensive  ?nd.d.vers.fied 
^On  a  S  creek,  opposite  to  Newburg,  .s  '"tu»tf  ^^e 

vilSgeofXw.«Z^A.  w  called  ♦<>  <J«';>"^i'\S 
Fmm  itself,  a  town  on  t^e  same  stream,  but  five  mdes  f^^m 
the  shore  of  the  Hudson,  and  twenty  m.les  a  W 

Vrom  the  northern  term  nation  of  the  Highlamls,  tiie  coiui 
try  on  bo  hs^^  is  composed  of  the  fine  valWe^endmg 
Keen  the  first  and  second  great  ndges.  that  .s,  the  Blae 
SoSn  and  the  AUeghany,  thus  a<=<=°"'Pl"y'"e.,V»^'?,  ^ 
thHouA-west  through  the  United  States  Th.s  vaUey  is  of 
Ir^ileeiewlly  rich,  abounding  in  limestone,  and  diversified 
by"Ss3e7ridges  of  hilll  which  ar^ 
;♦  some  of  them  the  spurs,  or  offsets,  of  the  higher  moun 
Sinr«theSTpparenilv  deUched  from  them.  Ijme  Joi^e 
is  als<^  found  in  ietached  strata,  lower  down  the  Hudson,  as 


at  W 
ure  se 
toNc 

As 
Thei 
headl 
odom 
andtl 
tivati( 
tains, 
maivi 
lamCi 
riedo 
andtl 
shore 
cover 
Pliny 
variel 
laruni 
time  I 
be  lo 
pagni 

Iti 
of  th 
appit 
Whei 
the  St 
head, 
thus 
obje< 

Ah 
come 
with 
ety  o 
divei 
whic 
tliis  I 
rathe 
ther 

Fc 
abou 
kUl, 


le  library  of  nearly  a  tl>ou 
collection  of  maps  maihc- 

ratUH,  8cc.  The  principal 
i  well  iupplied  wiUi  excel- 
the  town,  on  a  small  stream 
e  fourteen  milU  of  vanous 
powder  mills  on  an  exten- 
illing  mills,  8ic. 
,i  the  river  is  astonishmgly 
Point  through  the  pass  of 

ily  softened  off  by  the  dis- 

,  on  the  eastern  bank  of  the 
Sachent,  the  two  loftiest  moun- 
tner  is  fourteen  hundred  and 
.5  and  the  ascent  to  the  flac- 
lat  carriages  have  frequently 
Grand  Sachem,  is  stiU  more 
xteen  hundred  and  eighty-five 
im  its  summit  is  one  of  bound- 
We  see  at  our  feet  the  Hud- 
Kh  the  Highlands »  the  white 
-in  the  sun ,  Anthony's Njwe 
Tappan  Sea  spreading  m  the 
Hud8«m  is  seen  foi  more  than 
ders  around  over  a  fertile  and 
lucred  virith  every  thing  that 
rich,  extensive  and  diversified, 
to  Ncwburg,  is  situated  the 
)  called  to  distinguish  it  from 
me  stream,  but  five  miles  from 
twenty  miles  above  PeekskiU. 
ion  of  the  Higlilands,  Uie  coun- 
d  of  the  fine  valley  extending 
great  ridges,  that  is,  the  Blue 
i  thus  accompanying  them  to 
nited  Statef)     This  vaUey  is  of 
ig  in  limestone,  and  diversified 
Is,  which  are  tlispersed  through 
r  offsets,  of  the  higher  moun- 
»ched  from  them.     Limestone 
a,  lower  down  the  Hudson,  a« 


povnnECKrsii.  ^5 

at  West  Pomt  and  Verplank's  Point  t  an^  numerous  kilns 
are  seen  along  the  sliorcs,  where  it  is  burned  and  transported 
to  New-York. 

As  we  pass  along,  the  scene  becomes  higlily  interesting. 
The  shore,  especially  the  western  one,  juts  out  in  fine  bold 
headlands,  with  beautiful  bays  between  them;  the  country  is 
adorned  with  gei.tlemen's  country-seats,  and  farm  houses  1 
and  there  is  all  around  a  delightful  mixture  of  wood  and  cul- 
tivation, while  the  hills,  though  they  do  not  rise  into  moun> 
tains,  yet  are  bold  enough  to  diversify  the  prospect.  The 
maivin  of  tlie  river  displays  a  succession  of  busy  villages  and 
lan(£ng^  aU  engufed  m  the  trade  which  is  successfiuly  car- 
ried OHt  through  tueir  medium,  between  the  mland  counties 
and  the  city  of  New-York.  As  the  traveller  passes  along  the 
shore,  beholding  villas,  farms  and  towns  thus  spread  upon  it, 
covering  it  with  animation,  wealth  and  beauty;  the  words  of 
Pliny  will  perhaps  arise  in  his  recollection — ^'*Littusomant 
varietate  gratissima,  nunc  continua,  nunc  intermissa  tecta  vil- 
lanun,  qux  prxstant  multarum  urbium  faciem."  Will  the 
time  ever  arrive,  when  these  gay  banks  of  tlie  Hudson  will 
be  lonely  and  abandoned,  as  are  now  the  plains  of  tlie  Cam- 
pagna' 

It  is  unfortunate  for  the  description  of  this  river,  that  so  few 
of  the  mountains  and  particular  headlands  have  distinct  and 
appropriate  names,  by  which  we  could  designate  tliem. 
When  a  fine  promontory  presents  itself,  you  apply  in  vain  to 
the  sailor  for  its  name  :  all  be  can  tell  you  is,  that  it  is  some 
head,  point  or  hook,  an  old  Dutch  name  for  a  cape ;  and  it  is 
thus  impossible  to  point  out  exactly  to  another  traveller  the 
objects  that  have  attracted  our  notice. 

About  ten  miles  above  Newburg,  the  western  shore  be- 
comes steep  and  precipitous,  formed  of  rock,  and  covered 
with  trees  i>nd  shrubs:  the  eastern  side  is  broken  into  a  vari- 
ety of  little  hills  and  valleys  blending  with  each  other,  and 
diversified  with  woods,  meadows  and  cultivated  land,  over 
which  are  scattered  farm  houses  and  gentlemen's  seats.  In 
this  manner  they  continue  till  we  ap)>c(>ach  Poughkteprie,  or 
rather  the  landing,  for  the  town  itself  is  about  a  mile  from 
the  river. 

Poughkeepine  is  a  neat  and  flourishing  town,  contaimng 
about  twenty-five  hundred  inhabitants,  ten  miles  above  Fish- 
kill,  and  the  same  distance  from  Ncwburg  by  the  river. 


ifitt 


36  ■")■  f*lK— KWiJI— «TAATi«U««. 

It  WM  •etUed  by  the  Dutch,  m  teng  .jjo  «•  ^^^S.  •n-li*  the 
.        V«Kinh  *hP  New-York  convention  me«,  m  1788,  ami 

2^  vmcnSle  Dr.  Bard,  wlioM  Memoirs,  oublmhecl  »  le  v 
SLlS'^rrr  a  delightful  picture  of  £;^^[^«  «")';;.: 

i^ZSrxTL  rirer,  for  the  convenience  ot  U,c  nc.gh- 

fiSe^orS  riul  in  h.x  inilo»  farther  we  arrive  at  yM.m- 
S  or  mthw  at  the  landing,  for  tl,e  town  itnelf  m  two  m.  e. 
J^  Denver.  It  contain,  about  fit^y  house. ,  »"  J  «  P - 
JanUy  seated  in  the  midst  of  a  plain  called  tl.;  Hhu.tbeck 
Tlats  which  is  fertile  and  well  improved. 

T\l^VatMll  Mou.aaim,  which  \u»ve  been  for  some  t.m. 
ririncupontheview,  now  present  a  bold  mnl  imposmg front 
Sc  whole  view  is  indeed  a  fine  one-the  wc-^"".  i""^,^' 
the  Hudson  is  broken  into  steep  and  rujrgcd  chtU ;  on  tb. 
e  JteSc.  U.e  road  up  to  the  town  wmas  along  the  steens 
«5Sd™r««nent.  of  rock  ami  pines,  ce.Uu^  and  stunted  oaks 
SmT»  precarious  hold  in  the  crevices  ,  while  the  back 
2S?sXinated  by  the  Catskdl  mountams,  nsmg  w.tl. 
Cwue  tops  and  sloping  sides  tar  off  m  the  "i'-tan^;^ 

On  the  western  shore  of  the  Hudson,  nearly  oppwrte  to 
BMMbeck.  but  three  miles  from  U.e  nyer,  is  the  town  rf 
K^Sw  a  romantic  vdlage,  in  the  midst  ot  the  beaut^fiil 
JSffinTtJd  v'le of  Eso,,us.»  This  little,  but  interesbng 
SJn  re«S.  to  mind  some  memorable  events  ^  the  revolu- 
^miy  war.   Its  inhabitanto  were  amongst  the  hrst  and  most 

•  See  I>arbj'i  Tnwel*,  p- 2* 


/.caloi 

New- 

the   I 

tion. 

was  t 

squall 

landci 

morel 

Thei 

apprc 

multu 

their 

ascen 

rage  • 

— «  r 

To  fe 

resen 

the  d 

long  I 

ed:  t 

trace 

their  I 

tumii 

after 

the  e 

this  (I 

of  ve 

and 

Sarat 

morti 

Til 
if  an; 
an  ail 
stone 
the  o 
Some 
mod( 
cqua 

Ki) 
betw 
view 
supp 


nir  uro  M  17.15,  and  is  Uif 
«venSon  im»,  in  1788,  ami 
I.  It  cairics  on,  like  mimi 
Hudwn,  a  brisk  trade  Willi 
tV  the  aeat  of  a  number  of 

the  first  considerable  village 
*,  six  mill*  above,  on  uik 
t  is  beautil'ully  situated  on  ii 
imxluctive  and  wcU-culUvat- 
lood  are  the  housca  of  aeveral 
;nutation.    On  a  noble  emi- 
town,  is  tlie  fine  acat  of  the 
c  Meinoire,  published  a  few 
oicture  of  aft  tliat  is  amiab  e 
id  a  man.    Opposite  to  Hyde 
or  New  Pallz,  a  landing  on 
le  convenience  of  tlic  ncigli- 
ff/eW  improved, 
hove  Hv<lc  I'urW,  is  the  scat  ot 
los  farther  we  arrive  at  Mini- 
for  the  town  itself  is  two  miles 
lont  fifty  houser    and  is  plc»- 
I  plain  called  tl^ ;  Whincbeck 
1  improved, 
lich  have  been  for  some  timt 
jeiit  a  bold  and  imposing  front 
fine  one— the  webtern  bank  ot 
eep  and  rufcgL'd  dill's  !  on  tlu 
e  town  winds  along  the  steeps 
jjinus,  cedars  and  stunted  oaks, 
n  the  crevices  ;  while  the  back 
CAtskill  mountains,  rising  witli 
des  far  off  in  the  distance, 
he  Hudson,  nearly  opposite  to 
from  the  river,  is  the  town  of 
B,  in  the  midst  of  tlie  beautiful 
ig.»     This  little,  but  interesting 
icmorable  events  of  the  revolu- 
werc  amongst  the  first  and  most 

•»  Tni»el»,  p. «. 


Ki!io«Tu:i.  fl7 

/calous  oppoacrs  of  Dritish  aggression,  in  tlic  rolnny  of 
New-York,  and  of  course  were  marked  ff)r  vcngi  ;iiii-e  by 
the  officers  of  the  crown,  who  commanded  on  tliut  stiw 
tion.  In  the  siimnior  of  1777,  wliile  (iiiiei-al  Hiirgovne 
was  penetrating  from  the  north  towaixls  Albany,  :i  Uritisli 
squadron  ascended  the  Hudson  river  from  New-York,  and 
landed  a  bo<ly  of  troops  near  the  mouth  of  the  IViiUkill,  who 
marched  to  and  burnt,  the  defenceless  villuge  of  KiiiK^ton. 
The  inhabitants  had  but  a  few  moments'  information  of  the 
approach  of  their  enemy,  before  their  uctiiul  urrival.  A  tu- 
multuous flight  cnsiiecl — and  before  (|uittjng  the  sight  of 
their  dwellings,  the  smoke  of  the  fire  that  devoured  tliera 
ascended  to  heaven.  The  consequence  of  this  act  of  blind 
rage  was  exactly  what  common  sense  would  have  expected 
—a  more  inveterate  opposition  to  the  British  government. 
To  feelings  of  revolutionary  entliusiasm,  was  udiled  personal 
resentment.  Some  of  the  stone  walls  still  remain,  to  attest 
the  destructive  scene.  Most  of  the  houses  then  burned  have 
long  since  been  repaired  or  rebuilt,  but  a  few  stand  untouch- 
ed: tlicir  moddcnng  remains  lead  the  imagination  to  re- 
trace the  lapse  of  fifty  years,  and  amid  the  smoking  ruins  of 
thcironcc  happy  homes,  behold  the  mournful  visages  of  the  re- 
luming inliabitantii — behold  them  tuniing  an  eye  of  vengeance 
after  the  destroyers  of  their  property.  An  inscription  upon 
the  end  of  the  villuge  church  records  this  deed  of  biu-barism, 
this  day  of  mourning,  the  14th  of  October,  1777.  The  hoar 
of  vengeance  was  indeed  aeai^— three  days  after,  Durgoynu 
and  his  army  surrendered  themselves  prisoners  of  war  at 
Saratoga.  The  pride  of  the  spoiler  was  turned  to  defeat, 
mortification  aiiu  disgrace. 

Time  and  industiy  have  effaced  the  ravages  of  wur.  Few, 
if  any  villages  in  the  United  States  present  at  this  moment 
an  air  of  more  domestic  comfort,  plenty  and  ease,  tlmn  King- 
ston does.  The  houses  are  scattered,  and  genemlly  built  after 
the  old  Dutch  taste,  low,  with  few  windows,  and  those  sinull. 
Some  more  modem  dwellings  are  excepliuns  to  the  common 
mode,  being  constructed  with  an  elegance  and  convenience 
equal  to  tlic  houses  of  any  of  our  country  towns. 

Kingston  stands  upon  an  elevated  and  extensive  plain, 
between  the  Handout  and  Emtpus  creeks.  Confining  the 
view  to  the  town  and  adjacent  country,  the  traveller  would 
suppose  himself  on  Va»  aUuvion  of  a  rivur.    He  is  so,  iu  fact ; 


..  ;i:i  ■! 

38 


MiNOR  or   MVIKUtTOM. 


JO  ,  . 

dow.  and  orchard,  we  «"'''«'*'»»  ^i^'l.'of  the  KinR- 
a^ertiuned  with  ^^^-'^'J-j'^^^V:  „'  '"'^"^  '"" 

rton  plain  above  the  >«^«  /^  ^f,?.„a  ^,,  uf  which  the  inter- 
from  an  exan.inat.on  «' ^j^f^.^'^'JliS"  'tlm  he  dittcrence 
vening  road  winds,  we  arc  »«^    ^" .'i^'''^; "  T,„„,..h  »lxtecn 

nulet  dintaat,  the  K.m»km  "'"^"         '    ^r\..„^ion  an  uniicur- 

-T  s  ,%rtrs^iK^rUnd  j-Lch 

:bovcthe>aceoi-HudK«y.m^  United  State.,  no 

In  making  the  tour  »♦.  f"*  I'^^Jl'   t,,isvUluKet  and  every 

tovdler  o«K'';,|^Xrd  S  rnoFt  beauty  Si  itn  .cenery. 

SK^^tlL^ition'  :.;? wiU.  the  nuin.  but  u«uble  man. 

ners  of  its  inl>ab.tant».  gVretcbes  along  the  caat- 

A  l^rge  t^ract  o    ^-^J^'tirtlS  Manor  of  L^.vinptc... 

cm  shore  ot  tlie  »"""?">'"•}.  jtentkmen  ot  this  <a- 

The  country-HeatH  and  «am.»  ol  '"*''y  t"^;;^  ^,,„„  ,  ,  a„d  the 
^ily  rise  succeHsively  into  v.cw.  a  ^^  P» "t^  \  .le  to 
owVor.House.t^l,.«-^^^^ 

the  town  otCatskdl.  l"^'*  f"K''f-;  ,^^^^  ^^[oi  the  seven- 
by  the  Enghsh  ^^""'"[^t.^^^'.^.nSone^^  member  ..f  the 
teenth  centuiy,  to  Mr.  "°''S" 'j^'^.x^.L  „„vcrnment  at  rr)rt 
King-BCouncU.  and  a  -^^^^^^^Jl^rZe.^d  all  the 
Orange,  now  Albany.  "I  ^,;"';>7„ccompanicd  such  a  lord- 
usual  privileges  ^;>f 'j  » .f '^£,''e.UoTnrtitute  a  Court 


ihitl' 

llllH    t 

Dutc 
covel 
of  it! 
tiling 

jUHt  ( 

with 

alnu) 

tive  1 

ous  y 

vilh( 

'!"( 

twer 

whic 

the 

and 

beet 

gratl 

ridg 

rocV 

grai 

Rid| 

doei 

pkki 

It  is 

the 

cou 

gre 

Blu 

tain 

Ne' 

I 

cor 

thd 

sail 

at 

un* 

tW( 

ill 


flUIITOM. 

formed  by  the  ancW-iit  (rtfttr 
boiiring  strcamii.    'I'lu'  w"' 
1  well  cultivuted  t  the  mtu- 
,  ami  exctllcnt.     U  i»."»l 
A  till-  clevtttioii  of  the  KinK- 
wutcr  in  the  Hudson »  hut 
ind,  ulonB  which  the  inter- 
believe,  Umt  the  .hfkrcnce 
Ired  feet.    Though  ulxteen 
tains,  from  their  eleviition, 
ive  to  Kingston  an  uppeur- 
ling  upon  ground  so  niucU 

^' of  the  United  StHte»,  no 
iHiting  this  vUlttge,  and  every 
ic  soft  beauty  of  its  scenery, 
U»  the  plain,  but  alluble  niun- 

liere  stretches  along;  the  cast- 
lis  tlie  Manor  of  Livuigstoii. 
I  many  gentlemen  of  this    a- 
r,  us  we  pass  along  ;  and  tlie 
d  in  a  bay,  nearly  opposite  to 
B  estate  was  originallv  graiiteu 
the  latter  pwt  of  tiic  seven- 
Livingstone,  II  member  ot  the 
fti-y  of  the  government  at  !•  ort 
.  grant  were  annexed  all  the 
tlay  accompanied  such  a  lord- 
honzcd  to  constitute  a  Court 
icers  ;  and  U.e  Manor  tenants 
er  to  the  Legislative  Assembly 
their  votes  in  tl>e  county  elec- 
,  exercised  MM  the  revolution 
a  century,  was  very  P«wfnul, 
rtv.  and  partly  from  Ujb  distm- 
itions  of  many  of  its  member ; 
amilv  has  declined  of  late  years, 
e  st'iU  ranked  among  the  tusi 

med  by  Columbia  County,  one 
,  in  the  slate.    Jts  iniprovement 


CAT»KIt.t  »IOP!«TA!l»i.  ''i* 

\vM  been  extremely  rapid  of  late  years,  and  mark*  one  of  the 
(  hit  f  sources  of  tliut  wealth  which  the  state  of  New-Yorlc 
has  so  quickly  actpiired.     It  was  originaUy  settled  by  the 
Dutch  (  and  at  a  very  early  pcri'Kl,  their  descentlants  luul 
covered  all  this  country,  and  having  exiiaustcd  the  nchnesa 
of  its  natural  soil  by  an  ignoi-ant  and  improvident  mode  oT 
tillage,  they  liad  sunk  into  a  sort  of  barbarism,  and  rawed, 
juHt  enough  to  support  tliemsclves,  while  their  intereourte 
with  tlicir  neighbours,  and  with  other  parts  of  the  sUte,  wan 
almost  entirely  neglected.     But  since  the  revolution,  an  ac- 
tive spirit  has  si»rung  up  among  the  people »  a">d  the  numefc 
ous  schools,  the  excellent  highways,  the  ncli  fields,  and  neat 
villages,  show  that  Columbia  is  now  a  most  Houruhing  county. 
To  tlie  west  of  the  river,  and  at  about  the  disUnce  ol 
twenty-five  miles,  are  seen  the  Catskill  mountains,  through 
which  the  Hudson  makes  its  way,  in  a  manner  different  firom 
the  passes  of  the  otlier  mountains.     There,  it  is  by  narrow 
and  precipitous  gaps,  through  which  a  course  seems  to  have 
been  made  for  it  by  some  violent  convulsion  ot  nature,  or  the 
frratlual  abi-asion  of  the  waters— but  here,  it  passes  the  great 
ridge  through  an  extended  vaUey  or  plain,  unobstructed  by 
rocks.     The  CaUkill  mountains  are  a  continuation  of  tha 
grand  chain  of  the  Alleghany,  as  the  Highlands  are  of  the  Blue 
Ridge  i  and  by  some  it  has  been  conjectured,  that  this  chiua 
does  not  cross  the  Hudson,  but  gradually  terminates  in  Oio 
plr.ins  on  its  western  shore.   This,  however,  is  erroneous;  for 
It  is  easy  to  perceive,  that  the  hills  in  the  neighbourhood  of 
the  city  of  Hudson  are  part  of  the  same  chain,  resummg  its 
course  again,  and  maintaining  tlie  general  direction  of  the 
great  ridge  over  into  Massachusetts,  where,  uniting  with  the 
Blue,  or  more  southern  ridge,  they  form  the  Green  moun- 
tains, whish  extend  to  the  northward,  through  Vermont  and 
New-Hampshire,  to  the  St.  Lawrence. 

In  some  parts,  this  range  is  very  lofty.  Round  Top,  ac- 
cording to  captain  Partridge,  rises  to  the  height  of  three 
thousand  one  hundred  and  five,  and  High  Peak  three  thou- 
sand and  nineteen  feet  above  the  tide  of  tlie  Hudson  j  and 
a  turnpike  road,  which  crosses  near  these  summits,  winds  up 
until  it  reaches  the  astonishing  altitude  of  two  thousand 
two  hundred  and  seventy-three  feet :  it  is  the  highest  road 
in  the  United  States,  and  from  it  the  view  is  wexpwMibly 


;n!il 


40. 


KATEnSKIlI.  FAtt. 


«and.  «'  In  this  Alpine  region,"  we  are  told/  "  exists  al»o 
C  of  the  most  interesting  catamcts  in  North  America  ,  no 
from  l.e  mass  of  water,  but  from  the  perper,d,cular  descent 
of  the  stream,  and  peculiar  ftnicture  of  the  adjacent  countr) 
Sis  acuSy  but  little  known  beyond  the  neighbourhood 
K^  it  exist^,  though  within  - -ry  short  d.ta.Ke^^^^^^^^ 
mountain  road  already  noticed.  The  high  fall  of  ^f «««  " 
"about  half  a  mile  Lm  this  road,  near  me  summit  of  Uie 
mountain,  and  twelve  miles  from  Catskill. 

Tlie  stream  takes  ts  rise  from  two  small  lakes,  scarcely  a 
niile  aparLl^n  whose  borders  the  cranberry  (««''='""'"' ";^^: 
rcu*)^pw8  profusely.  It  then  runs  gently  a^nftor  abou 
two  miles,  when  it  reaches  the  ridge  of  '^k.  over  wh^d.  it 
b  precipitated  in  a  cataract  of  unrivalled  f  ^^^^'l^"^',!!™'^ 
whole  height  is  not  less  tlmn  three  hundred  and  ten  teet. 

Era  lo  loco,  ove  a  scender  la  riva 

Yenimmo,  alpestro,  e  per  quel  ch'  iv  et  anco, 

Tal  ch'  ogni  vista  ne  sarebbe  schiva— 
Qual'  e  quella  mina,  ehe  nel  fianco 

Di  qua  da  Trento  1'  Adice  percosse, 

O  per  tremuoto  o  per  sostegno  manco  j 
Che  da  cima  del  monte,  onde  si  mosse, 

Al  piano  e  si  la  roccia  discoscesa, 

Ch'  alcuna  via  dai-ebbe  a  c.lu  su  fosse. 

On  the  edge  of  the  precipice  is  seen  the  house  of  the  guide, 
who  is  always  ready  to  conduct  visitoi-s  to  the  spot  to  point 
It  to  them  its  beauties,  and  to  assist  them  in  ctambermg  to 
the  situations  from  which  they  may  best  be  v^ewed.  We 
should  Kive  the  traveller  some  account  of  tins  majestic 
ficeno:  but  the  old  hunter,  who  fonns  the  most  interestmg 
charac^  r  of  a  favourite  romance,  has  poiti-ayed  wit.i  so  much 
energy  the  wild  features  of  the  spot,  the  boundless  view 
n".ru  vlie  summit  of  the  cUffs,  and  the  rude  and  peculiar  man- 
,ur  in  ^^ hich  the  stream  daslics  from  rock  to  rock,  and  horn 
precipL  to  precipice,-that  we  fear  to  attempt  any  other 

"^'"^Kr know  the  CatskiUs,  lad!'  said  Leatherstocking, 
for  you  must  have  seen  them  on  yom'  left,  as  you  loUowed 

,,     >j  !.«,?>  •  Duvby's  Travels,  I).  33, 


-i'?*fe-^?""E  ikia'-'>. 


vearetolJ,*  «' exists  also 
3  in  North  America  ;  not 
lie  perpendicular  descent 
2  of  the  adjacent  countr)-. 
yond  the  neighbourhood 
cry  sliort  distance  of  the 
'he  high  fall  of  Katerskill 
1,  near  the  summit  of  tlie 
atskill." 

xo  small  lakes,  scarcely  a 
cranberry  (vaccininm  oxtj- 
Lins  gently  along  for  about 
re  of  rock,  over  which  it 
irivalled  grandeur,  whose 
e  hundred  and  ten  feet. 

iva 

luel  ch'  iv'  et'  anco, 

)e  schiva— 

fianco 

percosse, 

gno  manco ; 

:  si  mosse, 

oscesa, 

iusu  fosse." 

een  the  house  of  the  guide, 

sitore  to  the  spot,  to  point 

ssist  them  in  clambering  to 

lay  best  be  viewed.  ^  We 

account  of  tliis  majestic 

foiTOs  the  most  interesting 

has  poitrayed  witii  so  much 

spot,  the"  boundless  view 

the  rvide  and  peculiar  nian- 

rom  rock  to  rock,  and  from 

fear  to  attempt  any  Other 

id!'  said  Leatherstocking ; 
1  youi'  left,  as  you  followed 

ils,  p.  33, 


CAT8KIU  MOrNT^S. 

the  river  up  from  York,  looking  as  blue  as  a  piece  of  blue 
sky,  and  holding  the  clouds  on  their  tops,  as  the  smoke  curlt 
over  the  head  of  an  Indian  chief  at  a  council  fire.  Well, 
there's  the  High  Peak  and  the  Hound  Top,  wWch  lay  back, 
like  a  father  and  motlier  among  their  children,  seeing  they 
are  far  above  all  the  other  hills.  But  the  place  I  mean  is  next 
to  the  river,  where  one  of  the  ric^^es  juts  out  a  little  from  the 
rest,  and  where  tlie  rocks  fall  for  the  best  part  of  a  thousand 
feet,  so  much  up  and  down,  that  a  man  standing  on  their 
edges  is  fool  enough  to  tliink  he  can  jump  fram  top  to  bot- 
tom.* 

•  What  see  you,  when  you  get  there?'  asked  Edwards. 
•Creation!'  said  Natty,  dropping  tlie  end  of  his  ram-rod 

into  the  water,  and  sweeping  one  hand  around  him  in  a  cir- 
cle—* all  creation,  lad.  I  was  on  that  hill  when  Vauglian 
burnt  'Sopus,  in  the  last  wai-,  and  I  seen  t!ie  vessels  come 
out  of  the  Highlands  as  plain  as  I  can  see  that  lime-scow  row- 
ing into  the  Susquehanna,  though  one  of  them  was  twenty 
times  further  from  me  than  the  other.  The  river  was  in  sight 
for  seventy  miles  under  my  feet,  looking  like  a  curled  shaving, 
though  it  was  eight  long  miles  to  its  banks.  I  saw  the  hiUs 
in  the  Hiin-pshire  Grants,  the  highlands  of  the  river,  and  all 
that  God  had  done  or  man  could  do,  as  fai-  as  eye  could  reach 
—You  know  that  the  Indians  named  me  for  my  si^ht,  lad— 
and  from  the  flat  on  top  of  that  mountain,  I  have  otten  found 
the  place  where  Albany  stands  :  and  as  for  'Sopus !  the  day 
the  royal  troops  burnt  the  towi ,  the  smoke  seemed  so  nigh, 
tliat  I  tliought  I  could  hear  tbe  screeches  of  the  women.* 

•  It  must  have  been  worth  the  toil,  to  meet  with  such  a 
glorious  view!' 

« If  being  the  best  part  of  a  mile  in  the  air,  and  havmg 
men's  farms  and  housen  at  your  feet,  with  rivers  looking  like 
ribands,  and  mountains  bigger  than  tlie  Vision,  secmuig  to 
be  haystacks  of  green  grass  under  you,  gives  any  satisfaction 
to  a  man,  1  can  recommend  the  spot.  When  I  first  come 
into  the  woods  to  live,  I  used  to  have  weak  spells,  and  I  felt 
lonesome;  and  then  I  would  go  into  the  Catskills,  and  spend 
a  few  days  on  that  hill,  to  look  at  the  ways  of  man ;  but  it's 
new  many  a  year  since  I  felt  any  such  longings,  and  I'm  get- 
ting too  old  for  tliera  rugged  rocks— but  there's  a  place,  a 
short  two  luUes  back  sf  that  very  biU*  that  in  lato  times  I 


i ' 


mm 


liiii'"  ■■''' 


nfifUfmivm 


43  CtMfilth  MOUSTAISS. 

relished  belter  than  the  mountain,  for  it  was  more  kivered 
"'^Ar^h^'w^Stf  inquired  Edwards,  wh<.ccurU 
osity  was  strongly  excited  by  the  simple  descnption  of  the 

•"""why.  there's  a  faU  in  the  hills,  where  the  water  of^^^J 
littie  po^ds  that  lie  near  each  other  bi-eaks  out  of  the^ 

bounds,  and  runs  pver  the  «'«V,"}**'^^3  ?«•  InJSl 
is  mav  be  such  a  one  as  would  turn  a  mill,  it  «>  "^j^"  * 
IS  may  oe  sucu  »  w  «,ii.lerncss.     But  tlie  hand  that 

thing  was  wanted  in  the  wiiuerncss.     "";^^" 

-d!?^iSr-nu"n?rm:^^^^^^ 

Sa  iX^could  swim  in  it,  and  then  starting  and  run- 
rSne  iusThke  a  ci-eater  tl.at  wanted  to  make  a  «"!■  "P""^. 
tillftS  to  where  the  mountain  divides  hke  the  cle  t  hoo^ 
of  a  deer"  leaving  a  deep  hollow  for  the  brook  to  tumble  into 
The  SSh^s  nigh  two  hundred  feet,  and  the  water  look, 
hke  flS  of  iWven  snow,  afore  it  touM'c  .e  bottom ,  and 
here  tstrl-am  gathers  itself  togetJ.e,».  ^f-,";^^^ 
and  may  be  flatters  over  fifty  feet  of  flr.  Z^^S. 

^^•^fAe:^'«Srbtkfnm?nf^^^^^^^^ 
.  an  I  how  sTo^d  a  man  who  has  lived  in  towns  and  schools 
know  anv  tliiuK  about  the  wonders  of  the  woods  No,  no, 
W  there  has  that  little  stream  of  water  been  plavmg  among 
;tL  hills  ^nce  He  made  the  world,  and  not  a  dozen  white 
ihem  hiUs  .«  "<=^  "^  T'^'Lu    ^^^  sVeepslike  mason-work, 

than  so  many  rabbits.  To  my  judgment.  If '  '*  «  <f  ^J^J 
niece  of  work  I've  met  with  in  the  woods ;  and  "one  know 
How  oftenSie  hand  of  God  is  seen  ii.  a  wddemess,  but  them 

"'^^X'bI"omrs'i\!Swater>  In  what  diiecUon  does  it 
run  >  Is  it  tributary  of  the  Delaware  ?' 


'An; 
♦Do 

•No 

time  i1 

on  the 

the  bu 

would 

wiWen 

ing  in 

Youcs 

of  the 

of  acr 

andal( 

I'ainbo 

ing  of 

The 

abling 

ill  thei 

is,  on  t 

feet  a1 

sive  h 

gentle 

cool, 

spot. 

cage 

is  at  a 

Noi 

ably  fi 

wishe 

lengtl 

fine  p 

glanc 

wide 

the  ni 

sachu 

Th 

ingir 

the  n 

with 

whol 

At 


villag 


AIHS. 

For  it  was  more  kivercd 

i  Edwards,  whose  curl- 
dmple  description  of  the 

where  the  water  of  two 
her  breaks  out  of  their 
o  the  valley.   The  stream 
im  a  mill,  if  so  useless  a 
CSS.     But  tlie  hand  that 
mill!     There  the  water 
e  the  rocks,  first  so  slow 
id  then  starting  and  run- 
ed  to  make  a  fair  spring, 
livides  like  the  cleft  hoof 
r  the  brook  to  tumble  into, 
ifeet,  and  the  water  lookn 
;tou'.;H      \e bottom?  and 
ethei  ai-       f.r- new  start, 
of  fl»'  '      are  it  falls 

)s  aboil      <•    H    ;lf  to  shelf, 
uming   -...-v»ay,  striving 
ally  comes  to  the  pliun.' 
ot  before !'  exclaimed  Ed- 
;  books.' 
ife,*  said  Leathei-stocking, 

lived  in  towns  and  schools 
ers  of  the  woods  ?    No,  no, 
•  water  been  playing  among 
»rld,  and  not  a  dozen  white 
:k  sweeps  like  mason-work, 
he  fall,  and  shelves  over  the 
;n  1  have  been  sitting  at  the 
»unds  have  run  into  the  ca- 
r,  they've  looked  no  bigger 
udgment,  lad,  it's  the  best 
he  woods ;  and  none  know 
en  in  a  wilderness,  but  them 

r>  In  what  ^ecUon  does  it 
ware?* 


'Anan!'  said  Natty. 

« Does  the  water  run  into  the  Delaware  ?' 
« No,  no,  its  a  drop  for  the  old  Hudson ;  and  a  merry 
time  it  has  till  it  gets  down  off  the  mountain.  I  have  sat 
on  the  shelving  rock  many  a  long  hour,  boy,  and  watched 
the  bubbles  as  they  shot  by  me,  and  thought  how  long  it 
would  be  before  that  very  water,  which  seemed  made  for  the 
wilderness,  would  be  under  tlie  bottom  of  a  vessel,  and  toss- 
ing in  the  salt  sea.  It  is  a  spot  to  make  a  man  solemnize. 
You  can  see  right  down  into  the  valley  that  lies  to  the  ea.st 
of  the  high  Peak,  where,  in  the  fall  of  the  year,  thousands 
of  acres  of  woods  are  before  your  eyes,  in  die  deep  hollow 
and  along  the  side  of  the  mountwn,  paintet?  like  ten  thousand 
i-ainbows,  by  no  hand  of  man,  though  not  without  the  order- 
ing of  God's  providence.' "  _ 

The  moimtains  around  are  inhabited  to  their  summits,  en- 
abling the  traveller  who  visits  them  to  find  accommodation 
ill  their  most  elevated  valleys.  But  in  addition  to  this,  there 
is,  on  the  top  of  the  mountain,  and  no  less  than  three  thousand 
feet  above  the  level  of  the  Hudson,  an  excellent  and  exten- 
.sive  house  of  entertiinment.  It  was  built  by  a  company  of 
gentlemen,  anxious  to  enjoy,  during  the  heat  of  summer,  the 
cool,  refreshing  and  invigorating  breezes  of  so  elevated  a 
spot.  On  approaching  the  house,  it  has  tiie  appearance  of  a 
cage  hung  out  on  a  cliff  of  the  precipice,  and  the  traveller 
is  at  a  loss  to  imagine  how  it  is  ever  to  be  reached. 

Nowhere  can  a  few  weeks  of  the  summer  be  more  agree- 
ably spent.  The  house  affords  every  comfort  that  can  be 
wished ;  the  buildings  are  one  himdred  and  forty  feet  in 
lengtli  5  there  is  a  ball-room,  of  very  large  dimensions,  and 
fine  piazzas  extend  along  the  walls,  fiom  which  the  eye  may 
glance  over  hill  and  dale,  cities  and  farms  and  forests,  to  tiie 
wide  circuit  of  a  hundred  miles, — and  embrace  in  the  circle 
the  neighbouring  "tates  of  Vermont,  New-Hampshire,  Mas- 
sachusetts, and  Co.inecticut. 

The  Hudson,  covered  with  the  mist  of  morning,  or  glitter- 
ing in  the  clear  brightness  of  mid-day,  winds  beneatii,  among 
tiie  mountwnsj  and  from  these  heights  the  sun  is  seen  to  rise 
with  such  unequalled  splendour,  as  fully  to  repay  any  one 
who  has  courage  to  leave  his  bed  a  little  sooner  than  usual. 

At  the  foot  of  these  fairy  hills  is  stud  to  be  the  little  ancient 
village,  where  Rip  Van  Winkle  passed  his  days,  patiently 


M 


44 


HCBSOir. 


played  '^t^W.^.i"  "hat  rolls  over  the  lofty  peak  ,  on  a 
shoes ;  and  the  thunder  tnatroi  traveller,  that  the 

^ninf  the  river,  twenty-six  miles  above  Rhinebeck,  and 
east  bank  ot  the  m  er,  '^*''"^'  ,  vew-York.  Just  below, 
one  hundred  and  seventeen  above  New  Y^K^^^^^     ^^^ 

on  the  ePP";'*/,Ai^'^'Theri^  of  Hudson  was  perhaps  as 
above,  that  of  f  *«»*•.  J,''^.,t"*tnth"united  States.  It  was 
f^'iTil^^IyelAm,  ffi^SS'jYnkins.  aQuakerf,x,m 
founded  in  ^^%y.**L\' ,  '  j  p,irchased  what  was  then  a  farm, 
Providence  in  Rhode  »*'f ""'  Pl";^    getUement.    It  was  soon 

H  onSe  sTaW,  whose  business  being  nmired  by  the 
P  .!1p  here   and  brought  with  them  thcu-  spint  ol 

peace,  .'='«"^Xnlaririn  naviL^^^  From  that  time,  tiie 
enterprise,  P»^!"'?^'/*"  Tf^  now  a  population  of  about 
place  increased  raP'%'  ^^  itTs  incomorated  as  a  city,  and 


Anthony's  N«'e 
Bear  Mountain 
Crow's  Nest  - 
New  Beacon  ■■ 
Fort  Putnam   • 


Hound  Top  • 


Sugur  toBf  - 
Bull  Hill 


HigMandi. 

03)  fet-t  I 
1350  I 

1418  I 

1535  I 

598  I 

CattkiU  Mountains. 
3105  1         High  Peak 


866  feet 

^,„ 1484 

Breakneck    -    -    IJ" 
West  Voint  Plain    188 


.    3019 


Belov)  Sevi-rork 
Nevesink  Heights      -     282 
HainvstcadHarboUt  HiU  319 


St'aten  bland    -     307 
(Ifeviiwg  fefi'tfo'  Index.) 


water  c 
of  wlii 
about  t 
tliough 
some  y 
are  nut 
and  in 
many  t 
New-V 

The 
sentinj; 
swelliii 
countr 
shores, 
village 
mills  ai 
landinf 
derhoo 
is  a  net 
acaden 
childre 
ber  of 
lived  0 
landing 
stream 
the  Hi 
Ilobert 

Froi 
village 
and  Gi 
and  CO 
were  t 
and  st: 
pcaraii 

The 
and  th 
racter 
I  fonnat: 

IIIXSSCS 

cci-tuiii 
the  coi 
river  a 


of  his  dame,  or  reposing 
,  with  the  august  Nicholas 
Van  Bummel.    It  was  in 
ort  square-built  ghosts  of 
nd  his  companions,  as  tliey 
tockings  and  high>--i\ed 
over  the  lofty  peak  .  on  a 
e  passing  traveller,  that  the 
:ir  unearthly  pme.* 
a  county,  is  situated  on  the 
niles  above  Rhinebeck,  and 
e  New-York.    Just  below, 
own  of  CaUkill,  and  just 
[)f  Hudson  was  perhaps  as 
the  United  States.    It  was 
Mr.  Jenkins,  a  Quaker  from 
based  what  was  then  a  farm, 
a  settlement.    It  was  soon 
iicket,  and  the  neighbouring 
siness  being  injured  by  the 
t  with  them  their  spint  ol 
tion.    From  that  time,  tlie 
}  now  a  population  of  about 
s  incorporated  as  a  city,  and 
,oration.  Many  of  the  houses 
;veral  distiUenes,  and  exten- 
its.    Two  weekly  papers  arc 
n  a  respectable  footing.  The 

iiiiiM  of  mountains  on  tin-  Hudson 
rtdge,  and  are  dctmed  cornet. 


ids. 


Suear  Loaf  -   •     860  feet 
Bull  Hill  -    -    -    If* 
Breakneck    -   .-    IJ" 
West  Voint  Plain    188 


mntalns. 

HigliPeak   - 

n-Tork, 

Stated  laland 


3019 


307 


COlCMBU^KIIfninHOOK — 6Hr.r.TTBV9H. 


45 


(Kewburg  Political  Index.] 


tt  ater  obtained  from  the  wells  is  not  very  good,  in  consequence 
of  which  it  is  brought  by  an  aqueduct  from  a  fine  sining, 
about  two  miles  distant.  A  number  of  ships  are  built  here, 
ttiough  this  trade  is  not  pushed  so  extensively  now  as  it  was 
some  years  since:  the  vessels,  however,  that  are  owned  here, 
are  numerous,  and  are  engaged  in  the  wliale  and  seal  fislierics, 
and  in  European  and  West  Indian  trade  :  besides  wliich, 
many  that  are  owned  here  are  employed  on  freigiit  from 
New-York. 

Tlie  passage  up  the  river  now  becomes  veiy  beautiful,  pre- 
senting on  each  side  a  finely  cultivated  countiy,  occasionally 
swelling  into  rounded  prominences,  and  interspersed  with 
country-seats  and  busy  landings  spread  every  where  along  the 
shores.  Six  miles  above  Hudson,  on  the  eastern  shore,  is  the 
village  of  Columbia,  containing  about  fifty  houses,  and  several 
mills  and  factories.  Five  miles  farther  bring  us  to  Kinderhook 
landing,  on  the  same  side.  It  is  the  port  of  the  village  of  Kin- 
derhook, which  is  itself  situated  about  five  miles  inland,  and 
is  a  neat  little  place,  of  twenty  or  thirty  houses,  with  a  church, 
academy,  &c.  Its  name  is  of  curious  origin,  and  signifies 
children's  corner,  or  point ;  and  was  so  called  from  the  num- 
ber of  children  belonging  to  a  Swedish  family  that  anciently 
lived  on  a  point  of  land,  about  half  a  mile  above  the  present 
landing.  The  creek  of  tiie  same  name  is  celebrated  as  a  mill 
stream  ;  and  upon  the  promontoi-y  between  its  mouth  and 
the  Hudson  river,  is  situated  the  fine  farm  and  seat  of  Mr. 
Robert  Livingston. 

From  here  to  Albany,  a  distance  of  twenty  miles,  the  only 
villages  on  either  side,  of  any  note,  are  Baltimore  on  the  west, 
and  Greenbttsh  on  the  east.  The  latter  is  very  flourishing, 
and  contains  about  one  hundred  houses.  Extensive  barracks 
were  erected  near  it,  during  the  late  war;  and  being  white, 
and  stancUng  on  elevated  gi'ound,  they  have  a  pleasing  ap- 
pearance. 

The  western  shore  is  formed  by  the  cotmty  of  Albany, 
and  the  eastern  by  th.it  of  Rensselaer.  Tlie  geological  clia- 
racter  of  Albany  county  is  that  of  transition,  and  secondary 
formations ;  the  substratum  is  evidentiy  argillite,  and  though 
Inixsses  of  primitive  rock  are  occasionally  found,  they  have 
certainly  been  formed  elsewhere.  The  soil  and  surface  of 
the  country  are  much  diveraified;  along  the  shore  of  the 
Iriver  are  some  extensive  alluvial  flats,  but  in  general,  the 


rl 


III 


^»f--Ss^gsr^- 


46  MANOB   or   VAN    nENMELAtn. 

district  •«  not  one  on  which  agvlcultur.-  can  be  vc^r  profitable, 
without  great  expense  and  V''^';r'J,*!Xn  formation,  and 

Wvck,  or  the  Manor  of  Van  KenssciaLi,  a  . 

S?d  ol.  both  sides  of  the  H;iS'Jr;"|,e  iSo"^^^^^^^^^ 
the  centre.    Two  b-^J^f 'i^  "^^'^^.^^Je  ftn-tvinc  in  Holland, 
present  famdy,  were  genUemcn  o    uit, 
who  came  over  to  th.s  country  »b"«t  ^^e  yc  ^^^^^^^ 

brought  with  them  a  """^^er  of  the  r  country  ^^^^^  ^^ 

and  Obtained  extensive  (?™'f^"™'Sow"  '"  «»«=  "*'^'' 
lordships,  or  large  proprieUryesUte8.uniin  ^^  i„^„y 

colonies,  than  as  s'/^Pl^^ff^^^  .ame  from  Holland  and 
subdivided  among  the  ^^"lei-s,  who  came  torn  _^^j 

^  other  parts  by   eases.  ^^'"^  •"'  ^A-^^c  '   rnoderate  rent, 
Hf  me  in  fee.  with  the  '•?^^'^f;°"  "  ^J^ToZetor  hasb^^ 
so  that  a  regular  succession  of  tenant  an    proP       ^^„,,,i,et 

The  good  conduct  of  the  »»''' Vf  P;,"„„i„,^^  fove  ot 
amount  to  one  hundred  «»°»  «"^  Xd  in  tl.e  cause  of  sci- 


on  the 

hiU'd  t 

(lesccn 

aiTival 

toxicat 

tic,  be 

I,enap 

distant 

transfe 

Manila 

may  h 

and  ])i 

wliicli 

know! 

Uutoii 

"A 

with  a 

fishinf! 

water. 

wlio  ti 

pheiio 

suppo 

hig-iic 

l:ind. 

cut  dl 

lliat  t 

their 

siglit, 

tliem, 

Jiousc 

visit  t 

))rehe 

worsi 

ill  wh 

gotre 

tiie  b 

order 

in  ad( 


Amcri 


tur<-  can  be  vciy  profitable, 
TIC  labour.  . 

of  tranailion  foTinittion,  ant 
alluvial  flats,  \^  liich  uttonl 
re,  however,  lai-ge  tracts  of 

:k,  pine,  and  stunted  oaks, 
■rnent  to  the  farmer. 
my,  commences  Ucnsselaer 
isclacr,  an  extensive  body  <« 
„,  having  Albany  nearly  m 
9  name,  the  ancestoi-s  ot  the 
of  Uu'ire  fortvuic  m  Holland, 
bout  the  year  1640.     They 
their  countrymen  as  setUcrs. 
■  land,  n\ore  in  the  nature  ot 
states,  unknown  in  the  other 
>es.    These  were  onguially 
Arho  came  from  Holland  and 
,r  years,  some  for  lives,  and 
9nof  a  very  moderate  rent; 
■nant  and  proprietor  has  been 
riod,  andMr.VanUensselact 
ntrv  peopled  by  his  tenants, 
,er  man  in  the  United  States, 
ivereiffnties  in  Europe, 
^ily  has  presei-ved  their  estate 

acquired  the  universal  love  of 
•  Vatroon*  is  always  given  to 
al  courtesy  and  respect,  where 
rheir  political  course  has  been 
p  immense  wealth,  said  now  t(. 
sand  dollars  u  year,  has  been 
ily  applied  in  the  cause  ot  sc- 
happiness  ;  and  the  kind  uikI 
■nt  represenutive  of  the  family 
ilustrious  rejjutation  of  his  race, 
d  purity  and  goodness. 
2  below  Albany,  is  a  long  island 
it  is  at  the  upper  part  of  this, 
,r  Hemlrick  Hudson  is  said  to 
iraire  up  the  North  river,  and  to 
•  witti  tlie  IntUans  of  these  pwts. 


AHRIVAL  OP  THE   DUTCH. 


47 


on  the  19lh  of  September,  1609.  The  Iroquois  then  inha- 
bited this  country  ;  and  tradition  has  preserved  among  their 
descendants,  now  scattered  far  to  the  west,  an  account  of  the 
aiTival  of  the  white  m(!n  on  their  shores,  and  a  scene  of  in- 
toxication that  occuiTed.  This  tradition  is  the  more  authen- 
tic, because  it  prevails  among  the  descendants  of  the  Lennt 
I,enape,  at  that  time  a  neighbouring  tribe  ;  though,  in  their 
distant  wanderings,  and  the  long  lapse  of  years,  they  havr 
transfened  the  scene  and  the  occun-cnce  to  the  island  of 
Manhattan,  or  New-York.  In  whichever  spot  the  incident 
may  have  happened,  the  reader  will  be  interested  with  it, 
and  ])erhaps  not  less  amused  with  the  excellent  account  to 
which  the  Dutcli  relators  of  it  have  turned  their  classical 
knowledge,  by  transfening  the  Carthaginian  cunning  of 
Uiuen  Dido  to  the  wilds  of  the  western  hemisphere. 

"  A  long  while  ago,"  says  our  tradition,''  "  before  u  man 
with  a  white  skin  had  yet  been  seen,  as  some  Indians  were 
fishing,  thev  saw  at  a  distance  a  large  object  moving  on  the 
water.  They  hurried  ashore,  and  collected  their  neighbours, 
who  together  returned,  and  viewed  intensely  this  astonishing 
phenomenon.  What  it  could  be,  baftied  all  conjecture:  some 
supposed  it  a  lai-ge  fish  or  animal ;  others,  that  it  was  a  veiy 
l)ig  house,  floating  on  the  sea.  Perceivnig  it  moving  towards 
l;ii\d,  the  spectators  thought  proper  to  send  runners  in  differ- 
ent directions,  to  ciUTy  the  news  to  their  scattered  chiefs,_ 
that  they  might  send  off  for  the  immediate  attend.^nce  of 
their  warriow.  These  arriving  in  numbers  to  behold  the 
sight,  and  perceiving-  that  it  was  actually  moving  towards 
them,  conjectured  that  it  must  be  a  remarkably  large 
Jiouse,  in  which  the  Manitto  (Great  Spirit)  was  coming  tw 
visit  them.  Thev  were  much  afraid,  and  yet  under  no  ap- 
))rehensioii  that  the  Great  Spirit  would  injure  them  :  they 
worshipped  him.  The  chiefs  now  assembled,  and  consulted 
in  what  manner  they  should  receive  tlieir  Manitto.  Meat  w.^ 
got  ready  for  a  sacrifice;  tlie  women  were  directed  to  prepare 
the  best  victuals ;  idols  cr  images  were  examined,  and  put  in 
order.  A  gnuid  dance  tliey  thought  would  be  pleasing,  and 
in  addition  to  the  sacrifice,  might  appease  him  if  angry.  The 


I 


•  See  Heckcwelder's  Narrative,  in  the  Historical  Transactions  of  thr 
American  Philosophical  Society,  Vol.  I. ;  and  Yates  tt  Moulton'4  History 
of  NcwYork,  Vol.  I.  p.  i!4. 


48 


AnniTAL  or  the  nrTcn. 


rrn  cr«~td*lin  looked  «P  ;«■  *  -  - 

rtroyed.    He  then  took  the  glass,  smelltd  't.  aj*'"  »"^ 
S  bidding  adieu,  und  drank  the  contents.  AUeyes  were 


now 

cried 

The) 

oslee 

perc( 

decli 

and 

Aftei 

the  \ 

red  c 

stocli 

signs 

now 

agaii 

couli 

5imd 

brotl 

■whei 

whit 

oma 

pott( 

cut* 

shov 

a  g< 
ignu 
siicli 
dail) 

proi 
land 
ore 
akr 
to  a 
ther 
fom 
wer 
wit! 
livci 
com 
reac 
the 
beU 
eve 


;  DUTCn. 

i  determine  what  this  vlu 
tlie  resvilt  would  be.  To 
looked  up  for  advice  and 
it  to  do,  and  distracted  al- 
\a  confusion  a  grand  dance 
inners  ai-rived,  declaring  il 
ours,  and  full  of  living  crea- 

that  it  was  tlieir  Manitto, 
1  of  game.  Others  arriving 
r  people,  of  different  coloiir 
one  m  particular  appeared 
o  the  Manitto.  They  were 
affine  what  the  vessel  was, 
portended.  They  are  now 
lage  they  could  not  under- 

or  yell,  m  their  way.  The 
render  it)  stops.  A  smaUcr 
red  man  in  it— some  stay  by 
J  and  w  ise  men  form  a  circle, 
o  attendants  approach.  He 
tenance,  and  they  return  the 
y  are  amazed  at  theff  colour 

who,  glittering  in  red,  wore 
luttons)  they  could  not  com- 
it  Manitto,  they  thought,  but 
in  >  A  large  elegant  hock- 
anter,)  is  brought  by  one  ot 
J,  from  which  a  substance  is 
s,  and  handed  to  the  Manitto. 
led,  and  handed  to  the  chief 

it,  and  passes  it  to  tlie  next, 
m  this  manner  is  passed  round 

retmned  to  the  red-cloUied 
It  warrior,  harangiies  them  on 

the  cup  unemptied.  It  was 
he  Manitto,  to  diink  out  ot  as 
e  would  please  him— to  reject 
■  and  if  no  one  else  was  bold 
self,  let  what  would  follow,  for 
ie  than  a  whole  nation  to  be  de- 
ws, smelledit,  ajain  addressed 
ik  the  contents.  AU  eyes  were 


AKBITAL  OF  TRE  OCTCH. 


41 


now  fixed  '>n  him.   He  soon  began  to  stagger.    The  women 
cried,  supposing  him  to  be  in  fits.   He  rolled  on  the  ground. 
They  bemoaned  his  fate  :  they  thought  him  dying.    He  fell 
asleep.    They  at  first  thought  he  had  expired,  but  soon 
perceived  he  still  breathed.    He  awoke,  jumped  up,  and 
declared  he  never  felt  more  happy.     He  asked  for  more, 
and  the  whole  assembly  imitating  him,  became  intoxicated. 
After  tliis  intoxication  ceased,  (they  say,  that  while  it  lasted, 
the  whites  confined  themselves  to  their  vessel)  the  man  with 
red  clotlies  returned,  and  distributed  beads,  axes,  hoes  and 
stockings.     They  soon  became  familiar,  and  conversed  by 
signs.    The  whites  made  them  understand  that  they  would 
now  return  home,  but  the  next  year  they  would  visit  them 
again  with  presents,  and  stay  with  them  a  vhile »  but  as  they 
could  not  live  without  eating,  they  shoukl  then  want  a  little 
Ssmd  to  sow  seeds,  in  order  to  raise  herbs  to  put  into  their 
brotii.     Accordingly  a  vessel  arrived  the  season  following, 
when  they  were  much  rejoiced  to  see  each  otlier ;  but  the 
whites  laughed  when  they  saw  the  axes  and  hoes  hanging  aa 
ornaments  to  their  breasts,  and  the  stockings  used  aa  tobacco- 
pouches.     The  whites  now  put  handles  in  the  former,  and 
cut  down  trees  before  their  eyes,  and  dug  the  ground,  and 
showed  them  the  use  of  the  stockings.     Here,  they  say, 
a  general  laughter  ensued,  to  thiut  they  had  remained 
ignorant  of  the  use  of  these  Ihings,  and  had  borne  so  long 
such  heavy  metal  suspended  round  their  necks.    Familiarity 
daily  increasing  between  them  and  the  whites,  the  latter  now 
proposed  to  stay  wth  them,  asking  them  only  for  so  much 
land  as  the  hide  of  a  bullock  spread  before  tliem  would  cover 
or  encompass.  They  granted  the  request.   The  whites  took 
a  knife,  and  beginning  on  one  place  on  this  hide,  cut  it  up 
to  a  rope  not  thicker  than  the  finger  of  a  little  child.    They 
then  took  the  rope,  and  drew  it  gently  along  in  a  circular 
form,  and  took  in  a  large  piece  of  ground.    The  Indians 
were  surprised  at  die  superior  wit,  but  they  did  not  contend 
with  them  for  a  little  ground,  as  they  had  enough.     They 
lived  contentedly  together  for  a  long  time ;  but  the  new 
comers  from  time  to  time  asked  for  more  land,  which  was 
readily  obtained ;  and  thus  they  gradually  proceeded  along 
the  Mahicanni-huck  (Hudson  river)  until  they  began  to 
believe  they  would  want  all  their  country,  which  proved 
cventUAlly  the  case." 
E 


so 


AtBATtT. 


JlLar,y  is «  very  old  town.  o"K'"""y;-nS;,'' «?"!l ' 
infhc  year  1614.  >*»''^^".'*/'^;"  f^^.S  CTnamc  w.s 
conquest  of  the   P^-^l""""  .^J  J-;\\  f  ^1  uke  of  York  ami 
dmngcJ  in  honour  ot  K.nR  J='''  ,?  ;;*';'^,t'C^,p„rtttnt  in  lUe 
Albunv.    l'»"»r""i'U.     USrTwJd  perhaps  b« 
United  suae.  t»'7b'''    'y  "    ,  'rtf>  on  an  .aiuvial  H  t  alonR 
thought  unpleanan  .     J^^'^^thUery  abruptly  to  the  hcKht 
the  river  shore,  anU  tnen  nxiiis  "^  7    .....Zen  and  rrcirular. 
of  twohundrcdleet.  ''*  ««'^"^'l '^^^^^  ^C",;^^^         and 
But  situated  as  it  .b.  near  »>';.  ^^^J  "♦  fP  ^^J  ^,,,lu  of 
vet  with  .ufticient  water  at  U  whl^v^Hj^j;    .  .^^^^^,^,,,,^^       , 

roads  extending  from  .t  .n  every  ^^J^^j^''"  '^  "  l^.;,,^  the 

populauon,  .n  1820.  ^;^^^^yj;  '  ,,,,ch  ascends  rapidly  h-om 
main  street  is  culled  8*f,'^  ^'.r.'j^'^r',  ' \",.,  .^,^  closely  and  well 
the  river  to  the  Capitol.  ,.\^',"^";^'^;„V^nd  commodious. 

/rent,  facing  State  street,   is   nncly  t<ct«.» 
norUi.  one  h«".Jf'V '.^t Jo  st^iJ's    and  a  basement  stoiV 
feet  ^^-^'^f^^T^::\  with  a.portieo  of 

--S^i^L:itnt=^^^^^ 

^WlVe^i^IeKe  entablature,  which  support  an 

Z:7^  doorTd  whit^a^e  of  ij^e  -  ^^X^Xa  - 
Zm  Berkshire  county.  '»  ^/„'j",f  ^.^yltl  Sbi^e  , 
"AriSrJS  d^LtcrJrSlutSd  angular  pcdi- 


ing 


m 


ily  founded  byUic  Dutch 
\  Furl  (h-iinge.     «n  the 

Knttlwli.  iU  name  wan 
.thJii  Duke  of  York  ami 
ic  most  imijortttnt  ii»  w- 
•tr  It  would  perhaps  b« 
i  OH  an  idluvial  H  t  alont? 
ry  abruptly  to  the  heiKht 
cry  uutven  and  irrcgtdar. 

of  sloop  navination,  and 
lUTvrH  to  admit  vcsstln  ot 
■at  channel  of  intercourse 
^  western  lakes  and  couii- 
)f  the  nortli  on  the  other, 
tcH,  and  the  ocean;  Willi 
,  direction  into  a  neli  ami 
and,  above  all,  he mg  ttie 
s  debouche,  it  is  alnatly  a 
ist  in  the  course  ot  time 
,d  cities  of  the  nation,      ts 
lousand  six  hundred.    1  lie 
which  ascends  rapidly  h-om 
lui-ses  are  closely  and  well 
laadsoine  and  commoihou.t. 
is  a  large  building  at  the 
t  the  buin  of  one  humlretl 
is  a  substantial  stone  build- 
Iroin  the  brown  sawlslone 
the  Ilit?hlands.     'I'he  cast 
inety  feet   in  lcn^1h;   the 
,  feet :    the  walls  are  hlly 
iries,  and  a  biLsenient  story 
adorned  with  a  portico,  ot 
•  columns,  four  in  number, 
in  diauK  ter,  thirty-three  teet 
iblature,  which  supports  an 
im  of  which  are  to  be  placed 
Limns,  pilastcrss  and  decora- 
aie  of  wlute  or  gray  niai-ble, 
Bachusetts.     The  north  and 
ncnt  of  sixty-five  feet  base  ; 
h  columns  and  angular  pedi- 


ALtANJT.  4* 

ments  of  frccdtoHP.     The  ascent  to  the  hall,  at  the  east  or 
principal  e-trance,  is  by  a  flight  ..f  five  stone  ^teP».  »'>«>- 
eight  }-cet  in  length.     Tills  bull  is  fifly-eigli   feet  bug,  forty 
feet  in  width,  and  sixteen  in  heiglH,  the  ceiling  o»  which  l* 
Bupported  by   J  double  row  of  reeded  columns  ;  the  door* 
arc  finished  wi'li  pilastera  and  .men  pcdimentjt ,  the  floor  » 
vaulted,  and  laid  with  squares  of  rtalian  marble,  d'aK""»l'y. 
chequered  with  white  and  gi-ay.     From  U.ts  hall,  the  hrst 
tloor  on  the  right  hand  opens  to  the  (Jominonf  ounci   cham- 
ber of  the  corponition  of  Albany  :  opposite  this,  on  the  lett, 
is  a  room  for  the  Kxecutive  and  Council  of  Revision.     On 
the  rijrht,  at  the  west  end  of  the  hall,  you  enter  the  Assembly 
chamber,  which  is  fifty-six  feet  long,  fifty  wide,  and  twen  y- 
eiKht  in  heiirht.     The  speaker's  seat  is  m  the  centre  ot  the 
longest  sidt"  and  the  seats  and  tables  for  the  members  are 
arranged  in  front  of  it,  in  a  semicircular  torm.     It  has  a 
eallcry  opposite  the  speaker's  seat,   supported  by  eiifiit 
fluted  Ionic  columns.    The  frieze,  cornice  and  ccil.ng-pieco 
(eiirhtecn  feet  in  diameter)  arc  richly  ornamented  in  stucco. 
Frwn  this  hall,  on  the  left,  you  are  conducted  to  the  Senate 
chamber,  fifty  feet  long,  twenty-eight  wide,  and  twenty-eight 
hijrh,  finished  much  in  the  same  style  as  the  Assembly  chani- 
ber.  In  the  furniture  of  these  rooms,  with  that  of  the  Councd 
of  Revision,  there  is  a  liberal  display  of  pubhc  munificence « 
and  thp  American  eagle  assumes  an  impen»l  splendour. 
There  lire  two  other  rooms  on  this  floor,  adjoining  those  hrst 
mentioned,  which  are  occupied  as  lobbies  to  accommotlate 
the  members  of  the  Legislature. 

Fttim  the  west  end,  in  the  centre  of  the  hall,  you  ascend 
»  st^rcase  that  turns  to  the  right  and  left,  leading  to  the  ci- 
leries of  the  Senate  and  Assembly  chambers,  and  also  to  the 
Supreme  Court  rf)om,  which  is  immediately  over  the  halK 
Itsdiniemions  are  fifty  feet  in  length,  forty  in  breadth,  and 
twenty-two  in  height.  This  room  is  handsomely  ornamented 
h  stucco.  An  cntresole,  or  mc/zazine  story,  on  each  side 
of  the  court-room  contains  four  rooms  lor  jurors  and  the  uses 
of  the  courts.  c 

The  attic  story  contains  a  mayor's  court-room,  a  ronm  «of 
the  Society  of  Arts,  for  the  State  Library,  and  the  State 
Board  of  Agriculture.  The  basement  story  contains  the 
county  clerk's  office,  cellars  and  vaults  for  storage,  and  dweU- 
5ng  rooms  for  the  marshal  of  the  city. 


V 

III 

IIM 


In  the  Common  Council  room.  Uure  ar*  pofnjt*  f  j;)™* 

autintniished  Amoricww  ,  in  the  AsmMtibly  chumber,  the.e 

t:SiSe%  length  port«it  of  Wa^un^o^^»;y  A-^ 

of  Albanv;  and  in  the  Senate  chamber,  one  ot  George  «^ii" 

to,Cu.^ivye<l  in  f.ith«ulne«  and  unexcelled  .n  execut.on 

From  the  balcony  of  the  Capitol,  M  •  piwpcct  of  ex- 
eeS  beauty  n  the  forcRround.  the  lU  meadow,  ot 
S"  HuWoverid  with  all  ■tlTe  pnKiucU  <rf  »  I'^P"""* 
.™ir^..ltu«.l.hrvond  them,  the  various  surface  of  the  country 
r o?s1;i.'l"reraml  less  di^inct,  till  the  mountain,  of 
Vermont  iid  the  CatskiU  bound  the  .cere. 

The  Acadtmv  is  alw>  a  fine  buildmg,  though  yet  mcom 
„Wc  noSrtanding  an  expenditure  of  upwarf.  of  nme  y 
S'olKXr  A\.e«,S  of  Natural  A,t^  ha.  lately 
been  Mtabli.hed ;  and  Uie  exten.ivc  and  valuable  coUection 
Sfl'  tmS..  &c.  belonging  to  it.  which  ««  fPj « ^ 
in  iU  coS.modiou.  apartment,  at  the  Acaden^.  wdl  wdl  re- 
ward  the  attention  of  a  wiientihc  viaitor.    The  ^ycciim  nas 
S  commenced  the  publication  of  .t,  P«>«=«f'f.' ''"^' 
with'^the  able  a«.i.tance  of  Dr.  Beck,  wdl  ""l^lX  ^m^I  Ihe 
rary  an.l  scientific  character  of  the  place,    l.he  •*'»«"«^  "le 
3L-//0U..,  the  Lanca^tman  School,  and  «"«»»  °J?" '"g*; 
tution^  wiU  be  obsened  by  the  traveUer,  «nd jq^^^ '"8^^ 
for  the  liberality  and  public  "Pirit  of  tin.  nsmg  c.  y-    But 
the  weat  nublic  work  of  the  place  is  the  Canal  Baain.    The 
IwoShalg  united  about  e.ght  mile,  above  Albany, 
fl^rSthc  western  .bore  of  the  Hu.Uon,  until  they  reach 
Kpef  part  of  the  city.   The  canal  then  enters  the  nver 
fhroug    a  Lin  four  thousand  feet  in  length,  and  fi;om  eighty 
to  three  hundred  feet  in  width,  with  ten  feet  water.     Th« 
maSc^  't  work  is  formed  by  a  mole  eighty  feet  wide,  and 
Seen  tWi  high,  and  is  a  terminaUon  worthy,  from  it.  mag- 
niuEi.!  utlliiy,  of  the  stupendous  line  of  inland  nav.gaUon 
which  is  conducted  to  it.  .  _ ,•  v„ j 

Albany  is  the  resi<lence  of  many  pi^tle-nen  distinguished 
for  their  talents,  their  sUtions.  and  tfieir  high  character ,  and 
perhaps  among  the  most  interesting  objecU  ot  af^oc.a  ion  m 
the  place,  is  tlie  .eat  ol"  Uie  late  General  Schuyler,  situated 
It  thT^uthern  extremity  of  the  city.    «  f  >  «cf  many  of 

the  most  interesting  evente  of  the  '^^^l"*'  -'nHSnunile!^ 
remembered  as  the  wene  of  an  honourable  and  boundlew 
bospitttlity.    Though  no  longer  in  the  posseswon  of  the  Ue- 


poyr 

him  1 

or  nc 

tien( 

iihrii 

Ol 

eitlu 

iiect 

west 

of  o 

T 

the 

.ettl 

the 

ing 

fron 

twc 

five 

rive 

but 

Btre 

dcr( 

ofte 

opt 

sevi 

ado 

J 

vill 

ful 

anc 

cul 

me 

chs 

cn( 

cat 

ani 

ale 

eo 


WA»HI!fOTOII--!ri»«*Tr»l. 


19 


^e  are  poHrtiti  of  ««nie 
(Hcitibly  chvimbcr,  there 
f  Wasliington,  by  Artipv 
jer,  one  of  George  Cliif 
lexcelled  in  execution, 
ol,  is  a  prospect  of  ex- 
id,  the  nch  meadow*  ot 
producU  of  a  pro»pcrouH 
ous  surface  of  the  country 
inct,  till  the  inountain«  of 
\e  iicere.  , 

ding,  though  yet  incom- 
Aire  of  upwardi  of  ninety 
fatural  Hilton  hn«  lately 
vc  and  valuable  collection 
to  it,  which  are  deposited 
le  Academy,  will  well  re- 
irisitor.    The  Lyceum  has 
of  its  proceedings  i  and, 
:,  will  add  much  to  the  lite- 
e  place.    The  ArBenal,  the 
wl,  and  various  other  insti- 
caveller,  and  speak  highly 
t  of  this  rising  city.    But 
!  is  the  Canal  Basin.    The 
eight  miles  above  Albany, 
le  Hudson,  until  they  reach 
canal  then  enters  the  river, 
t  in  length,  and  from  eighty 
with  ten  feet  water.     Thii 
mole  eighty  feet  wide,  and 
mtion  worthy,  from  its  mag- 
ms  line  of  inland  navigation 

ly  gentlemen  distinguished 
d  their  high  character  (  and 
ing  objects  of  association  in 
General  Schuyler,  situated 
city.  It  will  recall  many  of 
he  revolution,  and  will  be 
honourable  and  boundless 
in  the  possession  of  the  de- 


scendants of  him  who  so  well  performed  tlie  dutici  of  itj* 
owner,  it  will  still  be  recollected  as  the  soot  where  Uie  gene- 
rous Schuyler  received  and  entertained  the  unlortuiiatc  Hur- 
poyne,  burying  in  oblivion  the  injuries  he  had  sustained  Irom 
liim  by  hi*  wanton  devsHtatiou  at  Saratoga.  At  the  opposite 
or  northern  extremity  of  Albany  is  the  house  ol  the  patrooii, 
tieneral  Stephen  Van  Kcnsselacr,  embowered  in  groves  and 

"  On  'leaving  Albany  for  Saratoga,  the  traveller  may  select 
either  of  two  routes:— that  to  the  iiortli-west  through  Sche- 
nectady, a  distance  of  thirty-nine  n^'ks  i  or  that  along  th'.. 
western  shore  of  the  Hudson  through  Watcrford,  a  distance 
of  only  thirty-seven  miles.  ,.,  .  _r    t  .u.* 

The  chief  advantages  of  the  route  i  y  Wutrrfonl,  arr  _  that 
the  road  passes  through  a  much  more  pleasant  and  t»uclcly 
Bettle«l  country,  and  that  we  have  an  opportv,  ,'»y  of  •  iKjting 
the  Cohoes  Falls,  on  the  Mohawk.  Inimedwlely  attc-  leay- 
inir  the  city,  indeed  in  iU  suburbs,  the  ^rand  cam  ascemli 
from  the  Hudson,  and  continues  along  the  namiw  mace  be- 
tween it  and  the  road,  as  far  as  the  village  of  minhm^on, 
five  miles.  Us  co.iwe  is  along  the  meadows  or  flats  ot  t  s 
river,  and  in  these  pails  the  land  is  fertile  and  well  culUvatet 
but  to  the  left  it  becomes  more  barren.  The  n>  if"'  "»»«'•* 
stream,  as  we  pass  along,  appeiu-s  sometimes  j'  oiv.  :y  bor- 
dered  with  groves  of  acacia,  elm,  sycamore  an  '  otUe  'rees, 
often  thickly  covered  with  vines  t  at  other  jn.es,  tht  scene 
opens,  and  the  river  is  seen  gliding  along,  chequered  witll 
several  islands,  while  the  opposite  banks  rise  more  steeply, 
adorned  with  wood,  cultivation  and  neat  houses. 

About  three  miles  to  the  westwanl  of  Waslungt.n  is  tlie 
villaire  of  Nishtyutut,  a  settlement  of  the  iihakerti  a  peace- 
ful  and  happy  community,  gratlually  increasing  in  numbers 
and  in  wealth.  They  are  distinguished  not  on  ,.  i  y  the  pe- 
c«aiaritics  in  their  mode  of  worship,  but  by  theur  skill  in  the 
mechanic»l  <«rts,  their  industry,  excellent  tarming  and  hberal 
charities  :  and  though  we  may  be  disposed  to  smile  at  the 
cntlmsiasm  which  displays  rchgion  in  so  strange  a  hght,  we 
cannot  but  admire  ti»e  effects  it  has  produced  on  theu-  social, 
and  apparently  their  moral  state.  ,     ^.  .  .    ,, 

Leaving  Washington,  we  cross  the  canal,  which  now  wtntU 
alone  onourlet\,  and  arrive  in  one  mUe  sX  GthbonsmUe,  a 
aounsWng  UtUe  village,  cent,  n  •  ■  about  filty  houses,  and 


■-A'P^,? 


S'. 


54  OIBBOSBTUW-BSITEU  STATUS'   AttSF.KAl. 

.re ot  B™'X  SRte  ■»  Ito  tW"* *""•  •»"<»"'■■  J 
incvewte.     Near  this  place  i»  i"  .  j 

„,  of  building.  P-ejentmR  a  I'S.   »f  "XJ^iaid 

t=rf?et'i^T;^^™sr%A.j».;s 

painted,  and  in  ^^^  ««=  "^^   ^^'^^J^^^^of  UrAm^ca,, 
walks  thi-ongb  the  depot,  f  ^^««*^„;  f/j,^' ""^re  all  well  sup- 

order.     l"e  public  P™!"^"'™,,  •'^  ,      *  eniovs  such  com- 

.„d  the  «"P?°f  i -^■^^"♦jtS  r„7reS^b!lild,ngs.  over 

T^'**^Xidef    T^le  taSmeut  was  commenced  m 

mf  unLr  £  direcUon  of  colonel  BomforcK  of  the  ord- 

1814,  unuer  uic  ui        ,„„  ,,,.„,,  for  some  years  under  the 

nance  department.     « J^*!^,f  J<^  J"!  oPthe  same  department, 
direction  of  major  Dall.K  an  omcuotine  v  ^^  ^^^ 

who  has  matured  .tsde^dsntoa^^^^^  .^ 

Seared  L^bn^n^ll^f  Stdnance  department,  subo. 
^^rm^^lSety  opposite  to  Gibbon^^^^^^ 

S^^sf  rdeZcrtorcomtat  no  distant  day.  a  great 
»  Spafford'i  Gazetteer,  p.  *«• 


manu 

of  gr 

river, 

flecti 

jacen 

and  c 

of  st( 

Troy 

build 

are  n 

able 

guisl 

by  hi 

Tl 

andi 

in  Tl 

salut 

by  e 

thosi 

instr 

the! 

Tlie 

song 

and 

phili 

nom 

1) 

lecti 

a8tr< 

surv 

Dur 

exai 

as  tl 

histi 

I 

ing 

ofli 

con 

latii 

culi 

li 

tior 


ATts'    ARSESAI.. 

trade.  It  has  a  bell  and 
town  clocks,  sm-veyors' 
ilh  a  good  chui-ch,  and 
s  here  on  the  canal,  and 

into  the  Hudson,  which 

doubt  occasion  its  rapid 
Jnited  States'  Arsenal  I  a 

front  on  tlie  river,  and 
,'.iive  by  one  hundred  and 
if  buildinRS  for  quarterg, 

on  the  most  extensiVR 
e  principal  military  depot 
ion  •    It  has  also  a  dock 
;ral  small  offices  and  out- 
yle  of  architecture,  neatly 
rhere  are  pleasant  gravel 
by  rows  of  tlie  Amencati 
rhe  shops  are  all  well  sup- 
:,  and  the  stores  of  eveiy 
t  state  of  preser>ation  and 
probably  little  short  of  a 
i  depot  enjoys  such  com- 
,\ical  position,  that  it  will 
s  line,  and  be  extended  to 
e  to  the  national  resources, 
:e  prepai-ation.    The  canal 
It  and  rear  buildings,  over 
limeut  was  commenced  iii 
loncl  BomforcK  of  the  ord- 

for  some  years  under  the 
cur  of  the  same  department, 
an  excellent  system  of  eco- 
l  States'  arsenal  at  Rome  iB 
rdnance  department,  suboi'- 

onsville,  on  the  eastern  side 
u,  which,  though  it  suffered 
of  June  1820,  still  ranks  as 
i,  from  its  situation  and  re- 
.,  at  no  distant  day,  a  great 

!tt««r,  p.  ««• 


TROT. 


AS 


manuliicturing  place.  It  is  situated  on  a  low  and  level  piece 
,.f  CTOund,  at  the  head  of  the  tide,  scarcely  raised  above  tlie 
river,  and  is  formed  by  one  main  street,  bending  with  its  in- 
flections,  and  crossed  by  others  miming  eastward  to  the  ad- 
iacent  hills.  The  view  is  extensive;  but  the  quantity  ot  pines 
and  cedars,  spread  over  the  face  of  the  country,  gives  an  air 
of  sterility  and  dreariness  to  the  scene.  The  popu  ation  ot 
Troy  is  about  seven  thousand.  There  are  several  public 
buildings,  and  tlie  schools  and  houses  of  reh^ous  worship 
are  numerous.  Its  Lyceum  has  already  risen  into  consider- 
able  celebrity ;  and  Professor  Eaton,  one  of  the  most  distm- 
guished  scientific  gentlemen  of  the  country,  has  enriched  it 
by  his  labours.  ,  ^  •     •    v  •     „ 

The  Patroon,  whose  life  seems  to  be  spent  in  judicious 
and  munificent  acts  of  beneficence,  has  recently  estabhshed 
in  Troy  an  institution  which  cannot  fail  to  produce  the  niost 
salutary  consequences  to  society,  and  is  worthy  of  imitation 
by  eveiy  m.^n  of  large  means,  and  a  soul  proporUoned  to 
those  mei'iis.  This  institution  is  a  school  for  the  purpose  ot 
instructing  persons  who  may  choose  to  apply  themselves,  in 
the  application  of  science  to  the  common  pm-poses  of  lite. 
Tlie  principal  object  is  to  qualify  teachers,  lor  instructing  the 
sons  and  daughters  of  farmers  and  mechanics,  by  lectiires 
and  otherwise,  in  the  a,)plicatiGn  of  experunentol  chymistry, 
philosophy  and  natural  histoiy,  to  agriculture,  domestic  eco- 
nomy,  the  arts  and  manufactures. 

During  the  summer  term,  Vhe  students  attend  courses  of 
lectures  on  chymistry,  on  experimental  philosophy,  includmg 
astronomy,  on  so  much  mathematics  as  is  necesswy  for  land 
surveying,  on  geology,  mineralogy,  Jjotany  and  zoology. 
During  these  le!tures  each  student  has  the  opportunity  to 
examine  specimens,  and  operate  with  >"*  o*"^"'^'  f°  ^ 
as  to  become  familiar  with  every  important  subject  of  natural 
histoiy,  and  eveiy  manipulation.  ,      j  •„  „;„ 

DurinK  the  winter  term,  each  student  is  employed  in  giy- 
me  experimental  and  demonstrative  lectures,  on  the  subjects 
of  his  iimmer  coui^e  of  instruction.  He  also  hears  an  enUre 
couwe  of  lectures  on  each  subject-also  on  the  laws  rcgu- 
lating  town  officers  and  jurors,  and  on  the  social  duties  pe- 
culiar to  farmers  and  mechanics.  .  J  u  _- 
In  the  summer  term,  tiie  students  are  exercised  by  sec- 
tions,  under  the  direction  of  the  teachers,  in  the  art  of  mo- 


m 


V't 


56 


TBOT. 


5b  — 

*nd  hvyei-s.  pnining-  ^f «' ^"3"^ood,  scantling  and  boartls, 
and  distances,  "'f  «f '"?,Se-  S^g  casksT  taking  mea- 

at  the  workshop  in  th«  school  buadmg^m««     ^^^ 
toqualify  them  for  makmgtep««an^^^^^         o^^  ^^^^^.^ 
when  a  professional  art«t  IS  Jtamnd^^^     y^^^^  ^^^^^ 

in  the  work-shop,  it  .s  "^"Xe  mechanical  arts ;  but  for 
qualified  for  exercismg  »"y*>**S~di8tant  mechanic. 
Avoiding  the  delay  »"d  «S  £S-equire  a  set  of  took 
to  accomi^hsh  a  P^T^f',^^"*^^^  ^d'r  t  is  well  known,  that 

E?H^;r»OTS?rp^ 

correct  views  on  such  subject.  f  ^y,g 

most  estnnable  citizen  wiw  n^  i  j.    ,.       ^   from  that  por- 

institutioP,  »^«^-,^''*^«'",f  J^clietV  ^H^''^  '"  "*"^ 

tion  of  the  wealthy  ^la**  «[^«"f  y-J^^^^i  ^nd  selfish  views , 
appears  to  be  the  P'?'""^°"t£Ps™^^^ 
^thout  recoUectmg  ^^^^^  the  tone  use  o^r^'   ?^        ^^^,^  ^^ 

even  to  fame,  to  ^-^P^^^^^^'j^*"  *S^^^^  their  wealth  to 

which  they  are  aiming,  « .^%*P^''^Xm  the  eyes  of  their 
9uch  objects  as  these,  J!^,"4°c?s  of  v^nei-ation  andlove. 
feUowHjilizensandnviketl  unobjtw^^^^  .^  ^^^ 

At  Old  Bank  Place,  m  ^«"&P^o„  to  Grem  Island, 
dam,  from  the  eastern  »»»°'t  I  nS,Kecii^^  of  hydra.dic 
and  the  celebrated  sloop  ffj?  ^  "^le^n  hSed  felt  long. 

""J'^^'^Tet  iS.  t^d  di:  iXS  isTarge  enough  for 
and  nme  f^et  li  g^» ,  and  ^^ic  ^  .  ^^  ^^  ^^^  Watcrlord, 
the  sloops  employ  ea  ncre  •»""  »'■  *^  fourteen  feet  long  nsule, 


pouriu 

a  seen 

pictun 

An 

Troy, 

lation 

stance 

Doncl 

"H 

the  wi 

river 

dance 

swam 

turnet 

Thee 

from  1 

withsl 

it  a  la 

wards 

somet 

the  al 

ceivei 

conlii 

ascen 

miles 

cxce] 

shoali 

Fn 

isab( 

brant 

three 

menc 

nearl 

a  mil 

widtl 

Islan 

strea 

calle 

the8< 

throi 

HOUtl 

ler.l 


'JVHALE  ISUSU— MOHAWK  XITEtt. 


57 


planting  by  roots,  cuttings 
'  fanns,  calculating  heights 
'cod,  scantling  and  boards, 
auging  casks,  taking  mea- 
ty and  pressure  of  rivers, 
collecting  and  preserving 
ther  laborious  exercises  as 
chool. 

i  are  exercised  by  sections, 
lilding,  in  the  use  of  tools, 
,  and  performir  £,•  small  jobs, 
thand.  By  such  exercises 
led  that  students  shaU  be 
te  mechanical  arts ;  but  for 
f  caUing  a  distant  mechanic, 
DBS  not  require  a  set  of  tools 
ides,  it  is  well  known,  that 
)n,  young  persons  acquire  a 
hich  will  ever  after  inspire 

Ls  to  close  the  career  of  the 
planned  and  endowed  this 
lis  feelings  be  from  that  por- 
»tv,  whose  sole  object  in  lite 
F  personal  and  selhsh  views; 
le  use  of  riches,  the  true  road 
that  standing  in  the  world  at 
ipplication  of  their  wealth  to 
an  on  tlicm  the  eyes  of  their 
ibiects  of  venei-ation  and  love, 
ipper  part  of  the  city,  is  the 
the  Hudson  to  Green  Islam, 
I  noble  specimen  of  hydraulic 
ut  eleven  hundred  feet  long, 
ck,  which  is  large  enough  for 
It  Laiisingburg  and  Watcrtord, 
I  and  fourteen  feet  long  inside, 
,d  nine  feet  lift.    The  cost  of 
inety  thousand  dollars, 
sist  of  Troy  is  a  fine  cascade, 
Ida  falls.    It  is  formed  by  the 
^she3  from  the  liigh  lantl*. «»" 


pouiing  down  through  wild  ravines  and  woody  dells,  affords 
a  scene  which  will  attract  the  admiration  of  the  lovers  ol  the 
picturesque. 

An  island  in  the  Hudson,  opposite  to  tbts  upper  part  ot 
Troy,  is  known  by  the  name  of  Wliale  Isla-id.   This  appel- 
lation is  probably  derived  from  the  following  ".urious  circum- 
stance, thus  mentioned  by  the  old  Dutch  hiswjrian  Vander 
Donck,  in  his  entertaining  description  of  the  'NoordtRivier. 
"  Here  I  cannot  oinit  to  relate,  although  something  out  of 
the  way,  tliat  in  the  spring  of  1647,  when  the  water  m  the 
river  was  fresh  almost  to  the  bay,  occasioned  by  the  abun- 
dance of  water  coming  down,  two  whales  of  a  reasonable  size 
swam  up  the  river  more  than  forty  (Dutch)  miles;  and  one  re- 
turned, and  stranded  about  ten  or  twelve  miles  from  the  shore. 
The  otlier  remfuned  stranded  on  an  island  or  bank,  not  far 
from  the  great  Cahoe's  falls.    The  fish  was  very  fat ;  for  not- 
withstancfing  that  the  inliabitants  of  Rensselaer-wyck  boiled  of 
it  a  large  quantity  of  train  oil,  the  river  for  three  weeks  after- 
wards continued' very  oily,  and  covered  with  grease.    Ye:^ 
sometimes,  while  the  fish  was  decaying,  the  stench  infected 
the  air  so  much,  that  to  the  leeward  it  might  have  been  per- 
ceived to  the  distance  of  two  miles.    I  cannot  say,  (wgely 
continues  the  historian,)  what  could  have  induced  this  fish  to 
ascend  the  river  so  high,  being  at  that  time  upwards  of  forty 
miles  from  all  salt  or  brack  water,  and  out  of  his  usual  course, 
except  it  might  be,  tiia'  he  was  allured  by  the  numerous 
shoals  of  fishes  which  he  met  with." 

From  Gibbonsville  to  the  bridge  over  the  nver  Mohawk, 
is  about  three  miles.  This  river  enters  tlie  Hudson  in  four 
branches,  or  sprouts  as  they  -■?  termed,  and  thus  forms 
three  conaderable  islands.  Tiw  first,  Grten  Island,  com- 
mences just  above  Gibbonsville,  and  extends  up  the  river 
nearly  two  miles,  and  sometimes  spreads  to  the  width  of  half 
a  mile  ;  the  next.  Van  Sckai/^s  Island,  is  about  tiie  same 
width,  but  not  quite  so  long,  and  is  sometimes  called  Cohoes 
Island;  the  third,  which  is  directly  opposite  the  main 
stream  of  the  Mohawk,  and  much  smaller  than  the  others,  is 
called  Haver  Island.  The  American  anny  was  stationed  on 
these  islands,  in  August  1777;  and  many  of  tiie  brea-stworks 
thrown  up  by  them  are  still  to  be  seen.  It  was  the  most 
southern  point  to  which  they  retreated,  under  General  Schuy- 
ler, before  the  then  victorious  Burgoyne ;  and  here  they  in-- 


58 


lANSlWOBCBO— C0B0E9  FAttS. 


heir 


tended  to  mate  adespe-te  s^ml  in  the  Js^^^ 

fortune  was  n.ore  prop.t.ous.  At^^^*  *V^^^  aispelka  tfiei 

marched  northward,  »"^  a  brilhant  victory       P 

apprehensions,  aiid  »^'»1^'\*  ,^  T^e^^^^        Hudson,  is  Lan- 
i)n  the  opposite  or  e^^tcn-iis^me  o    the  ^  ^ 

dn^hurg,  three  mi  es  above  J'oy'  »"      population  of  about 
.ov^  ofconsiderabU.  '•"  '^^^^^^^^^^  XZ  several  places 

E  KtnKr^  ^^rn:Arpre-eminence  which  it 

seems  likely  to  retain.  ,    .    unfortunately  so  con- 

The  bridge  ''•^'•"^^^^e  Mohawk    9  ^ntort  y^^  ^^ 

Btructed  as  to  prevent  t'^'=,^W,'?'l"  erossinR  it.  From  this 
of  the  scene  wWh  VJ^'^""^ '^^^\yTS„hZfhlls  are  seen,  in 
.pot,  us  we  look  up  the  f^^^'^\\,''^^^TZ  period  of 
aTl  their  '^'^K'^fi'^rthrl  usSy  vl  tXth^  streSn  is  not 
the  year  m  which  they  ""^^"""Se  fenced  by  the  whole 
fuU.  and  instead  of  «"«  ««'J^^^Sy  cCred.  and  several 
of  the  river,  the  rock  is  ""Xl'^^^Ji^f-i^umstakce. 
sepai^te  water-falls  are  fo'm'^.d-  Th«  ^"^^™Xrk  ied  hue  of 
p^duces  a  feature  of  &''=^*.J^f*"'?^f  finely  contrasted  with 

{he  rocks  which  are  ti»«,t  "^i^^f^^u^aK  a<^ros8  them, 
the  silvery  whiteness  of  the  »bi^a^^^^^  ^^^ 

The  rock  from  side  to  side  «  =* »^*  ™  on  each  bank  the 
the  heiglit  of  the  faU  IS  sad  J^^e^e  e,ny  ^^  ^^^  ^^^^ 

cliffs  nse  to  a  consideiable  c  evauo  •         i  ,„  ^jnter. 

dark  red  stone,  and  cro^^n^d  w^J^  ^^^^"^^^  j^^^awk,  then 
tlie  scene  is  one  of  much  •T'0'!^^^V"^    „     ^^^^    and  not 

tiful.  becomes  truly  '^^"^""Vthe  co"  rocks, 

SheirsCir:oSro^\:tc^^^ 

^  said,  that  when  the  -yy^-J^J^f  ,S  SiSVni 
dians,  they  were  !"  ^^^'^'trk  c3  dowfi  the  Mohawk, 
articles  of  trade  in  ^^f 'J,  ^,t'Vir  they  carried  tlieir  boats 
'^^  ErriplSroi-  S  circumst^nce.  old 


Vand 
that  I 


__,^,„  t  .*j— "*->*'-■'*"' "V*,". 


lOEB  FALLS. 

(1,  in  the  last  resort.    But 
er  a  short  delay,  they  again 
ant  victory  dispelled  Uieir 
erty  of  their  countrjr. 
,ve  of  the  Hudson,  is  Lan- 
r,  and  nine  from  Albany,  a 
I  with  a  population  of  about 
ilemy,  a  bank,  several  places 
of  extensive  manufactories; 
up  to  it  in  certain  sUtes  ot 
la  pre-eminence  which  it 

rk  is  unfortunately  so  con- 
ment  by  the  traveller  of  any 
If  on  crossing  it.  From  tlus 
the  Cokoes  Falls  are  seen,  in 
y.  In  summer,  the  period  ot 
illv  visited,  the  stream  is  not 
ascade  formed  by  the  whole 
irtially  covered,  and  several 

This  circumstance,  however, 
mty;  for  the  dark  red  hue  ot 
,3ed,  is  finely  contrasted  with 
Team  breaking  across  them, 
bout  seven  hundred  feet,  ana 
,e  seventy.  On  each  bank  the 
nation,  composed  of  the  same 

with  forest  trees.    In  winter, 

Ki-andeur:  the  Mohawk,  then 
I  an  immense  stream,  and  not 
,  as  to  form  one  vast  and  entire 

of  the  river  below,  twenty  or 
e  scene,  which  is  always  beau- 
.ent  and  sublime— while  the 
anks,  the  colour  of  the  rocks, 
woods,  increase  ite  picturesque 

luitry  was  inhabited  by  the  In- 
of  transporting  the  skins  and 
■k  canoes  down  the  Mohawk, 
>  falls,  they  carried  tlieb  boats 
ng  of  this  ckcumstance,  oia 


WATERVOUD — BALLSTOW  SPniNOS. 


S9 


VanderDonck  relates  the  following  anecdote:— "It  chanced 
that  an  Indian,  with  whom  I  myself  was  well  acquainted, 
accompanied  by  his  wife  and  child,  with  about  sixty  beaver 
skins,  was  descending  the  river  in  the  spring,  wlien  tiie 
stream  is  most  rapid,  intending  to  trade  witli  the  Nether- 
landers.  Not  being  careful  to  come  to  in  time,  not  re- 
garding the  current  enough,  and  relying  too  much  upon 
his  own  powers,  before  he  was  awaie,  he  was  carried  down 
by  the  stream,  and  notwithstanding  he  exerted  himself  to 
the  utmost  when  it  was  too  late,  the  rapids  precii)itated  him, 
with  his  bark  canoe,  his  wife  and  child,  his  beaver  skins,  and 
other  packages  which  lie  had  with  him,  from  tlu;  top  to  the 
bottom  of  the  falls.  His  wife  and  child  were  killed,  most  of 
liis  goo^  lost,  and  his  canoe  dashed  to  pieces ;  but  lie  saved 
his  hfe,  and  I  have  frequently  conversed  with  him  since,  and 
heard  hun  relate  the  story." 

From  the  bridge  across  the  Mohawk,  one  mile  brings  us 
to  the  village  of  Waterford.  It  stands  on  an  alluvial  flat, 
forming  the  point  between  the  Hudson  and  Mohawk,  is  well 
laid  out,  and  has  about  nine  hundred  inhabitant,  with  two 
churches,  a  public  school-house,  and  other  buildings.  It  is 
a  place  of  considerable  business ;  and  great  expectations  ai-e 
founded,  and  no  doubt  with  propriety,  on  the  benefit  it  must 
derive  from  the  improvements  in  the  navigation  of  the  Hud- 
son, and  the  passage  of  the  Champlain  canal  through  it. 

From  Waterford,  the  road  continues  along  the  west  shore 
of  the  Hudson,  the  alluvial  Wats  of  which  are  principally  a 
stiff  ai-gUlaceous  loam;  and  the  river  hills  have  the  same  kind 
of  soil,  mixed  with  sand  and  giavel.  The  country  is  in  places 
well  cultivated ;  the  canal  winds  along  on  the  left,  while 
frequent  openings  present  views  of  the  river,  occasionally 
diversified  with  islands.  There  is  nothing,  however,  whicli 
will  excite  the  particular  interest  or  attention  of  the  traveller, 
during  the  stage  of  nine  miles  from  Waterford,  which  brin^ 
hiirt  to  a  village  called  tlie  Borough,  just  above  which  is 
.ttUhony'a  KilZ  an  excellent  miU-sUeam,  and  the  northern 
boundary  of  the  township. 

The  road  to  the  Springs  here  leaves  the  Hudson ;  and 
striking  off  directly  to  the  left,  passes  for  fifteen  miles  through 
the  centre  of  Saratoga  county  to  BaUston  Springs. 

The  country,  as  we  approach  BaUston,  becomes  an  open 
champaign,  agreeably  UHdulat«d  with  sw«lU  of  a  moderate 


-■■nfw  fii'.'WlJ't'WtSH^ '  J   ^y 


60 


BALLSXOIC  8»KIH6f. 


dactive.  '^"<lrl«l,\n^[:Trfti»ebe"t  quality  for  cider, 
very  exceUent,  «»d  the  fmrt  w  ot^uie  d      4       7^^^  ^  ^^^ 

The  forest  trees  are  of  a  lofty  ^^"'',J'„d»  have  deciduous 

«^'''  '  nfJhS  ^S  walnul  oakTWe,  beech,  birch  and 
trees,  and  ebn,  a»"'^*J^7jj:'iminate  mixture,  as  if  all 
bass-wood,  seem  scattered  111  in^™na 

found  a  choice  of  soil  upon  .^^^^f  "J^^P"' ^n^hes.  though  it 
pally  confijied  to  the  sandy  pl'""^  °£  "'^ees     Some  of 

SigLy  speckles  «?^.  f~]^f,;ti,tS Tge^^^^^^  ''"'1 

the  swells  ot  the  highest  hills  "*f  ^^'"' "■»  ^^^^t  and 

ihe  eye  embraces,  fix,m  a  ™f  "^^^j£''''"The  fS  f^' 
distinctnei*  of  view  '',^-^°'^: /■^'^^^e^^^^       plains  and  lulls, 

S^to'ltervilranf^^e^^^^^^^^ 

%S  within  a  ^^^r^J^^^ZtiS'^^nS"^^ 

^k  1/nWstS^.SSiransenentirelyirorn 

The  vdlage  ot  BaUstoniiseu,  w.  hundred  houses, 

the  visits  to  its  springy  consists  of  about  a^una        ^^^^  ^^. 

»nd  is  badly  bmlt,  "^^f '«>*  *^f "  f^mer,  and  it  is  never  dif- 
them  open  to  the  visitors  in  Uiesumme^^  ^^ 

ficult  to  obtain  •"^—'J^^J^^^etw™  principal  boarding- 

rP^^rjLE  on  the  west  side  of  tL  vUlWe.  and  neav 
houses— ^Wr«rfg«  «.  ?"  "'f.V.  ,•  _  ^uj,  every  convemencc, 

the  old  Spa,  t/P*'='°':^,i^,'TKc^ndW».°^^ 
anda  garden  of  unm^led  exgence-^^^^^ 

gouth-west,  which  IS  large,  comtomoie  aiiu  ^^, 

chief  establishment,  ^of  ve^/<>;  «f  j^^^^^Hie  Sam_ 
strangers,  as  weUj^tJat  of  the  i^^^^         ^^^^^  ^^        f 

Souei,  which  is  dehghttully  »'V7„Yl:"tv  feet  lone,  exclusive 
theviUa^e.    « is  one  hundred  and^.x^^  J  U^^^^ 


plan 
estal 
Tl 
One 
the< 
beer 
publ 
land 
stiff 
or  si 
runs 
chai 

80UI 

the 
ciUt 
peri 
air-l 
and 
pos 
on  i 
A 
Stat 
can 
wh: 
of; 
wh 
cor 
yes 

de] 
ves 
pri 

of 
ma 
wl 
we 
de 
do 

tit 


iisei. 

strong  gravelly  loam,  wUl« 
I  some  parts,  the  gravelly 
le  whole,  the  land  is  pro- 
is;  for  apple  orchai-da  It  i» 
•  the  best  quality  for  cider, 
owth,  and  embrace  a  very 
amy  lands  have  deciduous 
k,  maple,  beech,  birch  and 
iscriminate  mixture,  as  a  all 
same  spot  5  pine  is  pnnci- 
is,  or  the  marshes,  though  it 
deciduous  trees.    Some  ol 
se  with  a  gentle  ascent,  and 
ate  elevation,  an  eiK^nt  and 
quailed.      The  farms,  farni 
intermediate  plains  and  lulls, 
I  a  lively  interest  to  the  per- 

ilkton  Springs  were,  y\^ovt 
le  and  generally  attended  ot 
.nent ,  but  the  greatei- variety 
ily  the  superiority  of  the  Con- 
!  given  to  the  neighbouring 

preference.  .         

which  has  arisen  entirely  trom 
s  of  about  a  hundred  houses, 
1  laid  out.     They  are  most  ot 
e  summer,  and  it  is  never  dit- 
,8,  on  terms  to  siut  every  de- 
are  two  principal  boarding- 
St  side  of  the  vdlage,  and  near 
ling,  with  every  convemencc, 
iccllence-and  Coretf's,  on  t he 
ifortable  and  convenient,    mo 
p    for  the  accommodation  ot 
he  roost  foshion,  is  the  Sam 
tuated,  on  the  eastern  edge  ot 
i  and  sixty  feet  long,  excrusive 
lich  are  each  one  hundred  ana 
mmodation  to  a  hundred  and 
(gether  tlian  any  hotel  either  at 
-land,  though  much  on  the  same 


VAIXSTOR  SrBIVOt. 


61 


plan  (  and  is  said  to  have  cost  Mr.  I.owe,  t-ie  gentleman  who 
established  it,  from  thirty  to  forty  thousand  doUars. 

There  are  only  two  springs  in  general  use  at  Ballston. 
One  of  them  (that  which  was  first  discovered)  «  situated  111 
Uie  centre  of  the  town,  and  is  caUed  the  Public  WeU,  havuig 
been  reserved  for  the  benevolent  purpose  of  serving  the 
public,  by  Sir  William  Johnston,  in  tlie  original  grant  ot  the 
land  to  private  individuals.  This  spring  issues  from  a  bed  ot 
stiffi'  lie  clay  and  gravel,  which  lies  near  a  stratum  ot  schist 
or  shale,  newly  on  a  level  with  the  brook  or  nvulet  which 
runs  through  the  town,  the  course  of  which  has  been 
changed  by  a  dyke  or  canal,  in  order  to  divert  it  trom  the 
source  of  the  springs.  The  well  is  five  or  six  feet  deep,  and 
the  water  rises  up  in  such  abundance,  that  it  would  be  diHi- 
ciUt  to  ascertjun  the  quantity  which  it  pours  out  in  a  given 
pericfl  of  time.  Immense  quantities  of  gas,  in  Uie  torn  ot 
air-bubbles,  break  with  a  sort  of  explosion  on  the  suiface  ; 
and  whenever  the  water  continues  at  rest  for  any  time,  ex- 
posed to  tlie  atmosphere,  a  slight  irridescent  peUicle  appears 

on  its  surface.  „  .     .^  » 

A  circular  vessel  of  wood  forms  the  well  in  its  present 
state,  uito  tlie  side  of  which  a  trough  is  introduced,  which 
carries  oft'  the  redundimt  water.  The  sides  of  the  vessel  m 
which  the  water  is  confined  are  covered  with  an  incrustation 
of  a  light  brown  colour,  and  the  whole  channel  through 
which  It  flows  contains  such  a  quantity  of  this  suipstonce, 
constantly  depositing,  that  it  is  necessaiy  to  remove  it  every 
year,  in  order  to  give  a  free  passage  to  the  waters  of  the  weU. 

This  deposition  is  erroneously  supposed  to  be  the  n-on 
depofflted  from  the  water.  But  this  is  not  the  case  :  it  efler- 
vesces,  and  nearly  dissolves  in  acids,  a  proof  that  it  consists 
principally  of  earthy  carbonates,  coloured  by  oxyde  ot  uwn. 

The  next  well  is  situated  about  two  hundred  yards  west 
of  the  public  one.  It  lies  very  low  in  the  valley,  and  not 
many  feet  above  the  level  of  the  rivulet.  The  soil  froni 
which  the  water  rises  is  much  the  same  as  tliat  ot  the  public 
weU,  but  close  to  tiie  spring  is  a  peat  morass,  several  teet 
deep,  which  is  annuaUy  accumulating,  and  wdl  continue  to 
do  so  till  it  is  drained.  .„  ..  -        .^    l  •  _ 

This  spring,  which  is  called  Lowes  WeU,  from  its  being 
touated  on  the  private  property  of  that  genUeman,  presents 


iiuiiiLllJl'il'liMnT 


63 


■  AlHTOIf  SPBIBIOi- 


IH^i 


exactly  the  same  appearance  aB  the  public  well  just  df 
"^Se  mineral  waters  on  which  the  wMe^^^^^ 

fountains,  the  thouKlitless  '''"BX,  V*  "^*^'^^^^^  others  have 
„„  „,  of  d«.»t,  of  tanehl "  »f"W„  .  ^j,  „i,  for 

'"iISaS  rf,r™u„d,  toft  ..  B.««oo  ^  S«.t^ 

s^j;r.  'js;r;».'f.*So»v.»  «.o»ve  «o«d  ^ 


imp 
obs 

CXf 

.ihii 
■/oil 
or( 
hej 
J 
wh 
roc 

* 

nla< 
aw 
mi 
lit. 
fos 
tir 
ru 
it 

its 

th 

(T 

c! 
of 
m 
ef 

C! 

w 

ir 
t( 
t( 
a 


I  SOS. 

the  public  well  just  df- 

the  whole  celebrity,  and 
ce  of  the  place  depends, 
ot  very  unpleasant  to  the 
y  differ  from  the  Seltzer 
salt,  with  some  iron,  mag- 
L-d  wr,  that  renders  them, 
and  bright  as  Champaign, 
in  gout,  rheumatism,  and 
>rt  to  tl»em  seems  more  for 
sinal  view  they  are  indiscn- 
s  who  think  they  have  any 
cting,  tliat  the  very  quality 
benehcial  wliere  properly 
her  case  as  higlnly  injurious, 
y  and  the  sane,  the  prudent 
ttely  around  die  fashionable 
.r  of  heaUh  is  oftener  heard 
drink  because  others  have 
:he  draught  be  one  of  plca- 

•f  iujuiy-  ,       .,  f„„ 

asses  over  a  sandy  soil  tor 
nerally  level,  except  an  oc- 
Dt  fertile,  is  well  settled  and 
icipally  composed  of  two  or 
ary  formation,  but  these  are 
of  sand,  that  it  is  difficult  to 
t  can  only  be  done  by  an 
rulets,  which  w  some  places 

oth  at  Ballston  and  Saratoga, 
masses  of  stone,  commonly 
large  blocks  of  quaitz,  and 
Lve  rocks.  These  scattered 
litted  from  the  neighbounng 
'lied  to  the  rocks  in  situ,  and 
n;  Uiey  are  found  »n  «veiy 
•tion  of  an  extensive  flood  at 

of  Ballston,  an  excellent  op- 
iig  the  situation  of  the  strata. 


BAW.STON  SPBIKOS. 


6? 


K  small  rivulet  nms  through  it,  which  has  laid  bare  an  entire 
vS.o{  fl<rtz  or  horizontal  rocks,  consisting  ot  wl.at  may  be 
culled  a  calcareo-argillaccous  schist  or  shale.  This  sclMst  .s 
nearly  of  a  black  c..lour.  and.  fVom  ts  ^'^•"'"B  «»^.*:'f^'^,'^^ 
would  appear  to  contain  a  portion  ol  carbon  ;  it  effervesces 
S  y  wfth  acids,  which  shows  that  it  also  contains  carbonate 
onime  It  breaks  easily  into  laminx  of  any  thickness  ad 
impressions  of  vegetables,  chiefly  a  spec.es  ot  g-""^;'.  ca"  b^ 
obUrved  between  the  lamina:,  but  when  ''V'-g^  ~^^^^^^ 
exposed  for  any  length  of  time  to  the  atmosphere,  it  lapul  y 

"SordecLpo'ses;  and  at  «"«  tjn^V''Tric.d  masses" 
•/oidal  form,  having  a  tendency  to  break  into  sphei.cal  masses 
or  columns  of  a  prismatic  shape,  which  are  principally  e.thci 
hexagonal  or  pentagonal.  , 

Alternadng  with  this  schist,  and  near  the  same  placc^ 
wheLer  thf  beds  of  sund  will  admit  an  inspection  of  the 
rock   solid  masses  of  calcareous  rocks  are  observed. 

Tto  imeTone  is  neariy  of  a  black  colour  ,  its  Iracture  .9 
riatyT it  abounds  witl,  shells  of  various  foi-ms.  some  of  which 
are  so  veiT  apparent  in  their  structure  and  form,  as  not  to  be 
?^tekenTthey  principally  consist  of  tercbratuhtes,  corro- 
Eaud  echin^trs,  so  extremely  similar  in  ynany  respects  to 
fSs  found  at  Mendip  in  England,  that 't  .s  chfticuh  to  du. 
tinffuish  the  specimens  from  each  other.  This  stone,  when 
rSd,  emits\  smell  similar  to  the  stink-stone  ot  Werner, 
it  bums  also  into  lime,  and  it  Aen  loses  its  colour. 

men  we  arrive  at  Saral^ga,  the  same  »pec.es  presents 

itself,  though  Uiere  is  som-  vai-iety  here  in  tlic  formation  of 

SeK  fhe  sheUs  are  not  so  abundant  in  it,  and  the  great- 

cr  propoAion  of  the  rock  is  traversed  with  seams  »   «•"*  « 

chiVT which  is  found  imbedded  in  it,  sometimes  in  tlie  tonn 

of  v^iiWbut  principally  in  nodules  or  rolled  pieces,  so  ii  ti- 

lately  mixed  with  the  limestone  that  they  appearto  run  no 

«ch  other,  having  no  simple  line  of  division  between  the 

calcareou^'and  siliceous  parts ,  the  lormer  being  penetoted 

with  the  paiticles  of  the  latter,  which  >"»  "'".^.'' "'«"=,^'^/ 

n,ark.ble  tWt  than  finding  seams  «' "'^"^'^^l^^  ^u     s<^m 

terin  a  stratum  that  is  purely  calcareous.  «"<  *  "V^^/.':^™ 

to  streiiirthen  the  opin  on  of  those  who  conceive  that  lime 

l°,d  fli  t  are  convertible  into  each  other  bv  natxind  processes^ 

The  ingenious  and  intelligent  Dr.  Meade,  to  whom  we  are 

•nSy  hfdebted  in  tliis  part  of  our  litUc  volume,  and  whose 


64 


RAIAT004  tFRinOI. 


tmy  on  the  mine,. «  water,  of  Balbton  and  f;;';**^*  ^"^^^^^ 
brfn  the  hand  of  every  Uavellcr,  WiW  "«!'  ccd  to  subpLct. 
Ltamonrthc  other  mineral  treasures  of  tlu»  d.str.ct  coal 
™K,h?  he  Und  thoujfh  an  yet  no  trace  of  it  hiw  been  d  sco- 
T£  on  SelfS  theLrth.  No  -talhe  -,„,  o  ore 
have  been  discovered  in  the  neighbourhood  i  yet,  froniUe 
Sure  of  the  soil,  and  its  geological  formaUon.  it  would  seem 

*"?o^SSifirtrv-eUer.  however  the..  «  yet  open  jj 
Uiis  district  a  large  and  unexplored  field,  which  wdl  nchly 
rcwaTthe  labour  of  exami.iation  ,  and  its  plants  and  mme- 
J^  would  not  affortl  him  less  delight  than  the  gaver  v:i.tor 
of  tljese  scenes  finds  amid  objects  more  ammated,  but  not 

"Thi"Se'?f  Saratoga  Springs  is  situated  on  a  sandy 
nliin  w^t  a  Kcntle  descent  to  the  south.  It  is  handsomely 
fid  oul  and  contain,  upwards  of  one  hundred  hov.ses,  many 
of  wWeh  arc  taverns  anil  boarding-houses  for  the  accommo- 
SLtionofX  summer  visitors.  The  three  pnnc.pal  hotels 
are  Concrm  H<til,  the  Pavilion,  and  Umm  Hall,  aU  build- 
S  ofT^t  extent,  and  fitted  up  with  much  e  egance  ai,d 
comfort  There  are  a  reading-room,  a  circulating  library, 
bdStobl's.  and  rr.08t  of  thosS  means  of  amu.emen^  w  ucli 
iie  SeL  ' T  to  drive  away  the  ennui  that  always  must  attend 
a  rcMderce  at  a  fashionable  watering-place. 

The  situation  f  the  country  around  Saratoga  differs  but 
littefrcmthatc.  Ballston,  except  tl-t  Uje  lulls  are^no^ 
hiKh,  -xnd  the  valley  is  more  extensive.    It  is  m  this  valley 


r'^V«^"J?^i- "ift  80  tieculiar  in  >8  appearance  as  to  attract 
pSuKti  e."lt''£rin  a  ..ttirvalley  or  -adow.  be- 
[ween  two  steep  banks,  and  rises  m  a/^'-^lr^J^f '^  °„7, 
formation  This  cone  s  about  five  feet  high,  hoUow,  ant 
Sa  hole  at  the  top,  about  nine  inches  wide.  fronj^vl^J' 
the  water  can  be  seen  in  a  state  of  agitation,  as  if  boding, 

formation  admits  of  wi  easy  cxpLumUou.    This,  as  weU  a3 


hgi 


0(. 

iton  nml  9arato(f«  should 
WiW  induced  to  suspect, 
urcs  of  tluH  district,  coal 
race  of  it  tias  been  disco- 
No  metiiUic  veins  of  ore 
ibourhood  i  yet,  from  tlie 
I  formation,  it  would  seem 

ver,  there  is  yet  open  in 
id  field,  which  will  richly 
1  and  its  plants  and  mine- 
ght  than  the  gayer  vii'tor 
more  animated,  but  not 

M  is  situated  on  a  sandy 
;  south.  It  is  handsomely 
me  hundred  houses,  many 
f-houses  for  the  accommo- 
1»e  three  principal  hotels 
md  Union  Hall,  aU  build- 
)  with  much  elepance  and 
oom,  a  circulating  librwy, 
neans  of  amui^ement,  which 
tuii  that  always  must  attend 
•iug-place. 

round  Saratoga  differs  but 
pt  tlittt  tlie  hills  are  not  so 
eiisive.    It  is  in  this  valley 
imerous,  and  do  not  greatly 
vhich  has  been  longer  used 
ch  is  known  by  the  name  ot 
^8  appearance  as  to  attract 
l.ttle  valley  or  meadow,  be- 
i  in  a  conical  rock  of  its  own 
five  feet  hifjh,  hollow,  and 
line  inches  wide,  from  which 
;e  of  agitation,  as  if  boding, 
ch  rises  to  the  surface.     An 
I  cone,  four  or  five  inches 
je  of  the  ground,  gives  an 
The  whole  of  this  curious 
tplunatiou.    This,  as  weU  «3 


■iRiToaA  flrmifa*. 


6J 


all  the  sprinM,  contains  a  large  portion  of  lime  hekl  in  solii- 
Son  by  the  excess  of  carbonic  acid  with  which  they  abound. 
When  exposi-d  to  th«  atmosphere,  the  carbonic  aci.l  flics  oH. 
JJdt  t^lm"  is  precipitated  !n  the  form  of  a  stalactite,  <.rcalc 
?ufo  At  the  first  appea«"ance  of  this  water,  on  the  curiae  . 
th  s  process  took  place  at  the  edges  and  sides  ot  the  uell, 
and  at  kngth.  in  tire  progress  of  time,  the  whole  of  this  cone. 
consUtngol- carbonate  oT  lime,  was  formed,  tlie  well  always 
S^  it  was  enclosed,  and  continuing  to  flow  or  hnd  t^ 
ownlevcl  at  the  top ,  till  either  from  accident  or  <  csign  an 
on^n  ne  wiL  made  at  the  bottom  of  the  cone,  which  now 
Xes  an  exi?  to  the  water,  requiring  nothing  more  to  restore 
ftlo  its  former  situation  than  carefully  to  cTose  the  open.nK 
at  the  bottom,  when  Uic  water,  as  before,  would  rise  to  meet 

'"Fomerly'this  was  the  only  spring  in  use ,  but   since  the 
nbce  has  been  so  much  resorted  to,  a  luimbi^  "f.™* 
Kive  »  Tn  use<l,  as  the  Congress,  Columbuui,  Washington, 
Hami  ton?  Fbt  lock,  8cc.     Of  these,  however,  the  princi.al 
onT  and  indeed  that  which  has  given  celebrity  to  Saratoga. 
Ts  the  (Wm,  tlie  waters  of  which  uie  sent  to  a  great 
disun^ce'^'fiftcen  hundred  bottles  of  it  -  «— - 
nut  UD  for  transporution  in  a  single  day.    Ot  '«  """c™" 
Sronerties,  Dr.  Meade  thus  speaks:  "  The  taste  ol  the  water 
FsX^yi.  but  brisk  and  pungent,  much  more  saline 
ihan  the  BaUston  water,  and  i-uther  more  stimulating  and 
Si.    It  has  no  sensible  chalybeate  ta^e   uiid  no  smell- 
I^  sahne  taste  being  very  much  counteracted  by  the  smart 
plt-ency  w  rich  it  possess  from  the  carbonic  acid,  renders 
Ft  less  Sgreeable  to  tlic  palate  than  it  would  otlierw.se  be, 
andXr  a  little  use,  its  ta^te  is  by  no  means  unpleasant ,  on 
Se  contmry,  it  is  thought  by  manv  a.niost  agreeable  drink 

After  a  ireful  analysis,  tlie  following  result  was  obtamcd 
from  a  quart  of  the  water:— 
Muriate  oi  soda 
Carbonate  of  lime 


Muriate  of  V.T\e 


magnesia 


magnesia 


Oxyde  of  iron 
Carbonic  acid  gas 
Azotic  gaa 


103  gi-ains. 
27J    do. 
17      do. 
3i    do. 
4i    do. 
I    do. 
66  cubic  inchesi 
2  do. 


6fi 


RABiTooA  cniniai. 


Hut  the  mincnJkof  Samtoifa,  »nd  the  heaVmff  virtues  of 
■»..nri.;<™  arc  not  the  only  nor  the  principal  ohjectii  which 
:  J^oTti  ^nd.  the  tholnd,  who  «n«ally  Hock  th.ther. 
Son  the  troddc.  who  can  make  an  (>a.i.  in  every  desert, 

;.::ta  thij  at  lea^  tor  the  p--^  j|- 'rsiS:; 

of  the  western  hemUpherc  ;  and  t rom  June  to  "eP"/""^!' 
M  part,  of  the  eountri  pour  f'"^')' «|f '' J^'^I^;;;"^^^^^^^^^^ 
orimaire  of  faahion,  or  perhaps  of  hcaJth.  I  ne  actnc,  or 
S^e  li^ng  acZ  who  animate  it.  are  for  ever  movnK  m 
cndle«"ucce«ion,  eaeh  day  bring,  new  facejj,  jnd  eaeh  .by 
urcwnU  .ome  character  to  laugh  at  or  ««•""«•  J7?";,, 
meiVin  their  n»l iral  attitude,  and  true  colour.,  and  in  aU 
S  varietj  VVe  may  laujh  at  the  conceited.  adm.r«  the 
Seat  ami  »WW«*'th&e  Md--.ee  the  vulgar  and  the 
SeelumblFd  together  wiU»out  d^tmct^n-mjrurtm  rf 

clE  atTcMt  for  a  .hort  time,  extract  some  pleasure  from 

t«^«f  S^towl"like  aU  other  fashionable  watering  places, 
:ndt?Se^must  either  vi«t  it  »nd>XtSto"- 
or  take  a  description  of  it  in  the  wortls  of  Mastci  Simkin. 

Of  all  the  gay  places  the  world  can  afford, 
«v  centle  and  simple  for  pastime  adored,  . 

?fnf  baUs  and  fine'^singing.  fine  buildings  and  fvprir^S 
Fine  rides,  and  fine  views,  and  a  thousand  line  tlungH. 
(Not  to  mention  the  sweet  situation  and  a"") 
What  place  with  Uiese  Sprmgs  can  ever  compare  t 
Tirst  in  manners,  in  dress,  and  in  fashion  to  sUinc, 
Saratoga,  tlie  glory  murt  ever  be  Uuiic  '• 


KOI. 

id  the  heaVmff  virtues  of 
principal  objects  wliir.li 
.0  annually  Hoclc  thither. 
!  an  <>a«i»  •«  every  desert, 
lent,  the  Spa  or  Buxton 
from  June  to  September, 
tlieir  children,  on  the  pil- 
health.    The  acene,  or 
are  for  ever  moving,  in 
1  new  faces,  and  each  day 
I  at  or  admire.    Wc  ace 
.  true  colours,  and  in  all 
he  conceited,  admire  the 
1 — sec  the  vul(?ar  and  the 
;  distinction — ministers  of 
philosophers,  wiU,  poets, 
jns.    There  are  few  who 
street  some  pleasure  from 
I  too,  for  occupying  time 
08»  to  find  those  whc  wdl 
Billiards  and  cards  «lr'nk- 
corge,  or  the  field  of  Bur- 
r;  and  in  the  evening  there 
ke  principal  hotels.     In  a 
shionable  watering  places ; 
and  judge  for  themselves, 
wortls  of  Master  Simkin:— 

i  can  afford, 

ne  adored, 

i  buildings  and  springs, 

a  tltousand  fine  things, 

atlon  and  air) 

(  can  ever  compare  » 

in  fashion  to  shine, 

be  Uiiiie  '■ 


aitsn's  fAtu. 


EXCURSION  TO  GI.KNN'S  IWl.I.S,  WD  l.;VKB 
OEOUOE. 

Fiw  persons  leave  Saratoga  Springs,  wllhout  making  an 
excursion  to  these  two  plar.M  ,  and  tlu;  fatigue  of  the  jour- 
ney will  be  amply  compensated  by  the  pleasure  a  traveller 
receives  in  visitmg  them.  ,    #.,  i;    _„ 

It  is  eighteen  miios  from  the  Springs  to  Clenn  i  talh,  on 
the  Hudson.  The  whole  journey  \»  over  r.  dreary  barren, 
covered  with  pines,  occasionally  mtermirgled  with  a  few 
other  troesi  and  the  road  is  through  a  c.ecp  sand,  tul  ot 
small  hills,  often  stony,  and  intersected  by  jad  bvulges  nidely 
thrown  across  the  streams  and  swamps,  whicli  trequentiy 
occur.  The  distance  of  the  housis  from  each  other,  and 
the  numerous  cross  roads,  nearly  as  largj  as  tlie  mam  otie, 
which  pass  in  every  direction,  sometinr.es  occtision  a  littJa 
embarrassment,  but  this  difficulty  is  fu it  disappearing  with 
the  improvement  of  the  country.  Tlu  Hudson  «'-«>«=« 
by  a  bridge,  and  about  one  hun(lred  yard.i  from  it,  on  a  higU 
bank,  is  the  village  of  Oknn's  Fulls-  , 

Tliis  cataract  is  one  of  the  most  mtercitii.g  objects  which 
the  traveller  will  meet  with  in  his  whole  tour.  It  is  inrleea 
hiKhly  grand  and  bcautifidj  and  though  it  is  not  in  any  a<rg-ee 
eqiiaf  to  Niagara  in  height  and  gieatness,  yet  it  is  »o  ^'ve™- 
tied,  and  so  rudely  wild,  as  to  occasion  the  most  awful  and 
sublime  sensations.  ,    ,       ^ .  ... 

It  is.  however,  difficult  to  describe,  and  almost  impossible 
to  sketch ,  a.s  such  a  multiplicity  of  falls  playing  in  eveiy 
.lircction,  such  a  variety  of  rock,  moulded  into  every  form, 
with  numberless  fissures  and  cavities,  and  so  niany  tints  ot 
water  and  shadow,  for  ever  varying  ui  their  colour,  would 
require  a  length  of  time,  and  extreme  minuteness  of  detail, 
either  in  the  writer  or  painter  to  expres-,  nor  when  done 
could  convey  more  than  a  faint  idea  of  the  beauty  of  the 

""^T^e  Hudson,  above  the  falls,  is  about  one  hundi-ed  and 
sixty  yards  wide,  and  is  crossed  by  a  rock  of  fine  blue  Lme- 
stone,  perfectly  flat,  which  seems  to  penetrate  mto  both 
bankJ,  knd  then  to  pass  across  the  country.  Over  this  the 
river  tumbles,  not  in  one  regular  fitU,  but  in  two  grand  one* 


6% 


olunn's  film. 


vhich  are  again  fj'>f  f ,? '3  Eel's"o  bl'L  d^ 
of  the  fall  m  about  ^^^^y  ^c '  ubstan^^^^^^^  bottom  of  the 
of  the  limestone  *«  ^^^^'J«' "^^'^"'^two  great  cascades  are 
river  appears  perfectly  flat,     l  ne  "^"  b  .  ^  ^^ich 

divided  in  the  middle  by  ^ '»!f ^^PXep"|lenbetween it 
extends  down  the  stream.  »"* '\^^*/the  wate«  precipitate 

irXruTrpt^and-fSfc'^^ctof  wUd  and  ro- 

"Sov'eX^Wavery  strong  a- d^^^^^^^^^^ 

so  as  to  turn  the  water  jnto  ^^r^^^^'^^^S  and  fixed 
convey  it  to  several  j?'"^*^  T^tc,„  ^^  th^^^^  seem  almost  to 
just  on  the  edge  of  the  Fccip'ces,  in^tx    y  ^^^  ^^^^^ 

iang  in  the  air,  and  t^'^^BM;  ft  much  diversity.  A  feed- 
beauty  of  the  scenery  they  f^^„'^Xm  the Vdson,  two 
er  itself  a  navi^bU- canal  e^^^^^^  jy 

rules  above  »jlenn  s  tans,  """"s.    .    e^ers  at  K  ngsbury, 

"•"'  ^^*'r  a^ShTvXi  of  Fort  eSS.    It  I  aW 
two  miles  above  tne  y.uab  ^^e  Hudson, 

seven  tAiles  ong,  and  'f^J^  7„-\j^„dred  and  seventy  feet 

twelve  tect  n»  height,  »"f ,  *^^^"  "^there  are  to  be  thirteen 

long,  where  It  h=^%*£f  ^S^iS  wSor  the  main  canal 

locks  near  the  east  end,  «"Pl»y'"f  jA.„Uc  works.    In  the 

navigation    and  v^l^irnme  rock  cttS^^^^^^    below  the 

xvor;h  a  little  attention  fem  toims  s.  ^^^^^     ^^^. 

The  basis  ot  the  country  here  «^  "'^^.^^^  ^„a  inter- 
pact,  but  presenting  spots  ta^^ 

spersed,  here  and  there,  witii  "»«  "^S        ,  ^he  strata 

entombed,  in  ages  past,  '"  V^^  "'^''^^oi^^  ^ith  tlie  ut- 
are  pertecUy  fiat^^anc^pJed  ^^^^^^^ 

Pte^tfSt  r'Sact^^SeK  of  hewn  stones  m  a 

building.* 

.       ..     ,, ._  ,.„r....n  h.>.  pxtemlvr  vciM,  principliUy 

•  Satin  spar  is  louim  m  t"'"».'*,""-,;j„erallv.  it  i*  -fa  brilliant  wiint, 

in  th" fall.  11  rocks  bi-lcw  the  budge ,  g™«^»"Ji'^„    ;„  ftbroiis  structure. 


wasc 

neigl 

pppe 

Tl 

BOUtl 

small 

of  mi 

from 

servs 

Tl 

Fart 

eard 

of  tl 

the( 

still 

whit 

peat 

seer 

Fi-ei 

and 

witl 

rop< 

grei 

has 

on 

tot 


iiLifi  ^.lji.uHIW^Nl"l|,l"llifll" 


any  others.  The  height 
lat  seems  to  be  the  depth 
ice,  as  the  bottom  of  the 
two  great  cascades  are 
projecting  rock,  which 
es  a  deepglen  between  it 
ese  tlie  waters  precipitate 
ill  in  a  direct  course,  the 
thcr,  have  rent  the  rocks 
a  cataract  of  wild  and  ro- 

im  of  logs  is  thrown  across, 
JUS  troughs  or  races,  which 

are  so  scattered,  and  fixed 
3,  that  they  seem  almost  to 
y  cannot  add  to  the  nafave 
It  much  diversity.  A  feed- 
ids  from  the  Hudson,  two 
ffh  tlus  village  and  Sundy 
ich  it  enters  at  Kingsbury, 

Fort  Edward.  It  is  about 
■  a  dam  across  the  Hudson, 
11  hundred  and  seventy  feet 
and  there  are  to  be  thirteen 
ing  water  for  the  main  canal 
c  hydraulic  works.  In  the 
ck,  on  the  island  below  the 
cavations,  water-worn,  weU 

pists.  „ 

e  is  a  black  limestone,  corn- 
it  are  ci-ystalized,  and  inter- 
e  orffanic  reniains  of  animals, 
his  raausoleiun.  The  strata 
ion  one  another  with  tlie  ut- 
,n,  perpendicular  to  the  strato, 
igement  of  hewn  stones  m  a 

„„  h..t  pxtemiv^  veiM,  principijUy 
■eenerallv,  it  i>  -fa  brtlUam  wiiiw, 
!tm  r't  ?iniim  Its  ftbroiw  .iructurc. 

T»UTy  144. 


tAKE   GEOnGE.  O* 

From  Glenn's  Falls  to  Lake  George,  a  stage  of  nine  miles, 
the  road  passes  through  the  same  kind  of  dreaiy  forest  as  that 
before  we  reach  the  falls.  The  first  part  of  the  way  is  a  very 
deep  sand,  with  small  hills,  and  the  country  not  very  tluckly 
settled ;  the  latter  part  is  hilly  and  stony,  as  it  crosses  a 
spur  of  those  mountains  which  iiave  beeu  for  some  time  visi- 
ble on  the  west,  and  which,  crossing  the  Hudson  above,  here 
wind  round  and  encompass  the  Takes.  About  two  miles 
before  we  reach  Lake  George,  there  is  a  fine  view  ol  it  from 
the  top  of  a  hill.  Descending  this,  the  road  passes  through 
a  beautiful  little  plain,  which  bounds  the  head  of  the  lake, 
and  extends  on  the  left  for  a  mile  or  two  along  it.  This  plwn 
was  cleared  many  years  ago  by  the  English,  being  in  the 
neighboui-hood  of  Uieir  forts,  and  presents  a  finely  cultivated 

"^The^oad  to  the  village  of  Caldmll,  now  leads  along  the 
southern  extremity  of  the  lake,  and  close  beside  it,  on  a 
small  eminence,  stands  Fort  George,-  a  small  square  fortress 
of  masonry,  whose  nuns  are  yet  distinctly  visible,  and  wuich, 
from  the  importance  of  iU  situation,  would  seem  '.vorth  pre- 
servation and  repair.  .  ^.        •        r 
Turning  to  the  left,  the  road  passes  through  the  ruins  ol 
FM  WiUiam  Henry,  a  considerable  work,  constructed  ot 
earth,  by  the  British  and  colonists,  to  prevent  the  approach 
of  tiie  French,  so  early  as  1755.    The  walls,  the  gate  and 
the  outworks,  may  yet  be  distinctly  traced;  the  ditches  are 
still  deep,  and  water  may  even  now  be  drawn  from  the  well, 
which  once  suppUed  tiie  garrison.     Though  now  silent, 
peaceful  and  almost  unnoticed,  in  former  days  it  was  the 
scene  of  many  a  gallant  and  bloody  conflict,  where  the 
Fiench  and  English  soldiers  brought  into  a  distant  countiy 
and  an  unknown  forest,  the  bravery  and  hereditary  hatted 
with  which  they  have  met  for  centuries  on  the  fields  ot  Eu- 
rope.    But  the  tumult  of  war  has  long  since  passed  awayj 
CTeen  and  fertile  fields  now  cover  theu-  bones,  and  the  time 
has  already  come,  when  the  ploughman  looks  with  smpHse 
on  the  mouldering  implements  of  war,  which  he  chances 
to  turn  up  in  the  furrow. 

Scilicet  et  tempus  veiilev,  cuiu  Snibus  u.;s 
Agricola,  incurvo  terram  molitus  aratro, 
Exesa  inveniet  scabra  rubigine  pila: 


mmntf^* 


ig^ii^i^' 


70 


FOKT  VllLIAM  HEirnr. 
Aut  pravibus  nistris  galc|t,  pvlsabit  inanM. 


The  •..n,e<V.ate  cause  of  erecting  tK.^^^^^^^^^ 
eKtraonliivAry  chances  of  war,  whicU  oiten  ica 
dSnt  from  those  that  were  «Pf  ^^f.^is  ^0    with  a  bod; 
SwiniumJoJmstonhadencampedo^^^^^^^^^ 

of  British  and  colonial  troops,  .P^X  heprench:  the  British 
Point,  a  foru-ess  th- m  po^-«^^^^^^^  p„ees  of 

h«d  also  occupied  ^o^  Fxh^^Kl.^na  s  ^^^^ 

defence  j"  ^iSTo Ja?.  af    m^^^^^^^    by  General  Dies- 
stationed  at  Ticondeopa,'*  ^^^^  ^^  gamson  at 

kau;  and  ^^'^  °*"Vii  andbadlv  provided  to  smtam  a  siege. 
Fort  Edward  was  small  and  barilyprov  j        ^taut  a 

determined  ^y.a  sudden  m^ch  to  seize  on        J^^^ 

post.  The  Bntjsh  ff»«':=^'/\°^/r!;^tchedColonelWiUiams 
Sf  the  r^en^ntsof  h.snv^.and  Js^^ohedC^^^^ 

from  the  camp  at  L?ke^W.  ^  ^  Edward.  When 
and  two  hundred  Indians,  to  s™''  J°"  j^^  discovered 
Baron  Dieskau  had  nearly  reached  ttiat  place,  he  ^ 

it  was  better  provided  than  ^^^^^^^"PPhTdetermiaed,  there- 
would  probably  be  long  and  d^eiilt  ^'»;^™,-  -.^'^ly  i„. 

fore,  instead  of  P^-T^X^oE^M.^lcZing the  s^eep 
tended,  to  turn  suddenly  to  toengm,  ^  s    ^^  ^^^^ 

.ndruggedmountam  whichformsth^^ 

George,  ftdl  '^P'^'JP^'^*^,^,^  °  n^^dow  U  was  about  noon, 
ed  unsuspectingly  m  the  valley  helow.  ^^^^^  ^^^  ^^.^ 

on  the  8th  of  September  1755.  af^°^^^^  „f  the  moun- 
.mall  party  ^"^^.^"te^istee  ol-Fort  Edward,  tiiat 
tain,  on  their  w'^y,*"*;^,^^^  in  the  road  before  them, 
they  suddenly  met  the  rienchaiTnym  ^^^^^^  .^^.^^^ 

A  bloody  battle  ^'f  fd  :  a  d^J^  W'-  jv  P  ^^^^.^^^  ^^_ 
upon  the  troops  ot  ^-"^"flJJ.rXhrd  placed  themselve^s 
tached  to  the  ^^'-"''b  *in  X' ^  wm,ds  upon  their  flanks,  and 
hi  ambuscade,  "'«bcd  from  the  wooas"p^  ^^^  overwhelming 

added  ^l'-'^-«?i'f'"''^'^"^^'''Those  who  escaped  the  bloody 
superiority  of  the  F^'^'^b.  Jhose  w^u   c^   ,         ^^^^j^.,^^ 

'^^fJ^:!:^^%^^:X^  bead  of  ;he  tn^ps, 
:'^ckon-the  east  side  of  the  ^^'^^^^^^ 


Oiesl) 
Gene 
camp 
panie 
valou 
force 
for,  j 
at  tli( 

they 
desp 
total! 


(lEirnr. 

ivilsabit  inanes, 
ir  ossa  sepulcris. 

r  this  fort,  was  one  of  thoje 
:h  often  lead  to  results  tar 
,ccted.    In  the  year  1755, 
don  this  spot,  with  a  body 
i-eparing  to  attack  Crown 
1  of  the  French:  the  British 
tnd  several  of  the  places  of 
t    The  French  army,  then 
mmanded  by  General  Dies- 
rnied  that  the  gamson  at 
provided  to  siistain  a  siege, 
:o  seize  on  so  important  a 
ver,  had  gained  intelligence 
lespatchedColonelWilliams 
,  with  a  thousand  regulars, 
cour  Fort  Edward.    When 
»d  that  place,  he  discovered 
id  supposed,  and  that  a  siege 
icult:  he  determined,  there- 
irch  as  he  had  originally  m- 
^ght,  and,  crossing  the  steep 
us  the  eastern  barrier  of  Lafce 
e  army  of  Johnston,  cncamp- 
•  below.     It  was  about  noon, 
as  Colonel  Williams  and  his 
nanow  defde  of  the  moun- 
stance  of  Fort  Edward,  tliat 
Li-my  in  the  road  before  them, 
idly  file  was  pomed  in  tront 
illiams,  while  the  Indians  at- 
1  who  had  placed  themselve^ 
woods  upon  their  flanks,  and 
s  cruelty  to  the  overwhelming 
lose  who  escaped  the  bloody 
.  but  Williams  and  Hendrick 
ntly  at  the  head  of  the  troops; 
e  road  is  yet  pointed  out  as 
I,  and  still  preserves,  in  me- 
■  of  miliams's  HacK.    Baron 


FOHT   WItllAM  HENRT.  fW' 

Oieskau  pursued  the  fugitives  down  the  defile,  and  attacked 
General  Johnston's  army,  as  they  lay  entrenclicd  m  then- 
camp  The  fortune  of  Uie  d.iv,  however,  no  lonircr  accom- 
panied him.  His  army  fought  long,  and  with  persevering 
valour,  but,  deserted  by  their  Indian  -Ihcs,  they  were  at  last 
forced  to  retreat.  The  rcti-eat  was  worse  than  the  batUe ; 
for.  iust  as  the  exhausted  remnant  of  the  army  had  aiTived 
at  tlie  defile  where  they  had  .lefcated  Williams  in  the  mDni- 
inff,  and  had  seated  themselves  to  snatch  a  moment  s  rest, 
they  were  attacked  by  a  body  of  ti-oops  tluit  had  been 
despatched  from  Fort  Edward  to  assist  Gcneiid  Johnston,  and 
totally  defeated.  TI.ul,  within  the  circle  of  foui-  miles,  and 
in  one  day,  were  fought  three  desperate  battles,  and  a  pond 
near  the  roadside,  into  which  the  bodies  ot  the  dead  soldiers 
were  thrown,  still  preserves  in  its  name,  the  Bloody  1  and, 
a  record  of  an  event  wliich  has  left  no  other  U-aces  ot  its  oc- 

''"sh'Wiiliam  Johnston  wxs  rewar*cl,  for  the  exploits  of  the 
dav.  with  five  thousand  pounds  sterling,  and  tlie  title  ot 
Baronet  was  conferred  on  hhn  by  the  King  ot  Great  I  ntam. 
The  fate  of  Dieskau  is  uncertain  :  the  tradition  of  the  sur- 
rounding country  still  says,  that,  being  wounded  m  the  bat- 
tie,  and  unable  to  retreat,  he  loaned  against  a  tree;  a  sol- 
dier approaclied  to  seizejiim  as  a  prisoner,  bi  t  mistaking  a 
movement  which  he  made  to  take  out  his  watch  and  offer  it 
to  his  captor,  for  an  attempt  to  i-aise  a  pistol,  he  shot  him  on 
the  spot.    The  unfortunate  chief  was  conveyed.  mortaUy 
wounded,  to  the  camp,  and  expired  -n  the  bed  "' Jo>"«  »"• 
The  events  of  this  dreadful  dry  caused  the  "^mediate 
erection  of  Fort  William  Henry ,  but  they  were  not  the  last 
events  of  the  same  nature,  of  which  this  spot  wa.s  to  be  the 
scene.    As  soon  as  the  fortress  was  erected,  the  F  vencli  be- 
eame  sensible  of  the  necessity  of  reducing  or  destroying  it. 
Accordingly,  three  attempts  were  made  to  ta.ke  it;  but  they 
aU  proved  unsuccessful.     In  the  year  1757,  ''"wevcr^about 
two  years  after  its  erection,  the  Marquis  de  Montcalm,  who 
tlien  commanded  the  French  army,  ^«te"n.ned  to  besiege  it 
in  form.    In  August  of  that  year,  he  landed  ten  tlioui«ind 
men  on  the  shor!  of  the  lake,  and  summoned  the  torti-css  to 
r^der,  the  place  where  he  landed  is.  still  pomted  ou^ 
and  the  remains  of  his  batteries  are  yet  visible.     He    mu  * 
powerfal  train  of  artillery,  and  altliough  the  tort  wid  worto 


72  MJIT  VH-I-l*"  HEJ»Rt-rO»T  OXOEGE. 

1  w-,n,  three  thousand  men,  and  were  most 
were  eM'r^^""^'^;^'*^,'  ^Srcomm^^^^^^    Colonel  Monroe,  A 

munition,  and  above  all,  the  ™^  °' j.^rt  Edward  with 

vice,  and  butchered  them  ' '  "i^^;^,*';^^^^^^^^  j^tUe  children 
without  distinction,  »"^\,ritt  1^^^^^^^  ^he 

with  ^''^<=«"^«t;?"f "  °y;fo  "JtiS.  thro,.gh  the  defile  of 
massacre  continued  all  -^'""S  "?';'"';, '  mUemble  prisoners, 
the  mountains  and  for_many  m  c  .  them^cmDK-i 

especially  fos..n\  ^^^^^:^^^':^i^r>,lo.ly  ,Mle, 
down  m  cold  blood.   U  "^'S'"  ;\\"     ,,  ^  of  the  battles 

for  it  was  the  ««'^e  gf"""^ijf  Ti     aiS^t  eftort.  w.re 

"'YL°Sren  h  '  Sthl  barbarians,  but  they  were 
madebyUiel-rencnioies  ^^^  gamson 

„ot  restitunedi  and  the  "J'^";'^".™,,^,^^^  by  ti>e  liu^^ 

with  difficulty  reached  l^^'V^f^^^i  P;[^!^opJ    » i  passed 

although  escorted  by  a  ^^l^l^^^t^;'':^:\^c\.  tiis  tra- 

all  tw^ender  it  interesting  to  tlie  traveller.    The  vie^  -rom 
vt  up"the  lake,  is  exceedingly  beauulul.    On  dw  u^M^  the 

»  sUliman'a  Travels,  163. 


-FORT  OXOmSE. 

sand  men,  and  were  most 
ander  Colonel  Monroe,  it 
e  most  honourable  terms 
;,  in  consideration  of  his 
'eat  guns,  the  want  of  am- 
lure  of  Gentral  Webb  to 
'  idle  at  Fort  Edward  with 
les  of  this  catastrophe. 
,  most  shamefully  broken, 
m's  army,  while  the  troops 

the  fort,  diagged  the  men 
Indians  in  Uie  English  ser- 
L  blood  i  they  plundered  all 
•1  women  and  little  children 
iKKravated  barbarity.  The 
>  road,  through  the  defile  ot 
cs,  the  miserable  prisoners, 
nK  tomahawked  and  hewn 
.11  be  called  the  bloody  dejilc, 
was  the  scene  of  the  battles 

It  is  said,  that  eft'orts  were 
l,c  barbarians,  but  they  were 
ble  remnant  of  the  garrison 
kard,  pursued  by  tlie  Indians, 
•  French  troops.  "  1  passed 
unaii,  "  upon  which  this  tra- 

nieii  of  the  country  still  rc- 
iifaniy." 

elled  to  the  ground  by  Mont- 
It.  Fort  George  was  built  .is 
mmanding  site,  and  dthough 

of  subsequent  wai-s,  was  not 
jlc  event.* 

;s  of  the  army  of  General  Bur- 
iiiquibhed  his  connection  wiUi 
;o  push  his  fr-*unes,  without 
j  in  the  rear, 
ctions,  whici.  this  spotrcwes, 

the  traveller.    The  view  from 

beauiilui.    Oil  Uie  nslit*  ^^ 

Travels,  i63. 


LAKE  oeougb.  " 

mountain  comer  immediately  down  to  the  water,  leaving 
scarcely  room  for  a  few  neat  settlements,  which  stand  prettily 
at  its  foot.  On  the  left,  the  hills  mount  immediately  Irom  the 
plain,  at  the  distance  of  about  half  a  mile  from  the  lake,  but 
soon  winding  around,  project  into  it  in  a  bold  promontoiy : 
they  are  covered  with  a  thick  forest,  which  at  the  toot  is 
formed  of  deciduous  trees,  intermixed  with  evergreens ;  but 
as  they  rise,  pine,  hemlock,  spruce  and  fir,  assuirs  then-  pre- 
rogative,  and  clothe  the  summits  with  perpetual  verdure.  In 
front,  a  number  of  beautiful  wooded  islands  are  seen  ;  and 
beyond  them,  the  mountains,  interlocking  for  a  great  distance 
in  a  variety  of  sliades.  .    .    ,  „. 

We  now  enter  Caldwell,  the  capital  of  Warren  county,  a 
flourishing  town,  containing  about  sixty  houses,  a  printing 
office,  a  neat  church,  and  the  public  buildings  of  the  county. 
The  hotel  is  large,  commodious  and  well  furnished,  so  that 
travellers  who  visit  the  lake  will  not  suflier  for  want  ot  ac- 
commodation. It  is  named  after  .lames  Caldwell,  a  gentle- 
man to  whose  liberality  and  public  spirit  it  owes  its  existence, 
and  who  has  conferred  on  the  whole  district  inestimable  be- 
nefits by  his  individual  enterprise. 

After  reposing  at  night  from  the  fatigues  of  a  rough  and 
uncomfortable  journey  from  Saratoga,  tlie  Uaveller  should 
arise  with  the  dawn  of  day,  to  behold  the  beautiful  sceneiy 
of  the  lake,  and  sail  for  ..-  hour  on  its  placid  bosom.  It  is 
hardly  necessary  for  us  to  describe  the  enjoyment  of  such  an 
excuKion;  but  the  description  which  has  been  given  by  a 
traveller,  who  seems  to  unite  with  a  profound  and  accurate 
knowledge  of  the  works  of  nature,  a  glowing  perception  ot 
her  beauties,  and  a  peculiar  felicity  in  depicting  them,  is  so 
graphically  correct,  that  we  shall  take  tlie  liberty  ot  msert- 

'"  "\n  the  first  gray  of  the  morning,"  says  Mr.  Siliiman, 
««I  was  in  the  balcony  of  the  inn,  tidminng  the  fine  outline 
of  the  mountains  by  which  Lake  George  is  environed,  and 
the  masses  of  pure  snowy  vapour,  which,  unrutHed  by  tlie 
slightest  breeze,  slumbered  on  its  ciystid  bosom.  During 
all  the  preceding  days  of  the  tour,  there  had  not  been  a 
clear  morning ;  but  now,  not  u  cloud  spotted  the  expanse  of 
the  heavens,  and  the  skv  and  the  lake  conspired  to  exalt 
men'  feature  of  this  unriviiUed  landsr-ape. 
G 


74 


LAKK  (IKORCIB. 


doBcd,  Mnd  "*^'' *'"^;y  .,,'„  ^..tii-ct .  while  tlie  r  reversed 
^.as  '-■'dere/  f;*ffllSd  fromihe  m^  exquisite  of  all 
images,  P^'-^^*;^  y/i^Sns7endent  in  U.e  deep,  and  ad- 
STbrthlXeTto~ 'which  at  the  aan^e  moment 

v.-aa  anxious  to  enjoy,  tiotn  *»"«  P  °J''"°"V„  ^n,e  we  had 

clivity,  wlnle  the  tw m  bwTici  o  ^^^^.^^ 

shade,  ^'"f  JV^^"/;,.  surface  perfecUy  distinct,  began  to 
^"^'''Ttse'i^inTo  Jinlow^  "ami  clouds  and  cstles.  and  to  re- 
^T  fnl  the  wate^l.  if  conscious  that  its  donumon  must 
cede  liom  the  y^*'!?,^  .  ,  f  ^he  vapoui-  formed  a  very 
„owbeves.gned     Thcieticato   tne      p     ^^^^^^^^ 

beaviUlul  part  ^f/'^^^^^^  '  the  bosom  of  the  lake,  soon 

.  This  poHibly  .s  ,n  '^^f^ZlX'^^''^^^^'  ^^  7 
Iwd  I  Ww  ao  otUtr  word  lh«t  d)d. 


lAKT.  Monr.r.- 


n 


rapid  progress  -,  but  the 
g,  that  form  the  eastern 
lingering  shadows  ot  the 
dawn  was  now  fully  dis- 
■ast  with  their  dark  sides, 
ti  while  their  rcvewed 
the  most  exqxiisite  of  all 
ident  in  tlie  deep,  and  ad- 
lich  at  the  same  moment 

le  evening  before,  and  we 
and  hastened  to  old  Fort 
)ne,  still  twenty  feet  high, 
,  rise  upon  a  lull,  about 
hem  shore  of  the  lake.  I 
iropitious  spot,  the  advaiic- 
lich,  by  the  time  we  had 
T  upon  the  mountain  tops, 
augmented  by  notliing  but 
g  of  day. 

s,  those  that  form  the  west- 
(lated  down  their  entire  dc- 
the  eastern  shore,  except 
ladow.    The  va])ouv,  which 
Itcned  blending  of  light  and 
only  in  spots,  and  Iclt  its 
perfectly  distinct,  began  to 
louds  and  castles,  and  to  re- 
cious  that  its  dominion  must 
of  the  vapoui-  formed  a  very 
it  was  the  moveable  light 
the  bosom  of  the  lake,  soon 
»s  of  the  mountains.    At  the 
miles,  the  lake  turns  to  the 
rhlands  i  to  the  left  is  North- 
visible  from  the  foit.    The 
oint  of  juncture  between  tlie 

d,  meaning  the  rows  of  hay  that  are 
«ic  hay  fs  thrown  into  heaps.  U 
jptared  in  »omf  places  on  the  lake, 


lake  and  the  bay,  ri>^os  into  lofty  peaks  und  ndges,  and  fonns 
in  appearance  the  norllicin  tK  •..m.ty  ol  the  lake.  Up  these 
mountains,  which  arc  even  more  grand  and  lofty  than  those 
along  the  margin,  the  vapour,  accumulated  by  a  very  dlignt 
movement  of  the-  utnio.phevc  from  the  south,  rolled  m  un- 
mense  masses,  every  moment  chutignig  their  torni ;  now 
obscuring  the  mount;v.Ms  almost  entuely,  and  now  veilmg 
tiieir  sides,  but  permitting  their  tops  to  emerge,  m  uncloud- 

""  ••"Anxioils  to  witness,  from  the  surface  of  the  lake,  the 
first  appearance  of  the  sun's  orb,  we  returned  to  our  boat, 
and  in  a  few  moments  reached  the  desired  position.  Oppo- 
site  to  u.i,  in  the  direction  -wards  the  nsing  sun,  was  a  place 
or  notch,  lower  than  the  general  ridge  of  the  mountains,  and 
formed  by  the  intersecting  curves  of  two  dechvitaes. 

"  Precisely  through  this  place,  were  poured  iipon  us  the 
first  rays,  which  darted  dcwn,  in  lines  of  burnished  gold, 
divermng  and  distinct,  as  if  in  a  diagram.    The  ndge  ot  the 
eastern  mountains  was  fringed  with  Sre,  for  a  mile      rhe 
numerous  islands,  so  elegantly  spnnkled  tluwugh  th.   Ufce, 
and  which  recently  appeared  and  d.sappeared  throu«    the 
rolling  clouds  of  mist,  now  received  the  threct  rays  of  tht  sun, 
and  formed  so  many  gilded  gardens      At  i<f\'^^^^^^^'^' 
'  rejoicing  in  his  strength,'  and  as  he  liaised  the  UPP-^  ^dge 
of  his  burning  disk  into  view,  in  a  circle  of  celestial  hie,  the 
sight  was  tuo  glorious  to  behold ;— it  seemed,  when  th'>  hill 
orb  was  disclosed,  as  if  he  looked  down  with  oompUicency, 
into  one  of  the  most  beautiful  spots  in  this  lower  world,  and, 
as  if  gloriously  representing  his  great  Creator,  he  pronounced 
it  '  all  very  good.'    I  ccilainly  never  before  saw  the  sun  nse 
with  so  much  majesty.     I  have  "ot  exaggerated  the  effect ; 
and,  without  doubt,  it  arises  pnncipally  from  the  fact,  that 
Lake  George  is  so  completely  environed  by  a  barrier  oi  high 
mountains,  that  it  is  in  deep  shade,  while  the  world^«)und 
is  in  Ught;  and  the  sun,  already  risen  for  some  Ome,  does  not 
dart  a  single  ray  on  this  imprisoned  lake,  tdl,  having  gamed 
considerable  elevation,  he  bursts,  all  at  once,  over  the  fiery 
ridge  of  the  eastern  mountains,  and  pours,  not  a  honzontaj, 
but  a  descending  flood  of  light,  which  instantly  pi«^'':'"g  the 
deep  shadows  ^at  rest  on  the  water,  and  on  the  western 
side  of  the  eastern  ban-icr,  produces  the  finest  possible  effects 
of  contra.st.  When  Uic  sun  had  attained  a  LtUe  height  nbose 


76 


I.1K.B  sEonat.' 


♦i,»  mAuMttin  we  observed  a  cmioxis  effect :  a  perfect  cmic 

veacLed  the  western  »  >"J^,;  »"**  ^''^^•/effect  i^^pjosite  to 
represented  a  gjded  sa-epje.     ^  *«  «»ect  ^JP^^^^y^ 

rpc^oVsZe^^^cStfe^T^       shipe  of  the  su.^.ts 
of  the  mountains  at  this  place.  ,„,.._,  _f  t  .ke  Georcc 

its  shores  seem  to  be  composed  of  P"™*rL'*f„d  insoluble 
rStbslIl^erq  tte  wave,  find  nothin^^^^^^^  tbTu - 

ru"n5te^szt:?ortsrS^^^^^^^^ 

and  renders  them  turbid,  f  f"^!^.  Xi'^^Y'the  finest  kind ; 
Ti.p  late  abounds  in  fish,  and  those  oi  inc  u»t  • 

there  was  a  man  in  th>»  vicinity,  wl^o  had  U.e  »^"^^^^^^^ 
rrXrt2'e"X';~  SiilnT'^^^^^^^  "V*"-    Heu,«ltoacca- 


plac 
and. 


thii 
rng 
nic 
hai 
mv 
de 
ne 
tw 
wl 
by 

toi 


nil 
al 
aw 

bil 


IS  effect :  a  perfect  cone 
sun,  lav  upon  the  water, 
thich  reached  hulf  across 
ine  of  parallel  rays,  which 
lie  whole  very  perfectly 
this  effect  i»  opposite  to 
Iffence,  it  must  probably 
the  shape  of  the  summits 

he  waters  of  Lake  George 
,  of  the  people  who  reside 
it  has  no  bottom ;  but  this 
t  inland  sheet  of  water,  ot 
shows  that  it  has  probably 
Iff  longer  than  the  lines  ot 
s  remarkable,  and  no  tem- 
y  be  distinctly  seen  biUng 
I  the  surface.     The  cause 
if  these  waters  is  obvious, 
ities  of  transition  limestone, 
f  primitive  rocks,  made  up 
r  very  firm  and  insoluble 
1  the  lake  is  fed  flow  over 
s  find  nothing  to  dissolve, 
ed      Clay,  which  abounds 
mti^uous  lake  (Champlain) 
;  exists  here. 

d  those  of  the  finest  kind ; 
rred,  and  the  salmon  trout 
which  are  elsewhere  found; 
I  frequently  weigh  from  ten 

nd  the  lake  arc  steep  and 
uraUst  a  fine  field  for  obser- 

all  primitive,  covered  with 
and  mhabited  only  by  deer, 

the  last  of  which  are  very 
ned  by  the  rocks,  m  some 

:.  Sillimnn, "  that  a  few  ye«"  ""j^^f 
ad  the  singular  power  and  the  stiu 

undsd  by  thcni.    He  ustd  to  »cca- 


t.AKF.  nroME.  ■• 

«l9rr«  are  remarkably  elistinct ,  and  their  wild  projections, 
ffiutting  p'-TontorL,  present  a  scene  of  be»uty,  lor  ever 
varvinir  with  the  light,  but  always  grand. 

The  lake  is  crowded  with  little  islands,  which  appear,  co- 
vered with  trees,  to  have  risen  as  if  by  magic  from  the  water, 
on  whkh  they  seem  t„  flo.at.  The  one  which  is  chiefly  visrt- 
ed.  though  perhaps  it  is  imt  the  most  pictm-esquc,  ,^  Diamond 
hlund!^5oolt  four  miles  from  Caldwell,  where  the  quartz 
crystals  are  found.  .        ,  _       _„„_.. 

This  small  island,  scarcely  covermg  the  area  of  a  conmion 
kitc£Sen,  is  inhabited  by  a  famUy.  who  occupy  a  snmll 
but  comfortable  house,  and  constantly  explore  the  rocks  for 
mstol™  These  are  found  lining  the  caviUes,  and  fonning 
Ss  in  the  limestone.  These  cavities  are  often  bnlhantly 
Sed  with  them ,  and  doubtless  it  arose  from  thcu:  falling 
out?  by  the  disinte^tion  of  the  rock,  that  the  crystals  were 
foimerly  found  on  the  shores  of  the  island,  and  in  the  water. 
\t^freLnt  thev  arc  scarcely  obtained  at  aU,  except  by 
breaS  the  i4C  The  imWiate  matrix  of  the  crystal, 
seems  to  be  a  mixture  of  fine  granular  quartz  with  liie  hme- 
stoTe :  it  is  impressible  by  steel,  but  someUmes  does  not 
iSe^e  with  acids,  though  ffenerally  .t  does  «td  feeWy 
scratches  glass.  The  crystals  of  this  locality  are  ot  the 
commonfo?-m,  verylimpii  and  often  contain  a  dark  coloured 

^trUtgl^trnd^f^m  Caldwell  northw^^ 
thirtytix  miiel  to  the  celebrated  pass  where  iW  Ticmde- 
St  built,  olie  of  the  most  important  posts  in  the  cominu- 
Son  between  the  United  States  and  Canada,  and  which 
hM  been  the  scene  of  frequent  contests.  There  the  com- 
munication  is  reduced  to  a  small  strait,  which  has  a  mp.d 
TsSent  of  two  hundred  feet  in  one  mile,  round  which  it  is 
ne^tsarv  to  pass  by  land  carriage.  The  strait  continuea 
twewTmu"sCc«iL«  Point,  anV'  ifTP"-^"^  f"'"^^^'' 
where  it  empties  into  Lake  Champlam,  whence  the  passage 
by  waterTuninterruptcd  into  the  St.  Lawrence.  Tte  navi- 
E  of  Lake  Geoi^e  is  by  means  of  rafts  and  Bat  boats  of 
four  or  five  tons  burthen. 

mulatc  numbers  of  them  in  thi.  manner,  for  ?""";*?  .fi^Vu'tattJll  l\X 

^„,i^.fjisrsr.ara"sic'rh^.r.ts;«v"Sk^ 

bitten,  and  died." 


iwsie(itfc»»Bh»*>*  !• 


7» 


liKt  dCOIIOI. 


In  roturninir  from  I.ake  GeorRe  to  Saratoga,  or  Albany, 
volume. 


WfHlil|-Jl«li 


ROVTS  TO  rklU  OF  MAOAU. 


ALBANY  TO  THE  FALL3  OF  NIAGATIA. 

M.  M. 

AtBATCT  to  Schencctftdy !•» 

Cross  Mohawk  Hivcr  ^i 

Haveley's  Tavern „  „g 

Groat's  Tavern      -    -    -    ;    *    '    " 

Cross  Chuctenunda  Creek  to  _    .      4  33 

Amsterilam ^f 

Tripe's  Hill-    -    -    - ^  ^g 

Caughnawaga  -    •  1  43 

.Johnson's  Creek  *  To 

ConnoUy's  Tavern "  ' 

Palatine  Lower  Bridge °  ^ 

Palatine  Upper  Village *  "i 

Palatine  Church    -    -    -    "    "    ■    •    "      -  -. 

Oppenheim,  on  East  Canada  Creek  ■    '      I  i.\ 

Little  FalU  Village 7  « 

West  Canada  Creek ^  |^ 

Herkimer .'.'.'.      6  93 

Schuyler 

Cross  Mohawk  River  to  ...      8  101 

Utica 4  105 

Hartford '.    "    .    13  118 

Vernon ^  jgS 

Oneida  Creek  •    -.  ■    •    '    "  . "    "    *    ,,  i^j, 

Canesaraga,  on  Canesaraga  Creek     -    ■    11  "* 

Chitteningo  River ■    •      "^^  ^^ 

Manlius ^'1''"*      «  14.0 

JamesvUle,  on  Butternut  Creek    ■    -    -      6  14» 

Onondaga  HoUow.  on  Onondaga  Creek      4  153 

l"'Su^  ■ : '.  ■-  ■  ■  ■  ■-  -  -  9  il* 

Keateless,  outlet  of  Skeneateless  Lake  6  169 

Auburn,  outlet  of  Owasco  Lake  -    -    ■      °  "' 

East  Cayuga ,'•.■'      %  ia« 

Cayuga  Bndge,  across  Cayuga  Lake     -      1  l»^ 

Seneca  Falls 4    193 

Waterloo fi    199 

Cteneva 


«>tM.iswi«<0  jB.»(»*»Si 


,  i^p^>isi>iii<,-?i**A««*fcWs*«i*»'-*-* 


80  BOUTl  TO  »AtU  01   IIUOAIA— TO   BW*10. 

M.      M. 

Crosi  C»n*nd«igua  outlet  to  i*    01 « 

Cuimndaipia      -    - l    %a 

Bloom«icW  Church fi    ^^ 

Honeoye  Creek "^  ,.    ^^j 

Lima _  y    .^.^^ 

Avon  ■    - •    '    ^  1    r,^  J, 

t.enesee  River _    249 

Caledonia 

CroM  Allen's  Ore  ;k  to  .  5    254 

I'C  Hoy    - ■  5    259 

Black  Creek 7    266 

Batavia    ■-•■"'■■■'  4    270 
Tonncwanta  Creek    .    .    -    -    - 

Murder  Creek \0    iW 

Cross  ElUcott's  Creek  to 

WilliamBviUe *    "  19    306 

Buffalo '      2    308 

Black  Rock '  a    -jifi 

Tonnewanta  Creek '       6    322 

Cayuga  Creek  - "  _    „„- 

.Faim  o»  Niaoaba '^    '*^' 


Albakt  to  .        .  .    „      1  o 

Junction  of  Erie  and  ChamplainCanaU  » 

lx.wer  Aqueduct  over  the  Mohawk  ■    -  4  1^ 

WatHoixUap ^  J- 

Fort*»  Ferry ,  ,g 

ViBcher'8  Ferry     -    •    -    -    '    •'    '  t  i* 

Upper  Aqueduct  over  the  Mohawk  *    "  ^  gg 

Schenectady „q 

pUttekiU  Aqueduct  - '  -^^ 

Chuctenunda  Aqueduct      --,■•"  *1  ^ 

Schoharie  Creek  and  Guard-Lock     '    '  *  ^" 

Voorhees's,  LockNo.36    -    -    -    *    "  *  *? 

Anthony's  Nose  and  MitoheU'8  Cave     -  6  61 

Canaioharie ,  "    '    "    "  i  ta 

CSwrd-Look,  OtsquadB  Creek  -    -    -    -  ^  /« 


Cby  the  Canal.  J 


nplain  Canal*  8 

Mohawk  -    -  4  12 

3  15 

2  17 

2  19 

;  Mohawk  -    -  5  24 

4  28 

5  33 

13  46 

rd-Lock     -    •  *  *2 
5  55 

iheU'sCave    •  6  61 

6  67 

reek .    -    -    •  3  7'» 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


I.I 


11.25 


Jria  iiM 

•S  IM    ||||22 

1.4    11.6 


6" 


Photographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(716)  872-4503 


Vj 


CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHM/ICMH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute 


for  Historical  Microreproductions  /  Institut  canadien  de  microreproductions  historiques 


KocTK  TO  rnvrtAto. 

M.        M. 

Nowadaga  Creek 11      l\ 

Little  Falls %      ™ 

German  FlaU "    ' ,  *    "  t      la. 

Steel's  Creek,  Aqueduct  and  Feeder   -  8      »o 

Myers's  Creek ^      ^ 

Long  Level  commences I    uvi 

Ferguson's  Creek,  Aqueduct  -    -    -    -  «    J"' 

Clark's  Creek,  Aqueduct I    um 

TJtica  .-----•'•""* 

Sadaquada  Aqueduct ?     119 

Whitesborough o     iic 

Oriskany ^    "* 

Mansion-House,  Rome 0    i^i 

Wood  Creek '  j    ti^ 

Smith's  Verona *    ?^" 

Oneida  Creek c    lii 

Canastota i    iao 

New  Boston I    leS 

Chitteningo  Creek t    ifift 

Manlius  Landing 2    i«« 

End  of  Long  Level 1     ifiQ 

Syracuse *    J_, 

Geddes ^    "J 

Otisco  Aqueduct «    las 

Canton «    100 

Jordan ^    f°^ 

Weed's  Basin ^    \aa 

BucksvUle -^5^° 

Montezuma ,;     01 « 

Clyde "215 

Lyons a    910 

Newark ^    230 

Palmyra  -    ■    -    - ^    tZ 

Mud  Creek,  Aqueduct ,0    o«" 

FuUam's  Basin o    0 -I 

Hartwell's  Basin    -    -    -    -    -    -    '    'i    5« 

Great  Embankment  over  Irondequot  Creek  i    ^ao 

pittsfo^-  ■  -  -  -  -  ;  ;  ;  :  :    I  2S 

Rochester t    or? 

King's  Basin "    '    •    "      6    ^7* 


tt 


.i       i»' 


8'^- 


ts 


XOVTS  TO  imAlO— BIVIATIOK. 


M.      M. 

3    277 


Webber's  Basin 3    280 

Spencer's  Basin „    „„» 

Bates  ViUage ^    ^~ 

Brockport  -■■■::::::  e  293 

'Holley     - 6    299 

Smith's  Basm o    ino 

Sandy  Creek  Embankment     -    -    -    •  J    J^ 

Newport      - I  1     304 

Gaines's  Basin ,     „«- 

Otter  Creek  Embankment «    w 

Clark's  Brook *    ^"^ 

ArchRoad-Way %    1.'^ 

Oak  Orchard  Aqueduct 5    317 

ftfiddlepOrt ,      ngn 

Boyalton  Embankment 9    331 

I^ockport     ; -    33g 

Sulphur  Springs „    „,g 

Pendleton «'    T    '    '    " 

Entrance  of  Tonnewanta  Creek 

Leave  Tonnewanta  Creek q    «b 

BUck  Rock  Harbour 4    362 

BnrrALO --• 


An 

being 
merly 
but  a 
to  th( 
brokt 
The 
princ 
iar  aa 


DEVIATION. 
By  Cakahdaioca,  Rochsstbb,  and  Liwistowh. 

Cajtaitoaiota  to  jj 

Mendon  .--- ^  gg 

Pittsford ^"  g  3Q 

RoCHBSTBa 

Greece -  ^j 

Parma ~  ^g 

Clarkson L  « 

Sandy  Creek ^  g^ 

Gaines     -- -  »q 

Oak  Orchard '  ii  aj, 

Hartland '.    '    '.  U  95 

Cambria «.  j»n 

Lkwisxows xj  **« 


BtTIATtOV. 


ek 


M. 

3 

3 

3 

4 

6 

6 

3 

1 

1 

1 

2 

3 

2 

5 

5 

9 

5 

2 


M. 

277 

280 

283 

287 

293 

299 

302 

303 

304 

305 

307 

310 

312 

317 

322 

331 

336 

338 


12  350 
8  358 
4  362 


ON. 

BH,  Onrf  LlWISTOWH. 

....  15 

,  .  .  .  .  7  22 

.  .  .  -  .  8  30 

,  ,  .  .  -  5  35 

6  41 

7  48 

7  55 

8  63 

7  70 

14  84 

11  95 

15  110 


SCRIHSCTAOr. 

Aldast  to  the  Faih  op  Niaoaiia. 


83 


\FTBm  leaving  Albany,  the  first  stage  is  sixteen  miles  to 
Schetudady.  It  is  one  of  the  most  dreary  rides  in  the  world, 
beinir  a  deep  sandy  soil,  covered  with  gloomv  forests.  For- 
merly, the  road  was  very  bad,  from  the  depth  of  the  sand  j 
but  a  jrood  turnpike  is  now  formed,  which  does  great  honour 
to  the  enterprise  of  the  country.  The  ground  is  in  general 
broken  and  sandy,  and  in  ite  natural  state  extremely  baiten. 
The  white  pine,  blended  in  places  with  the  cedar,  is  the 
principal  timber  of  the  district,  and  spreads  on  either  hand 
far  as  the  eye  can  reach  over  these  broad  plains— 

Undlque  solers, 

Arva  coronantem  nutrire  Favencia  pinum— 

but  on  the  margins  of  the  streams,  it  is  mixed  with  some 
white  oak,  black  oak,  and  white  bu«h,  and  with  a  few  trees 
of  red  flowering  maple.  The  water  courses  which  cross  the 
road  flow  north-east  towards  tlie  Mohawk,  and  have  some 
fine  extensive  farms  upon  their  alluvial  bottoms. 

Before  reaching  Schenectady,  from  a  hul  the  traveller  lias 
a  full  view  of  tlie  adjacent  country.  The  town  itself,  stand- 
inff  on  the  fertile  meadows  of  the  Mohawk,  presents  a  nch 
and  lively  picture,  which  is  strongly  contrasted  with  the 
ban-en  scene  we  have  just  passed. 

In  a  geological  point  of  view,  according  to  Professor  Eaton, 
the  whole  of  this  district  belongs  to  the  transition  and  se- 
condar>'  foi-mations:  tlie  argilUte  (or  common  slate)  evidently 
underlays  the  whole.  The  graywacke  overlays  the  arpUite, 
and  conceals  it,  in  most  of  the  middle  and  western  parts  ot 
the  county.  No  well-characterized  red  sandstone  (fireestone) 
or  breccia,  was  found  in  place.  Fragments  however  of  the 
latter  have  been  observed  in  the  south  part  of  the  county,  at- 
tached to  large  blocks  of  graywacke  slate.  The  graywacke 
is  often  covered  with  shell  Umestone,  which  last  is  frequently 
overlayed  by  secondary  sandstone,  or  rather,  calcareous  sand- 
stone.  Large  blocks  of  primitive  rock  are  frequently  found 
reposing  on  the  soil,  yet  the  above  enumemted  rocks  are 
aU  that  are  found  in  place.    These  blocks  were  evidently 


''■S 


n 


4 


'    »tl 


84  ■CKIJIUCTABT— lir»IA»  MAM^CBE. 

wir   u,hrh  is  here  about  one  hundred  and  htty  yaras  wicie. 

togirwhich  the  M..huwk  spreads,  norUe  '*«  "Jabvtonte 
beTn  backward  in  pursuing  these  advantages,  but  appear  to 

.tXnyfu  SS  te.To1  into  the  citizens,  they  determ.ned, 
S  iinSimtion  and  despair,  to  abandon  the,r  {.omes  and^ 


tiif  s; 

otl't'iv 

•■xcrl 

"  this 

lieai't 

Our  ( 

nist  1 

by  M 

ai  Ihi 

tlon, 

iniriii 

tlic  : 

affof 

Tl 

a  po 

and 

the  1 

towr 

[Tore 

I'ul  i 

slruc 

S( 

sani( 

siiry 

noui 

a  re: 

took 

in  it 

in  tl 

(Jon 

csta 

and 

vidi 

laisi 

one 

truii 

groi 

con 

cd 

con 

('i)U 

tl'V. 


-England,  or  some  other 
inre  shall  not  attempt  t(» 

d  at  the  foot  of  tlie  hills, 
he  south  side  of  the  Mo- 
Ired  and  fifty  yards  wide, 
than  most  of  the  towns 
settlement  of  New-York, 
;ee  thousand  inhabitants, 
aensive  and  elegant;  and 
isure  to  it  the  benefits  ot 
li  and  prosperous  country 
3;  nor  have  its  inhabitants 
ivantages,  but  appear  to 
and  increasing  trade, 
old  town,  which  owes  its 
country  from  the  inroads 
wn  recalls  many  facts  ot 
February  1690,  as  we  ai-e 
abitants  alUiough  histor)_ 
ling  party  of  French  and 
;fore  daybglit  in  the  mom- 
beds  by  tlie  explosion  of 
"their  savage  enemies,  an 
rhe  mother  and  the  babe, 
er  and  sister    shared  the 
Imost  naked,  tlwough  frost 
.  tidings  to  Albany. 
i  one  of  the  most  tragical 
that  liave  occmTed,  witli 
>ents,  for  upwards  of  two 
ntier  still  presents  us,  from 
1  of  ferocious  warfare  ;  but 
Uy  approaching,  when  the 
I,  and  the  red  and  the  white 
I  brothers. 

L  Schenectady  was  known 
!  citizens?  they  determined, 
bandon  their  homes  and  all 
Bn  remwn  exposed  to  the 
mber  of  Mohawk  chieftains 
(,  immediately  on  learning' 


SCHESECTADT — USIOIT   COllEOE. 


85 


the  sad  event,  hastened  to  console  and  animate  them.  They 
otlt-rod  tliein  their  iiid;  thi'y  incited  them  to  honourable 
exertion.  "  1)0  not  puck  up  and  go  away,"  they  c-xclaimedi 
"  this  will  give  comiigc  to  your  diistardly  enemy !  Take 
lieart ;  we  are  resolute,  as  to 'our  parts,  to  continue  the  war. 
Our  chain  is  a  strong  cliain;  it  is  a  silver  chain;  it  can  neither 
nist  nor  be  broken!"  The  whole  speech  has  been  preserved 
by  Mr.  Colden,  in  liis  History  of  tlie  Five  Nations;  and  even 
ai  this  distant  period,  it  is  impossible  to  read  it  witliout  emo- 
tion, without  respecting  its  aff'ectionale  synipiitiiy,  and  ad- 
miring its  magnanimous  spirit,  and  witliout  ranking  it  among 
tlie  most  respectable  models  of  eloquence  wliicli  liistory 

affords.  _/.,•■ 

The  Mohawks  however,  then  tlie  most  powerful  tribe  ot 
a  powerful  nation,  have  now  disappeared  from  ilie  world  ; 
and  all  that  yet  remains  to  attest  tlieir  former  existence,  is 
the  name  of  tlie  beautiful  stream  upon  whicli  is  situated  tlie 
town  of  Schenectady.  Its  current,  once  stuiued  with  human 
gore,  now  flows,  gentle,  pure  and  steady,  tlirougli  llie  peaee- 
iul  settlements  of  the  people  whom  they  saved  from  de- 
struction. 

Sclienectady  is  the  scat  of  justice  for  the  county  of  the 
same  name,  and  as  sucli  contains  .:.-  ■■>'al  buildings  neces- 
sary for  courts  of  justice  and  prisons.  It  is  also  more  ho- 
nourably remarkable,  as  having  within  its  limits  Union  <  ;olleso, 
a  respectable  litenirv  institution,  iiicorpor.iud  in  1794,  which 
took  its  name  from"  tlie  union  of  several  religioiis  societies 
in  its  formation.  In  1785,  a  small  acudemy,  the  first  building 
in  this  city  devoted  to  literary  ])urj)Oscs,  was  erected  by  the 
Consistory  of  the  Keformed  Dutcli  Clmrch,  which,  after  the 
establishment  of  Union  College,  was  presented  to  its  trustees, 
and  used  as  a  grammar-school.  I,il>er;d  donations  from  indi- 
viduals, amounting  to  upwards  oi'  tliiity  thousand  dollars, 
raised  a  suite  of  edifices  in  the  heart  of  the  city,  the  i)rincipal 
one  of  which  is  now  used  as  a  court-houiie.  In  18M,  the 
trustees  disposed  of  these,  and  purciiuscd  a  site  on  the  rising 
grounds,  a  little  east  of  the  populous  part  of  the  city,  and 
commenced  the  erection  of  a  vol)  extensive  set  of  well-adapt- 
cd  buildings.  The  situation  is  extremely  well  chosen,  on  a 
conunanding  eminence  of  gentle  acclivity,  embracing  every 
convenience,  and  an  extensive  view  of  the  surrounding  coun- 
tiv.  Two  only  of  the  college  cd'tices  are  yet  erected,  each 
H 


If  * 


1  j 
?! 


i:M 


i/ia 


86 


MIB  CAWAt. 


stucc -cd  W.  im.tut.on  f  ^'"''^f  ^"''^- J,"tJt\,e  whole  set. 
six  hu,.drcd  feet  as.inden  f"^>/,°  ^S     tWs  institution 
there  a^c  yet  want.ng  s,x  "^^er  bu.ld.  .gs.     i^^ 
s,.stains  its  high  celebnty,  and  has  no  v  m  he  d^«  ^^ 

of  tlus  work  between  f^^^"*^  Jf^^^^  ^^'^^i^^y"  ^  so  much 
interesting,  and, ndeed  tic  l.^.sahc^ro,n^^^^  .^ 

more  agreeable  than  tue  "«^  "''^'    ,  .  eligible  route, 

be  recommended  to  travellers  •*«^^^^,^.,"'"?'^  bt  f,,ur  locks 
The  canal  after  leavn^ J-  ^„"  ' ^  ^f  ^o' S  along  the 
thii-ty-two  feet,  and  pasbLs  '"'•;,.■.  the  enic  liters  ot 
south  shore  of  the  Mohawk,  ^^^t  '.^  l'°  '\\;^J' Verf,  felt  dis- 

mayed  at  the  d.fhculti<  s  iiity  "-'"'•  i,„n(issible ;  rocky 

and  abutments  oi  stone.     A  te,  p^«su  t  ^„t^., 

/Wife  is  seen  on  th^^'*.  |^^  '^  ;*"",\\;'^  „ia,.  ..atural 
U,e Celebrated  gap  «.* ;,'^e  ^amc  n.unc.    U^as    fe        ^^^  ^^_ 

ravine,  varying  .n  width  fiom  ^'^.\V" '^^''^,'^^f  ^ere  .t  would 
foiKling  a  re...arkab le  pa  suge  o.  ^-  --^ -'  „„,.  ,,  ■  , 
have  been  impossible  «"i/"  J"  ";  .  r  ,s  one  of  the 
scene  of  wild  and  romantic  ^.'^^''^>' .^'';^™  ^i.e  AVat 
n.ost  interesting  Matures  Clothe  .1  ok  ^P^^^^^^^^^^        ^.^  ^„, 


thirty 
risiiiR 
the  u 
canal 
as  till 
feet  1 
feet  I 
fecdc 
hund 
city  ( 
CToss 
strec 
Lc 

W00( 

lengi 

tect. 

entit 

ed  ii 

in  01 

insti 

fron' 

eaci: 

heb 

des( 

pier 

sup 

grei 

cei> 

thai 

star 

mei 

at  t 

I 

ton 

pa.4 

not 

pre 

a  v 

an( 

eoi 

sar 


■•^^^■^^^^"~"  "f^  »  i^( 


TH 


■  niDBr.   OVLH  TUT.   MOHAWK. 


ir 


ries  in  height,  of  brick, 
-.  They  stand  in  a  hnc, 
otnpkte  the  whole  set, 
dings.  This  institution 
w  in  tliediff ''rent  classes 
ts.  It  has  a  library  ol 
jid  a  very  excellent  phi- 
Hcsides  the  President, 
;r,  two  tutors  and  a  re- 

the  town.    The  section 
and  the  Cohoes  is  very 
from  All)any  is  so  !""<='' 
he  barrens,  that  it  may 
the  most  eligible  route. 
Vails,  rises  by  four  locfcn 
out  two  milts  along  the 
is  point,  the  engineers  ot 
ing  as  tlicy  were,  felt  dis- 
j  encounter.  To  continue 
r,  was  impossible  ;  rocky 
c  whole  length,  and  after 
able  pass  could  be  disco- 
vossing  the  Moh.awk  was 
is  selected  for  the  eastern 
liere  carried  over  the  Mo- 
duct,  eleven  hundred  and 
jrted  by  twenty-six  piera, 
ssing  the  river,  Wat  Hoix 
about  two  miles  we  enter 
uc.    11  is  a  singular  natural 
jcii  to  eighty  ieet,  and  at- 
the  canal,  where  it  would 
have  formed  one.    It's* 
Xy,  and  fomis  one  of  the 
A-liole  passage.     Tiie  AVat 
a  in  tlie  Mohawk,  are  not 
i,ere  called  by  the  Indians, 
Two  miles  tWther,  the  old 
crosses  the  canal.     At  the 
,,  the  canal  passes  through 
Ic  line:  it  is  not  less  Ihiiii 


tliirtv-two  feel,  and  the  soil  is  a  transition  argiltitc.  After 
r  s5  by  two  locks  of  seven  feet  each,  four  miles  bring  us  to 
the  upper  aqueduct  across  the  Mohawk,  where  the  hne  of 
c  la  raga^  changed  to  the  southern  bank :  .t  is  not  so  long 
as  the  lower  one,  bL-ing  but  seven  hundred  and  forty-eight 
feet  in  cngth  ,  it  is  supported  by  sixteen  piers,  twenty-Ave 
feet  Lbove  the  water.  Tiiere  is  here  also  a  guard-lock  and 
feeder  of  half  a  mile  from  the  river,  and  a  high  i,ank  of  one 
hundred  and  thirty  feet.  In  four  miles  more,  wc  reach  the 
c  Jof  SchenecJly,  thrmigh  which  the  canal  vasses  and 
CTosaes  diagonally  In  its  course  not  less  than  eight  of  the 

'Teaving  Schenectady,  we  cross  the  Mohawk  on  a  fine 
wooden  bridge  of  nine  hundred  and  ninety-seven  feet  in 
kngth   bi^U  by  Theodore  Burr,  a  celebrated  bnd^e  arclu- 
tect     ItsformaUon,  the  principles  of  which  are  said  to  be 
e'Srely  new.^  on  (he  following  plan  :  four  piers  were  erec  - 
cd  in  tL  rWer,  on  Uie  top  of  wTiich  the  roadway  passes,  but 
fn  onler  toTu  tain  this  fntermediately  between  the  piers 
iMtead  of  adopting  the  usual  course  of  throwing  an  arch 
S  one  to  thi  oth^er,  the  a«=hitect  has  «^i«ed  on  the  U.p^of 
each  a  hiirh  frame-work  5  between  every  two  of  these  tr.imes 
he  hi^  Si  an  inverted  arch,  the  lowest  point  of  which 
Sescrnrfo  the  roadway,  at  the  middle  P""Jt  between  the 
piers.    From  this  inverted  arch  the  platfonn  f  the  road  .3 
supported   by  braces  hanging  perpendicular  to  it.     The 
e  eatchsadvantage  of  such  a  briAge  will  be  instantly  per- 
!eived-its  weakness  at  the  centre  of  the  arch  ,  and  indeed 
th^  fault  hL  occurred  to  a  great  degree  m  this  very  in- 
stance    for  it  has  become  necessary  to  carry  up  an  inter- 
rSate  piei  across  the  whole  river,  to  support  the  bridge 
Teach  point  where  the  arch  descends  to  the  platform. 

ImmeSely  after  crossing  the  Mohawk,  the  ro,«l  to  Balls- 
ton  suSc3  to  the  righ^  while  the  great  western  road 
SLes  along  the  rich  meadows  or  f^v.-,  which  bound  the 
Sern  sifeof  the  river.  These  ,.•.  it  has  with  great 
probability  been  conjectured,  were  '.!,...  the  bottom  o 
a  v^t  lake  ;  and  the  rich  aUuvion  of  Uk.  sod  forms  a  broad 
Ldtrtt  valley,  tluough  the  midst  of  wh,f  .^^e  M^^^^^^^^^ 
courses  along,  while  its  edges  are  bounded  y  the  sttnde 
sand-hUls  that  are  seen  both  on  the  north  and  south. 


I 


i 


^w^i.. 


gg  IMSTKHnAJI— TBirv's    DUt. 

mil's  n"or.-  I.rlnfj  us  to  «rr«.7'...    l-hc  country  over  winch  u c 
pu  s    ".■.,.  .-H  l.rok.-n,  ami  Uss  f.Ttil.  than  thut  below.     On 
fhis  ,hore  of  the  Mohuwk,  imlcd.  the  banks  often  vm-  ah- 
runt  V  •  ml  p.vcipitouslv  ;  but  on  the  south,  th.y  slope  mou- 
XI  f  o  n  tlR.  stream/and  present  flourishinK  farms.  thronRh 
wh  ch  the  J   -at  western  canal  winds  alonp,  scatterinj?  new 
riches  at  every  point,  and  rewar.lin^  the  enterprise  that  et- 
rctecl  it.  bj'continued  proofs  of  the  T.enefits  and  advantages 
!    ha    bestlwe,!      On  \he  hills,  the  pine  tree  st.ll  re.Rns 
Oiouirh  the  birch  and  oak  are  sotnetnnes  seen  ris.nff  tr)  con■ 
S  t  Us  s  way ;    he  chesnut,  the  walnut,  the  lucko.-y  and  tub p 
tree  spread  their  more  cheerful  sha.le  over  the  valleys     Phe 
rveTs  about  two  hun.lre.l  and  fil\y  yards  w.de.  and  hlled 
wUh  iands,  which  follow  each  other  in  rapul  succession 
Sand   and  rounded  pel)bles  form  the  superstratum,    but 
Sstose  limestone  appears  projecting  fmm  the  banks  ma 
horizontal  position,  marking  a  secondar>'  ''eg'"  • 

A  country  of  similar  features  contmues  lor  lour  miles  lar 
ther,  to  th7village  of  Amsterdam,  though  the  horizontal  or 
slatv  limestone  begins  more  generally  to  prevail. 

Imxierdam  is  a' romantic  village  ^'"^"'"'"S.i"  ,,«2 
houses  and  placed  on  the  western  shore  of  the  ( luctenwidn 
creek  'a  s'erm  which  rises  in  Saratoga  countv.  ""^^ ;;-'-';; 
netuouslv  over  a  ridge  of  hmestone.  one  hundred  and  twenty 

Etb  eight  into  tl^'--  >»o»"^^^l^'  "J"'""  """^^  }','•!'  ^Tul 
U  in  ts<^f  an  object  of  great  beauty,  but,  in  add.  ion  to  its 
t^bctn  appearance,  it  attbnls  in  reality  a  site  ot  peculiar 
evcellcnce  for  the  erection  of  mills.  There  are  now  in 
nm'nti  n  wTthinthe  distance  of  a  hundred  rods,  a  scythe 
nluimfrctorv.  a  clothier's  works,  and  an  excellent  grist-mill 

'"iorS's  from  Amrterdam,  we  arrive  at  Tripe's  /J//. 
oneTf  the  most  singulav  and  difficult  passes  on  the  Mohawk. 
The  liU  rises  abrupth,,  is  higli,  sandy,  and  extremely  pamh.l 
in  the  ascent.  The're'i:  no  niode  to  avoid  this  incofivenience 
„  th?.  lv.nk  of  the  river  is  an  elevated  ledge  of  rock,  on  the 
?,o.tl  ide  The  tabVe-land  is  a  sandy  plain',  and  the  descent 
ftom  above  is  but  little  less  than  the  ascent  from  below 
From  the  highest  part  of  the  hill,  the  mouth  and  vallev  ot 
fhe  Sc/lA«n«^a.-e  in  full  view.    The  bottom  o.  the  MohusNk 


>~h( 
SiIk 
from 
ferti: 
theij 
whc 
Fi 
mtut 
and 
ape 
the 
trib( 
One 
eelt 
Th« 
giv. 
rofi 
or  i 
the 
iiv( 
J 

low 
one 
coil 
fict 
lua 
tab 
the 


rin 
pni 
to  I 
of 
bi- 
hn{ 
by 
thi 

910 

mil 
vis 


sio 
Ml 
by 

i 


■^ 


a  DILI.- 

weti/'n  Tiwern,  unci  cluli* 

country  over  wliicli  wc 
Ic  than  tliat  below.  On 
he  banks  often  rinc  al)- 
-  south,  they  slope  move 
ourish'uiK  farms,  throup,!) 
(Is  ttlonp,  scattcrini?  new 
Iff  tile  enteri)risc  that  ct- 

bcncfits  and  atlvantaRcs 
,c  pine  tree  still  reipns, 
rtiines  seen  rising  to  con- 
ut,  the  hirkoi-y  and  tulip 
(le  over  the  valleys.  Tiie 
;\y  yards  wide,  and  filled 
Lher  in  rajiid  succession. 

the  superstratum,    hut 
;ting  from  the  banks  in  a 
ndan'  region, 
ntinues  for  four  miles  far- 

thouj^ii  the  horizontal  or 
illv  to  prevail. 
\;  containing  about  fifty 

shore  of  the  Chuclennndii 
nga  county,  and  rushes  im- 
,  one  luni'dred  and  twenty 

The  caUuact  thus  formed 
uty;  but,  in  addition  to  its 

reality  a  site  of  peculiar 
niUs.  'There  are  now  in 
a  hundred  rods,  a  scythe 
and  an  excellent  grist-mill 

we  arrive  at  Tripe\i  FllH, 
;ult  passes  on  the  Mohawk, 
ndv,  and  extremely  painful 
o  avoid  this  incwivcnience, 
,ated  ledge  of  rock,  on  the 
mdy  plain,  and  the  descent 
m  the  a.scent  from  below, 
ill,  the  mouth  and  valley  ot 
I'he  bottom  of  the  Mohuw  k 


fA%Ar(iHV»Af.A— JOMHSTOW.t.  W 

I.  here  extenbivc,  bnt  extremely  flat  (m  the  south  side  ;  the 
Schoharie  is  seen  meandering  over  thi-  plain,  in  its  course 
from  the  hills  to  the  river.  The  bottoms  anpear  extremely 
fertile,  but  are  subject  to  ocr^isional  iniindtttion,  and  Ironi 
their  undeviating  level,  the  crops  must  suffer  great  injury 
when  these  accidents  occur.  .,  ^       , 

Five  mile*  from  Tripe's  Hill  is  the  village  of  Caughnawuna, 
situated  near  the  junction  of  the  CayaduUa  with  tiie  Mohawk, 
and  containing  about  forty  houses,  a  Dutch  Reformed  church, 
a  po»tM>ffice  and  school-house.  It  was  the  principal  town  o 
the  Mohawk  Indians,  one  of  the  most  warlike  aii.l  powerful 
tribes  of  the  aborigines.  Uniting  with  the  Omidas,  the 
Onondagas,  Uie  Cayugas  and  the  Senecas,  they  h.rimul  the 
.-.•kbratcd  confederacy  of  the  Irnqmts,  or  Fim  Nations. 
The  name  signifies  'a  coffin,'  and  it  is  said  to  have  been 
given  to  the  place  from  a  large  black  stone,  shaped  ike  a 
coffin,  and  still  seen,  at  low  water,  in  the  bed  of  the  Mohawk; 
or  it  m.iy  be,  from  the  perils  to  which  the  l.giit  barcpies  of 
the  Indians  were  here  exposed,  in  their  passage  down  the 

river  *  •     r  » 

About  four  miles  to  the  north  of  Caughnawaga  is  Mm- 
town,  the  capital  of  Montgomery  county.  It  contains  about 
one  thousand  inhabitants,  is  well  laid  out,  and,  besides  the 
county  buildings,  has  several  churches  and  other  public  ecU- 
fices.  The  soil  of  the  county  is  generally  a  stift  argillaceous 
loam,  or  brownish  grit  mould,  variously  combined  with  vege- 
table  remains,  and  in  some  parts  runmng  into  black  muck ; 
there  are  tracts  also  of  sandy  alluvion. 

About  three  quarters  of  a  mile  from  Johnstown,  and  beau- 

*  "  Of  thi«  name,  as  of  many  others  of  Imliaii  oriprin,  it  may  tie  hire 
rimarklii;  hat  U^i-  orthography,  »l.ich  «c.-n.,  to  come  the  i.iuie.t  to  the 
i,3nich.t  oil,  according  tu  the  ear  or  fancyof  one  person,  may  not  do,,. 
foTi  a  of  an"  heT  1  h«e  i»  no  «iich  thing  as  a  rule  apulicab  e  to  ca.e, 
of  lJ."s  kind  only  to  simplify  the  word,  and  modern. jeU.  solar  as  may 
he  eomonim  with  a  due  preservation  of  .  t^  niolog) .  I  here  are  fe» ,  per- 
haprindiarsounds  or  words,  which  difl'erent  jktwii.  woiild  represent 
b7the  laiic  Enclish  i.  turs.  The  dilHcuity  is  »iio  farther  nicna.ed  by 
the  sviumynm  of  rule  dialects.  In  that  of  the  .Mohawks,  the  same  expres- 
JKS  for  coffin,  death,  d«truction,  ^c,  and  they  have  trad.  .on.  of 
mMivliv«  being  lost  on  this  rock,  now  not  .n  the  mam  channel,  an.l  only 
"i^rje  at  low  wSter.  In  like  ...anner,  they  use  one  a..d  the  sai.ie  exp.-e.- 
r^onf«?v.mth.  morning, spring, east,  &c.  to  my  ear.  hear.ng  a.,  old 
S..wk V^ak' cLhnawVvhi.  exp,r.^on  «e.m .0^^ 
by  these  letters  than  by  adding  ug.'-SpaffiirU  »  (.uxetteer,  iin. 


■I  f 


i 


gf)  rilF.    Kt.lPH?.. 

tifullv  siu.uh  .1  ni>  a  r.nr  vmnK  ^rouivl,  rommandinp; a clmim 
i  viw  of  tlu-  surro.u,,r.nK  .:ou..trv.  is  I  he  //«//  erect.-,    l.y 
Sir  W'.Hiam  .l..lm.t..n  in  1773,  un.f  ..  Nvlu.h  h.;  rcHi.U.l    o 
Ue  Umo  on>i.s.katl..     lU  was  th..  pmpnctor  .>t    he  su  • 
rmuu  "k  district,  and  a  nmn  of  Rr.at  energy  and  enUr,,  •.  < . 
lZ  S-rou»c,  the  gaol,  and  the  Kpisc..,.alchurch  n,  whuh 
hilbones  St  1  repose,  were  b.iilt  hy  him.  hy  means  of  un  an- 
rssmc."revU.d  on  the  district  to  furni.h  a  certain  qiiantUy  (. 
s^no   a  tax  paid  without  difficulty.    It  wan  here  that  rolonel 
Wdlet.  on  the  25th  October.  1781.  with  four  hundred  und.s- 
dplined  mimia  and  sixty  In.lian^.  defeated  a  body  of  British 
and  Indians  amountinR  to  six  hundred  mea 

To  the    lortluwest  of  CaughnawaRa.  a  h.gh  "dge  or  h    . 
e^U  cd  the  Klip.ie,  extends  across  the  countiy  >"  «  ""V"'- 
weHtcrly  direct^...",  as  f.ir  as  the  M..huwk.     Its  nan«  .s  a 
mtch  word,  signifying  a  rock,  or  rocky  ledge ,  and  .    .s 
fSdot-silicious  and  calcareous  san.  stone,  w,  h  bare  s,d    . 
Xntimes  singidarly  precipito.is.   As  it  approaches  the  rvei , 
H  slope"  down  to  it.  fmm  an  elevation  of  probably  hvc  hun- 
W  1  Wt    and  is  in  its  shape  no  ba.l  imitation  of  a  gigantic 
tt    Vom  Sch  i^  1^  ec eived  its  nam.,  oi  Mthmy'.  Nose. 
ThTs'mZtain  .  nee  rosse.1  the  present  channel  of  the  river 
Jt'   isplacX  in  the  bed  of  whicl,  may  He  feed  the^  bar. 
mrk    runuinir  oblquely  from  shore  to  shore.     It  is  merely 
hfe'astern  mnt  ofl  loftv  rami.art  of  hills  and  mountains,  or 
an  clevaTed  plain  from  which  hills  and  mo.intains  rise,  sprea.l- 
W  wertwarh  beyond  the  Little  Kails,  and  extending  from 
K  county,  a  spur  of  the  CatskiU  mountains,  across  a 
SorSome.7  and  Herkimer  counties,  and  farnortli- 
iTvd     At  h•^s  spot  may  be  seen  indubitable  ^■y"l«nce  of  th.. 
S  P<.wer  of  water,  and  that  the  stream  which  now  flows 
ZSyhLZ  some  former  titr,e  burst  through  this  immense 
«Av    ai-rier.  and  worn  it  down  to  what  it  now  appears.    M 
iS/XCjuHt  below,  there  is  an  alluvia  plain  of  one  mile 
in  itShTand  half  a  mile  wide,  composed  at  the  upper  eiul 
of  c<S  S»vel,  and  rounded  pebbles,  mi.ch  water-worn, 
SLX  Hner  as  we  proceed,  and  all  ts  sand  p  aced  at  the 
Ccnd.    It  is  well  worth  «xamining,  and  l««,  bes.de  . 
some  in?eresUng  Indian  antiquities.     "  The  Ume  has  been." 
!?^.  Mr  Snafford,  "  in  my  opinion,  when  this  valley  of  the 
7m  wr^avcrsed  by'«  itrcam  hnmensely  greater  than 


:.l  ll 
Kiid 
the  < 
over 
Oiici 
the 
high 
Mud 
all  a 
() 
Ihe 
forn 
mig 

(■()V( 

11  ml 

rh( 

as  t 
stah 
guU 

V 
mil. 
the 
oil  I 
tior 
bro 
rup 
larjj 
floi 
cat 
tosi 
oth 

I 
six 
mo 
na. 
vai 
slu 
is  < 
vio 
rat 
am 


r!,  rommandinR  a  cliftim 
,  is  tlie  Hall  crcctftl  liy 

ill  which  \w  rcsicUd  to 
[■  pro])rictor  of  Ihc  sui- 
it  energy  and  cntcrinw'. 
pisc(ii)al  church  in  whifh 

him,  liy  means  of  un  as- 
•nish  a  certain  quantity  of 

It  wan  here  that  Colonel 
with  four  hundred  undis- 
lefeated  a  body  of  Brilisli 
•cd  nien. 
.•aga,  a  hiffh  ridge  or  hiH, 

the  country  in  a  8o\ith- 
Mohuwk.  Its  nanr\e  is  a 
ir  rocky  Icdpc ;  and  it  is 
andstone,  with  bare  sides, 
\s  it  approaches  the  river, 
ion  of  probably  five  hun- 
ad  imitation  of  a  gigantic 
s  name  a^  Jtnthmy'»  None. 
•esent  channel  of  the  river 

may  be  traced  the  bare 
re  to  shore.    It  is  merely 

of  hills  and  mountains,  or 
and  mountains  rise,  spread- 
•'alls,  and  extending  from 
tskill  mountains,  across  ii 
;r  counties,  and  far  nortli- 
ndubitable  evidence  of  the 
le  stream  which  now  flows 
burst  through  this  immense 
[)  what  it  now  appears.    At 
m  alluvial  plain  of  one  mile 
lomposed  at  the  upper  end 
)ebbles,  much  water-worn, 
i  all  its  sand  placed  at  the 
imining,  and  lias,  besides, 
■8.    "  The  time  has  been," 
on,  when  this  valley  of  the 
nm  immensely  greater  than 


wiT(iir.iL'ri  I  AVK— inwmi  A5n  rrrm  p*i*ti!«i. 

M  the  present  dav.  .■  remark  equally  anplicable  to  the 
llndson  .\t  Koinc  p.rio.1  or  <.thc  r,  those  lulls  have  forme.l 
,h,..;.Ht.Mn  harrier  of  a  v!»st  lake,  extemlmg  westwarcl  tar 
over  the  summit-Uvel  of  Home,  and  the  region  about  the 
Onciila  lak...  Possibly  this  may  have  been  at  a  t.me  w  ,e  , 
the  surface  of  l.ak.-  Ontario  was  a  hundred  ,„•  more  Itet 
h  gl.cr  than  at  the  present  day,  and  when  the  valley  of  the 
MildHon,  an.l  of  the  lower  ..art  of  the  Mohawk  country,  was 
all  a  vast  lake  from  above  the  Highlands 

On  the  south  shore  of  the  river,  opposite  to  the  Khpsc,  it^ 
the  township  nU'.nwjolmrk,  this  mounta.ti  again  rises  and 
forms  a  prumontoiy  which  is  also  called  the  Nose  In  the 
nriLrhbouring  cliHs,  several  natural  caverns  have  been  dis. 
oCd.  In  the  sumnur  of  1H2I,  a  party  otg^ntlemen 
II  det'took  to  explore  the  larg.-st,  called  Mikhdl',  Cave. 
•rhey  desr.endc,l  I.bout  five  hundred  feet,  and  lound  as  many 
as  thirteen  or  fourteen  apartments,  and  in  several  ot  them 
sUilactites.  The  cavern,  indeed,  seems  worthy  ot  more  re- 
irular  and  scientific  investigittion.  .       „ 

Krom  ?:aughnawaga  to  Kluline,  Uiwer  Filbign,  lo  fifteen 
miles,  -l-he  road  passes  generally  over  the  meadows,  along 
ll„.  river,  which  however  are  narrow,  and  soon  ^'.-minated 
on  the  noiih  by  steep  and  rocky  ridges,  of  secondary  tori^ia- 
lion  The  sotlth  bank,  too.  which  has  hitherto  presetite,!  a 
broad  and  fertile  bottom,  now  becomes  move  ^"^HX-X 
runt.  The  land,  however,  is  rich  and  fertile  ,  the  timber  s 
larW  and  good,  the  sugar-maple,  a  sure  sign  ot  a  hne  soil, 
flourishes  luxuriantly,  and  the  other  trees  arc  such  as  imh- 
catran  extremely  favourable  one.  The  rock  strata  are  schis- 
tose  limestone  and  sandstone,  alternately  overlaying  each 

"^Pa'ssing  Palatini'  J-pper  Village,  four  miles  farther  on,  and 
six  miles  above  it.  pXline  Church,  we  arrive  in  »*-;>;;;"  ""',^» 
more  at  the  viUage  of  Opptuhd,n,  at  the  mouth  ot  hast  C a- 
,  ada  creek.  The  appearaiic.'  of  the  countiy  does  not  greatly 
vaS,  tite  valley  or  flat  land  now  spreads  out  on  the  m.rtherij 
sh^r;.  but  precipitous  clifls  are  fre<,uentlv  seen.  The  soil 
is  everywhere  fertile ,  that  along  the  river  .,:.nk,  a  ncl  alK^- 
vion— that  of  the  adjacent  uplands,  an  argillaceous  loam, 
rather  heaw,  but  vei^  productive.  Quartz,  calcareous  spar. 
wuJ  a  daik  'brown  hornstoue,  are  found ,  and  about  Palatine. 


1 


93 


orrr.siisiM— iiTTLB  falls. 


anthracite,  and  quartz  crystals  containing  it,  have  been  olv 

presents,  lik-^  them,  fi-om  its  rapid  descent,  many  excellent 
situations  for  the  establishment  of  mills.  ,       ...        ^^■ 

Vmm  Onnenhcim,  seven  miles  brmg  us  to  Uie  vuiagc  m 
/i/fr^J/r  The  vale  of  the  Mohawk  again  deserts  us.  and 
we  «asso;er  high  hills,  while  the  southern  shore  slopes 
Sd^J^^ylway.  chequered  with  farms  and  forests,  amid 

-'SL^n^^LS^nSi-^^PJ-^ntai^^ 
upwards  of  a  hundred  houses,  stores,  s'^P".  &c^.  ^^id  a 
cC  and  school-house.    It  t:'??,;*^  "'e'ller  C  yet  bS 

S  S;;  with  rboTder  cataract  of  the  Cohoes,  but  not  ^ss 
fnteresting,  from  their  scenery,  and  natural  Pl'^""'^'^"^;^,^^ 
cannot  introduce  them  to  tlic  traveller  in  bettei  .language 
than  that  of  Mr.  Clinton,  a  gentleman  whose  capacious  mmd 
Jm  li^ces  at  once  the  depths  of  moral  and  political  science, 
TpaSc  -bur  in  the^ui.uit  of  every  thing  which  caii 
ucld  to  the  domestic  interests  ol  his  «=»«n7' ,  t"; J/J"°* 
ledge  of  the  wonderful  works  of  nature,  umted  with  a  strong 

P^:^Kme^i'::rrMoliawkriver,';,ays,«..C^^ 

in  his  introductory  discourse.  "  "VC™"<:<=^«»  ^'^J  ^'l^y'^a 
rounding  country,  exhibit  a  very  interesting  aspect.  As  you 
InpS  the  falls.  U.e  river  becomes  narrow  and  deep,  and 
%S  pxs  thi-ough'immense  rocks,  principally  of  S^^^'"^- 
tewne^d  wiU.  limestone.  In  various  places,  you  obsei-ve 
PC  excavations  in  the  rocks  made  by  the  ^'tation  ° 
Lbbles  in  tlie  fissures,  and  in  some  places  the  nv"  's  "ot 
more  thaii  twenty  y aids  wide.  As  you  approach  the  western 


ining  it,  have  been  ob- 

5  little  worthy  of  remark, 
efore  the  revolution,  by 
wn  in  their  native  land ; 
iinding  country,  expMcd 
revolutionary  war.  Eaut 
ed,  is  the  boundary  be- 
jounties.  It  rises  in  the 
e  tablelands,  from  which 
e  Hudson  also  flow,  and 
descent,  many  excellent 
nills. 

•ring  tis  to  the  vdlagc  ot 
iwk  again  deserts  us,  and 
le  southern  shore  slopes 
farms  and  forests,  amid 

JUS.  .   . 

urishing  place,  contaimng 
tores,  shops,  &c.,  and  a 
■es  its  name  from  one  ot 
the  traveller  has  yet  be- 
lawk,  called  little,  in  com- 
■  the  Cohoes,  but  not  less 
I  natural  phenomena.  We 
veller  in  better  language 
nan  whose  capacious  mmd 
lond  and  pohtical  science, 
of  every  thing  which  can 
Ills  country,  and  a  know- 
lature,  united  with  a  strong 

k  k  river,"  says  Mr.  Clinton, 
n  connection  with  the  sur- 
lutcreoting  aspect.  As  you 
mes  narrow  and  deep,  and 
,  principally  of  granite,  in- 
anous  places,  you  observe 
s,  made  by  the  agiuaion  ot 
>ine  places  the  river  is  not 
3  you  approach  the  western 


IITTI.E    fAltS. 


91 


cxlremitv  oftlic  liills,  you  find  them  alxMU  half  a  mile  distiuit 
iVom  summit  to  summit,  and  at  least  thire  hundred  fi-tt  high. 
The  rooks  arc  romposcd  of  granite,  and  many  ot  them  are 
tliiitv  or  forty  fi'et  tliick  :  and  the  wliole  mountain  extends 
at  h'iist  lialf  a  mile  from  cast  to  west.  You  see  tlicm  piled 
nil  each  olli<  r  like  Ossa  on  I'elion,  and  in  other  places,  huge 
tiairments  s(  ultcied  about,  indicating  a  violent  mixture  ot 
t  be  waters  thiougli  this  place,  as  if  they  had  been  formerly 
(lammed  up,  and  had  formed  a  passage;  and  in  all  directions 
vou  behold  great  rocks,  exhibiting  rotundities,  points  anrt 
cavities,  as  if  worn  by  the  violence  of  tlie  waves,  or  hurled 
from  their  ancient  positions.  „   .    ,.    ,     i. 

"  The  general  anpearance  of  the  Little  Falls  indica.tes  the 
former  existence  ofa  great  lake  above,  connected  with  the 
Oneida  lake  ;  and  as  tlie  waters  here  forced  a  passage  and 
receded,  the  flats  above  were  formed,  and  composed  several 
thousand  acres  of  the  richest  land.    Home  being  the  highest 
point  on  the  lake,  the  passage  of  the  waters  on  the  east  side 
loft  it  bare  ;  the  Oneida  lake  gradually  receded  on  the  west 
Hide,  and  formed  the  gieat  marsh  or  swamp  now  surrounding 
the  waters  of  Wood  creek.    Tiie  physiognomy  ot  the  coun- 
try, from  the  commencement  of  Wood  creek  to  its  termina- 
tion in  the  Oneida  lake,  confirms  this  hypothesis.   The  west- 
erly and  north-westerly  winds  continually  drive  the  sand  ot 
the  lake  towards  the  creek,  and  you  can  distinctly  perceive 
tlie  alluvion  increasing  eastwardly  by  the  accumulation  ot 
sand,  and  the  formation  of  new  ground.     Near  the  lake  you 
ob'.    vc  sand  without  trees,  then  to  the  east  a  few  scattering 
trees;  and  as  you  proceed  in  that  direction,  the  woods  thick- 
en    The  whole  countrv.  from  the  commencement  to  the 
termination  of  Wood  creek,  looks  like  made  gi-ound.     In 
diffffing  the  cana'.  in  Wood  creek,  pine  trees  were  toiiml 
twelve  feet  deep.     An  old  boatman,  several  )  ears  ago,  said 
that  he  had  been  fiftv  vears  in  that  occuiiation,  and  that  tlie 
Oneida  lake  had  receded  half  a  mile  within  his  memory. 
William  Colbreath,  one  of  the  first  settlers  at  Uome,  m  dig- 
.riiiK  a  well,  found  a  lai-ge  tree  at  the  depth  ot  twelve  teet. 
This  great  lake,  breaking  down  in  the  first  place  the  barriers 
which  opposed  the  iirogress  of  its  w.^tcrs  to  the  cast,  and 
then  gi-adually  receding  to  the  west,   is  a  subject  well  Ue- 
serving  of  minute  investigation." 


94 


IITTIB   FALLS. 


^ithetX.  of  fifty  feet,  would^ise  the^wate^,«- aU  ^e 
countiy.  as.f^rasthe  0"e.d*  ^^^^  T»^4^"^„^^ ^^  either 
^e!  'X^^'TJTr  £Xe  Vty  feet  arc  distinctly 
"'Se  Little  Falls  present  a  ctirious  geological  fact,  which 

Thich  coWo»e  tl'-Veat  prim-^^ve  ^^gX^^ST^^f  f^w 
«»-♦  nftv,*.  staff-  •  a  simUar  spur  crosses  the  Monawit  ociu». 

recent  variey?^and  often  contains  but  little  felspar  or  m.ca. 

r.mp  rock  these  blocks  or  boulders  almost  hide  tne  tace  oi 
IrfieldTbut  ^uy  arc  concealed  by  the  deep  aUuvon,  m 

*'B.r»S  miials  arc  found  in  these  gneiss  rocks^  Iron 
pvfites.  petSx.  and  scales  of  plumbago,  were  observed 
h'y  Mr.  E:*ton,  in  his  accui-atc  siuvej'. 


a  se^ 

thirt; 

dasli 

by  >' 

and 

high 

no  ii 

O 

the 

oftei 

tot! 

thes 

alon 

on  i 

herl; 

beni 

mor 

thoi 


■re  once  ttic  eastern  bai  - 
■  the  levels  which  have 
d.  It  has  been  ascertain- 
h  side,  is  seven  hundred 
:he  tide,  and  that  a  dam 
e  the  water  over  all  the 
That  such  a  dam  did 
ks  which  rise  on  either 
e  fifty  feet  are  distinctly 

LIS  geological  fact,  which 
The  country,  all  the  way 
n  formation?  but  at  this 
down  from  the  mountains 

region  in  the  north-west 
)s8es  the  Mohawk  below, 
s  only  deviations  from  the 
we  have  just  mentioned, 
of  gneiss  rock,  whose  lay- 
;al,  being  rarely  much  ni- 
F-aveland  calls  "the  more 
i  but  little  felspar  or  mica, 
pure  quartzose  sandstone, 

into  silicious  limestone. 
I  while  passing  the  Noses 
ind  orange  tinge.     This  is 
ron  pyrites  on  the  exposed 
iulphate  of  iron.     A  fresh 
)t  the  natural  colour  of  the 
insist  of  large  square  and 
neat  extent.     Slaty  layers 
tr,  which  have  the  appew;- 
'se  blocks  are  broken  ott, 
jining  countrj-.    Near  Pala- 
re.id  over  the  metalliferous 
ci-s  almost  hide  the  face  of 
jd  by  the  deep  alluvion,  in 

n  these  gneiss  rocks.  Iron 
plumbago,  were  observed 
vej-. 


ITTTIE  TAllS—ERIE   CANAt.  V> 

Before  leaving  the  Little  Falls,  we  must  turn  our  attention, 
for  a  moment,  to  the  scenery  of  tlie  spot,  the  beauties  ot 
nature,  and  the  beauties  of  art.  The  native  scenery  is  wild 
and  striking:  the  river,  pent  in  by  rugged  and  huitastic 
rocks,  seems  to  have  formed  for  itself  a  trench  tiirough  tlicni. 
Huge  and  misshapen  fragments  of  gi-anite  are  heaped  upon 
each  other,  overgrown  and  interspersed  with  ma|)le,  elm, 
hemlock  and  pine;  the  water  foams,  and  roars  over  amid  the 
interstices,  while  above  them  it  flows  silently  and  placidly 
along;  still  beyond,  and  stretching  to  the  west,  are  seen  the. 
German  Flats,  rich  in  forest,  in  farms,  and  in  every  varied 
scene  of  fertile  culture.  ,  „,.      -  • 

Of  late  years,  art  has  added  her  attractions.  The  F<rie 
canal,  coursing,  as  we  have  mentioned,  along  the  south  bank 
of  the  Mohawk,  is  here  conducted  with  great  skill,  as  it  were 
along  the  very  bed  of  the  river;  it  rises  at  this  place  rapidly, 
and  has  no  less  than  five  locks  in  one  mile,  to  bring  it  to  the 
level  of  the  country  above.  But  this  is  not  all.  The  canal 
is  here  connected  with  an  old  one,  formed  many  yeui-s  since 
on  tiie  nortliem  bank,  to  improve  the  navigation  of  the  natu- 
ral stream,  by  an  aqueduct  of  great  bciuty.  It  has  three 
arches;  an  elliptical  one  in  the  centre,  of  seventy  feet  span, 
embracing  the  whole  stream  when  it  is  not  above  its  ordinary 
level,  and  one  on  either  side  of  fifty  feet  span  each,  foi-ming 
a  segment  of  a  circle.  Hv  tliis  aqueduct,  the  canal  is  raised 
thirty  feet  above  tiie  surface  of  the  river,  which  foams  and 
dashes  over  the  rocks  below.  Its  design  was  chiefly  formed 
by  Mr.  Canvass  White,  a  young  gentleman,  whose  talents 
and  acquirements  as  an  engineer  have  placed  him  m  Oie 
highest  rank  in  his  profession ;  and  whose  taste  will  sutler 
no  injury  from  the  early  specimen  he  has  here  given  of  it. 

On  leaving  Little  Falls,  the  road  passes  along  the  valley  ot 
the  Mohawk.  The  level  surface  of  the  country  is  however 
often  varied  by  the  points  of  high  land,  which,  running  down 
to  the  river,  raise  the  road  to  considerable  elevations.  Fi-oin 
tliese  the  views  are  beautiful :  the  Mohawk,  stealing  quietly 
along  at  our  feet,  witii  boats  from  time  to  time  floating  slowly 
on  its  surface  ;  meadows  and  farms,  gieen  with  luxuriant 
herbage,  or  yellow  beneath  the  ripe  harvest;  the  canal, 
bending  round  the  winding  course  of  the  stream,  and  pro- 
montories of  die  hills,  or  rising  above  tiiem— and  tlie  hilU 
tbcmseh  es,  crowned  with  forests,  bounding  the  prospect. 


96  GinMAS    FllTS— WK3T    (  ASABA    CnF.IlK. 

All  that  creation's  vwyinfC  muss  assumes, 
Of  gi'und  or  lovely,  here  asiMres  and  1'1"<'"'1' 
Bolfl  rise  the  mountains,  rich  the  Karcl.ns  rIow, 
Bright  lakes  expand,  and  conqueru.g  nveis  tlo^^ . 


Ge'rman  colonists  afa  ^very  ea,-ly  Vfod:  but  its  very  tertlli^y, 

added  to  its  frontier  situation,  made  .t  the  scene  ot  muc 

cruehv  and  devastation  in  eavhcr  t.mes,  m  the  war  betwe^c 

the  associations  must  be  Htrangc  ;  he  ^^'^    «^,^"i,J',eaL  in 

was  once  a  mighty  lake,  or  m  and  sea,  '^'^  ^^  ^/ f^^^^"; 
•It  the  Little  l-alis  were  broken  down— then  «""owta  a 
drearj  Se-centuries  after,  our  foreftahers  ♦"""'l  ^  '^  ^^^j 
foS  mbabited  by  a  savage  race-tb.s  rjice    hsappc^red 

mmmm 

I  oueida  county  i  here  .it  jneeU  a  fange  of  luUs,  tiuoug 


V  hicl 

liner) 

trees. 

this  a 

elcva' 

span. 

all  CO 

can  I 

of  ab 

surpa 

this  c 

whol 

conti 

cntra 

distil 

dam 

form; 

pike 

gray: 

siniil 

thee 

cove 

In  a 

colk 

crys' 

pri:il 

C 

of  A 
post 
tlioi 
aboi 
and 
dre( 
wel 
elm 
abo 
Ii 
Sck 
tho 
and 
strc 

p'.'S 


SABA    CnF.IlK. 

assumes, 
i  and  blooms ; 
ic  jrunlius  R'UlW, 
iieiiug  rivers  Ho\v. 

;xtends  the  large  alluvial 
(jermcin  Flats,  and  cclo- 
soil,  evidently  an  alluvial 
nd  it  was  ciwsen  by  the 
riod:  but  its  very  fertility, 
le  it  the  scene  of  much 
mes,  in  the  war  between 
I  iudiiui  neighbours.     1  o 
s  down  upon  these  plains, 
he  will  indeed  be  struck 
t  on  the  narrow  scale  in 
;  world  would  sU-ike  him, 
e  presents,  when  we  eoin- 
iml  periiHlsoftime.    Here 
I  sea,  before  the  bai-rieis 
down— then  followed   a 
forefuthers  found  a  thick 
•t — this  race  disappeared 
id  farms  and  villages  arose 
ain  lalil  waste  the  country 
hat  war  has  passed  away; 
t  Ijy  tradition,  or  the  occa- 
L:nerate  descendants;   and 
rius,  denote  the  residence 
iiid.    Yet  who  can  tell  how 
y  be  one  of  long  dumtion, 
1  be  shifted,  to  give  room 
ai-iou»  as  those  which  lia\e 

Cantida  Creek,  is  five  miles, 
ises  in  the  ridge  of  nioun- 
ig  with  considerable  descent 
to  manufacturing  eslabhsh- 
it  sixty  miles  :  rising  in  the 
whicli  abound  in  tliis  quai- 
it  arrives  near  the  confines 
U  a  range  of  liiUs,  tluougli 


TEKSTON    FAll-S— lIEKKlMEn. 


yr 


w  hich  it  has  worn  a  devious  course,  passes  several  lalls,  and 
emerges  into  a  better  eountrv,  clothed  with  deciduous  toiest 
trees.    The  road  from  the  Little  Falls  to  Lewis  county,  passes 
this  stream  at  Treiilon  Fulls,  a  beautiful  cataract  ot  great 
elevation,  immediately  below  which  is  a  bridge  of  ninety  leet 
span.    This  tall  is  a  mass  of  cascades,  of  unequal  height;  ami 
all  combined  form  one  of  the  most  picturesque  views  that 
can  be  imagined.     About  two  miles  below,  is  another  tall, 
of  about  a  himdred  feet,  within  a  few  rods,  which  perhaps 
surpasses  the  upper  one,  in  height  and  sublimity.    !•  roiu 
this  cataract  to  the  Mohawk,  are  many  rapids  and  tails,  its 
whole  course  being  through  the  hilly  country,  described  as  a 
continuation  of  the  Catskill  hills.    A  short  distance  above  it.s 
entrance  into  the  Mohawk,  a  large  grist-mill,  a  saw-mill  anU 
distiUerv,  have  lately  been  erected,  supplied  with  water  by  a 
dam  of  curious  construction,  (pnte  across  the  creek,  and  w  Uicli 
forms  itself  a  beautiful  cascade,  a  few  rods  above  the  turn- 
pike bridge.   The  dam  is  composud  of  stone  and  brushwood, 
gravelled,  and  was  erected  at  an  expense  far  less  than  that  ot 
similar  works  on  aiu  other  consi ruction.     On  the  east  side  ot 
the  creek,  a  few  miles  aliove,  bog  iron  ore  has  lately  been  dis- 
covered, from  which  considerable  expectations  are  tonned. 
In  a  i-.uige  of  sand-rock  near  this  creek,  IMotessor  Hadley 
colleete.l  more  than  half  a  bushel  of  most  elegant  hinpid 
crystals  of  quart/,  with  pyramids  on  both  ends  ot  all  tlic 

Cros'iiiig  the  creek,  a  mile  farther  brings  us  to  the  villago 
of  Herk-Mcr,  situated  on  an  alluvial  but  elevated  plain,  coiii- 
nosed  of  pebbles,  clay  an.l  sand.  The  buildings  in  the  town, 
though  principally  of  wood,  are  well  arranged.  It  contains 
about  a  hundred  houses,  stores,  ^c.  the  county  buildings 
and  a  handsome  church,  with  a  steeple  and  si^ire  ot  one  Hun- 
dred and  forty  feet  in  height.  The  surroundnig  country  is 
well  cultivated,  and  the  timber  fine ;  the  sugar  maple,  tlie 
elm,  the  white  walnut,  the  oak,  the  ash  and  the  luckory, 
abounding  on  the  hills  and  valleys. 

In  six  miles,  we  pass  the  small  and  unimportant  village  ot 
Schuyler,  and  thence  continue  thi-ough  a  flat  country,  wliiei, 
thouffh  not  so  well  cultivated  as  tliat  we  have  left,  is  ricli, 
and  covered  wiUi  noble  forests.  The  soil,  which  attords 
strong  marks  of  its  having  been  once  overflowed,  is  com- 
posed of  sajid,  loam  and  round  pebbles. 


:^  I 


»rtmijw*»»«'l»". -«""' 


98 


mCA— ERIE  CANAt. 


As  we  approach  Utica.  eight  miles  from  Schuyler  the  iM«- 

pcarancc  of  the  country  greatly  ""P"'^^-  .,^^J  ^"*^  ^auv" 
lun  nnrtli  nartlv  bv  a  vciy  bad  road,  and  partly  by  a  caus.,- 
way? whiclf trwell^madejand  cross  the  Mohawk  into  .t  by  . 

^'^^icfiSuU  on  the  site  of  old  Fort  Schuyler,  and  stands 
„non  the  south  bank  <.f  tl»e  Moliawk,  n.  the  county  of  Oneida. 
T?a  itude  43°  6'  north.    It  is  said  to  pc.ssess  a  t?r«-at  »"^°'  "^ 
of  commercial  capital,  and  to  have  made  ' 7['^' ''''=, *"^^«.''/ 
trade.     It  is  adonled  with  many  edihces,  publ.c  and  private, 
of  good  t^ste  in  architectural  des«gn.  and  « '^""^hed  by  scvc 
val  very  excellent  establishments,  one  ot  which  .s  «  Lycc""'; 
1  vonnff  institution,  with  a  hundred  members.     Utica  lu^ 
pronerW  but  two  banks,  the  bank  of  Utica  and  a  branch  o 
?he  bank  of  Onurio,  an.l  the  bank  of  Ufca  'tsdf  ha-s  a  brand 
In  Ontario     In  1794,  Utica  had  one  very  small  tayeii    m  .» 
Suse.  and  there  were  then  but  two  or  three  other  bu.ld- 
n|s  in  the  place,  mere  l..g  huts.    Its  P"P"»f  c.  is  now^c.^- 
lylive  thousand,  and  it  contanjs  seven  ,<^1'"''-^'^''^  ' V^^'  * 
Jfo.ise    one  free  and  sixteen  other  schools,  an  othce  ot  tiK 
Weme  court  <.t- the  state ,  and  terms  of  that  court,  and  ot 
the  UnTed  States'  Circuit  Coint.  are  held  here.    From  Ufca 
roads  diverge  in  every  direction,  and  pubhe  conveyances  are 
The  foun<?for  almo/t  every  part  of  ti^e  state     An  .nn^- P; 
er,  at  whose  door  fifteen  stages  now  stop  '""'J' ^'^''^Vj^' "°i 
more  than  twenty  yeai^  since,  the  sohtary  and  weekly  ma.l 
in  his  coat-pocket  from  here  to  Albany. 

The  Camil  passes  through  the  centre  of  UUca.  «t>'  course, 
since  we  left  it  at  the  Little  Falls,  has  contmued  to  v^ma 
Xng  Uie  southern  maigln  of  the  Mohawk.  In  about  nme 
S  from  that  place,  it  rises  by  five  locks  iorty-one  teet,  a 
soon  after  passes  two  creeks,  Fulmer-s  and  Steel  s,  ouJt^M 
amieducts.  It  then  ascends  in  two  miles  twentv-tour  teet 
moie  and  at  the  viUage  of  Frankford  the  Long  Level  com- 
Tnces  This  noble  stretch  of  canal  is  seventy  miles  in 
Sh  extatding  westward,  through  Utica,  Whites  ow,, 
Rome  &c  nearly  to  Syracuse.  About  two  miles  before  it 
S  UtU  U  I  car^d  across  Clark's  creek,  on  an  aque- 
duct  of  four  arches. 

•  Vic*s  of  Society  in  America,  p.  17«- 


In 

kvitli 

to  en 

detec 

tic  lo 

cham 

canal 

and  i 

large 

into  1 

tills  t 

gates 

and 

they 

atth 

\V 

boat, 

gate, 

from 

it.   1 

asce: 

tentl 

the 

fron 

grad 

Si 

boat 

feet 

of  t1 

i)l)ta 

r.lu(' 

«th< 

disp 

the 

arra 

wit! 

<h"a' 

rwl 

feet 

mul 

tho 

111  I 


iNilL. 

2s  from  Schuyler,  the  ap- 
proves. Wc  enter  it  on 
1,  and  partly  by  a  caus.;- 
I  the  Moliawk  into  it  by  a 

Fort  Schuyler,  and  stands 
<.,  in  the  county  of  Oneida, 
to  possess  a  great  amount 
;  made  immense  sums  by 
lificos,  public  and  private, 
1,  and  is  enriched  by  seve- 
ine  of  which  is  a  Lyceum, 
ed  members.     Utica  has 
of  Utica  and  a  branch  ol 
of  Utica  itself  has  a  branch 
ne  very  small  tavern  in  a 
t  two  or  three  other  build- 
Its  popidation  is  now  near- 
seven  churches,  a  court- 
ir  schools,  an  office  of  tlie 
terms  of  that  court,  and  ot 
re  held  here.    From  Utica, 
mU  public  conveyances  are 
of  the  stale.    An  innke.»p- 
low  sto])  dally,  carried,  not 
le  solitary  and  weekly  mail 
dbany.* 

:e  litre  of  Utica.  Its  course, 
lis,  has  continued  to  wind 
:  Mohawk.  In  about  nine 
\c  locks  forty-one  feet,  and 
Imer's  and  Steel's,  on  small 
two  miles  twenty-four  teet 
kford  the  Long  Level  corn- 
canal  is  seventy  miles  in 
irough  Utica,  Wbitestown, 
About  two  miles  before  it 
}  Clark's  creek,  on  an  aque- 


Amenca^  f,  17t. 


HtDRACLIO    LOCK. 


99 


In  Older  to  .iscertain  with  acc»u-acy  the  amount  of  Ircight 
kvitli  which  the  boats  navigating  the  canals  are  loaded,  so  as 
to  ensure  the  collection  of  the  full  amount  of  tolls,  and  to 
detect  and  prevent  any  frauds  upon  the  revenue,  a  Imlrosta- 
tic  lock  has  been  constructed  at  Utica.  It  Ls  formed  with  a 
chamber,  sufficiently  large  to  receive  any  boat  used  on  the 
canals.  The  chamber  is  on  the  same  level  with  the  canal, 
and  is  filled  from  it  by  a  paddle-gate,  which  is  fixed  in  a 
large  gate.  On  a  level  below  the  chamber,  is  a  receptacle, 
into  w-iilch,  by  a  gate,  the  chamber  can  be  emptied,  and  from 
this  through  another  gate  the  water  may  be  discharged.  1  he 
i^tes  are  made  as  accurate  as  possible,  to  prevent  leakage  ; 
and  although  they  cannot  be  made  perfectly  tight,  yet  it 
they  are  equally  so,  the  result  will  be  the  same,  as  the  loss 
at  the  one  will  be  compensated  by  the  gain  at  tlie  oUier. 

When  it  is  designed  to  ascertain  the  weight  of  a  loaded 
boat,  the  chamber  is  first  filled  by  the  opening  of  tiie  paddle- 
gate,  after  which  the  large  gate  is  opened,  the  boat  if  mov^a 
from  the  canal  into  the  chamber,  and  the  gates  closed  behina 
it.  The  depth  of  the  water  in  the  chamber  is  then  caretully 
ascertained,  by  means  of  a  metallic  rod,  graduated  into  feet, 
tenths,  and  hundredths  of  a  foot ;  and  the  cubic  content  ot 
the  water,  with  the  boat  floating  in  it,  is  at  once  obtained 
from  a  table  constmcted  for  the  purpose,  and  adapted  to  the 
graduations  of  the  rod.  .       . .  ■    .i 

Suppose  Uie  column  of  water  in  the  lock,  in  which  the 
boat  is  afloat,  is  eighty-five  feet  long,  fifteen  wide,  and  tour 
feet  deep;  then  by  multiplying  the  length,  widUi  anddeptti 
of  this  column  into  each  other,  its  contents  m  cubic  feet  are 
.)l)tained.  Thus,  85X 15X4- 5100  cubic  feet  of  water,  in- 
« luding  what  is  called  the  flotation  bulk  of  the  boat,  or  m 
other  words,  including  the  contents  of  the  volume  ot  water 
displaced  by  the  boat.  The  water  is  then  drawn  ott  into 
the  receptacle,  and  the  boat  settles  down  upon  timbers,  so 
arranged  as  to  yield  to  its  shape,  by  which  it  is  supported, 
without  being  strained  or  injured.  The  quantity  of  water 
<h-awii  from  the  lock  is  then  ascertained  by  the  graduated 
iwl.  Suppose  the  water  in  the  receptacle  measures  thirty 
feet  long,  twenty-five  feet  wide,  and  five  feet  deep  j  these, 
multiplied  into  each  other,  as  before,  will  produce  three 
\  housand  seven  hundred  and  fifty  cubic  feet.  It  is  a  principle 
11  hydrostalics,  that  every  body  which  floats  m  water  dis- 


^00  HTBIIAtTtlC    tOCK— OtOWOT. 

nlaceo  a  volume  of  this  fluid  precisely  <--<l"''V'"  ^^'''^''V!" 
iSoa^in^  ody.  It  appears  f.'o.n  th.  above  tluit  the  wnter 
i ith  tlu   b^e.1  .oat  VoutiuK  -.  it.  eontaincd  hve   houHund 

dupois,  or  sixty-two  and  a  half  P°«"'l,'''  ,f^  .™''  |,,f, 
I'^xM  vfi'74  -«4.?75  is  the  weiRht  of  the  loadea  boat,  i  nw 
b  o  be'^.l"ced  Ston"  and  L  weight  of  t»-  empty  ^oa^ 

previoUHlv  ascertained  in  the  same  '?'';'"7,  f^^«  J"  ^"Sgr 
ed  and  the  remainder  wiU  be  the  weight  of  the  cargo.    A  ter 

an  er^pty  boat  has  once  been  weighed  she  .s  numbered,  and 
her  weicht  is  registered  at  the  several  hydrostatic  lock*' 
'"rh:  foil  luljd  Utica  is  underlayed  '"  * Je  opjmo^^^^^^^^ 
fessor  Eaton/  with  graywacke  rock,  »>"^^^^e ^^^'Xect^^n  of 
deen  to  ncrmit  an  examinatum  ol  it.     trom  tne  ^i^"""  " 
St^tnrn    it  beine  almost  horizontal,  or  a  very  gradually 

chiefly  "P°^°^«7^,J'^'°fi^,;ifbeU  of  graywacke  will  ave- 
i'ofa  ;£rt  distancf  a^x-und  Utica.  the  same  appearance  ot 

•  Gfologiual  Smvey.  p.  «'. 


f'.trtil 

it  ftv 

soon 

bch( 

fore! 

distt 

the 

hert 

thei 

we  1 

setti 

oft 

F 

Hm 

tun 

abl( 

sev' 

a  s( 

nic! 

mai 

are 

fuc 

ma 

ab( 

inj 

bai 

in 

ei^ 

mi 

on 

mi 

of 
fo: 
sh 
d< 
th 
«e 
re 
Is 


(?Kisi9^sass»S'J««' 


lEOlOOT. 

scly  f<iual  in  wftiglil  to 
IK  aljovi',  that  the  water, 
,  contiiiucd  Hve  tliDUsaiul 
Hi;  siinic  water,  ilniwn  ott 
d  three  thotisaml  seven 
icli,  subtracted  from  tlie 
1  three  liunilrcd  and  fifty 
he  loaded  boat :  and  as  a 
le  thousand  ounces  avoir- 
pounds,   it  follows,  that 
if  the  loaded  boat.     This 
weight  of  the  empty  boat, 
;  manner,  is  to  be  deduct- 
veight  of  the  cargo.    Alter 
hcd,  she  is  numbered,  and 
ei-al  hydrostatic  locks, 
lycd,  in  the  opinion  of  Pro- 
:k  i  but  the  alluvion  is  too 
it.     From  the  (Urection  of 
zontal,  or  a  very  (pdually 
re  authorized  to  form  this 
nderlays,  at  no  great  depth, 
New-York;  that  is,  a  depth 
ed  feet,  or  perhaps  consi- 
rhich  lies  west  of  the  Little 

north-eastern  limit  of  the 
Iff  about  two  or  three  miles, 

;  about  the  same  distance 
I  creek,  and  the  same  dis- 
le  of  Salmon  river,  until  it 
,ake  Ontario.  The  beds  ol 
lat  branch  of  Fish  creek,  are 
i  far  as  it  forms  the  boundary 
belt  of  graywackc  will  ave- 
breadth,  between  the  metaJ- 
lary  formation,  from  near  the 

ihawk,  and  the  canal  on  its 
ascend  into  a  higher  region, 
ca,  the  same  appearance  ot 

iivey,  p.  as. 


NRW-HARTFOmi— ?*m». 


lOt 


f.  itillty  and  prosperity  presents  itself,  :is  when  approadunR 
it  from  the  east  i  but  this  does  not  last  long— the  country 
soon  assumes  a  rougher  a.spect  than  the  traveller  has  yet 
beheld,  and  girdkd  and  falling  trees,  log  houses  and  thick 
forests,  convince  lum  that  he  has  arrived  at  a  newly  settled 
district.  Owing  to  some  disputed  claims  in  the  land  titles, 
the  progress  of  settlement  and  cultivation  has  been  less  rapid 
here,  than  even  fartlier  west ;  but  they  arc  now  resuming 
their  wonted  pace,  and  from  the  top  of  many  an  eminence, 
we  look  down  upon  woods  rapidly  yielding  to  the  axe  of  the 
settler,  and  fields  which  will  not  long  bear  even  the  marks 
of  their  present  wildness. 

Four  miles  from  Utica,  bring  us  to  the  village  of  New- 
Hartford.    It  is  situated  at  the  junction  of  the   Genesee 
turnpike  with  the  road  to  Oxford,  and  carries  on  a  consider- 
able trade.     Within  what  are  considered  its  limits,  there  are 
beventy  dwelling  houses,  three  churches,  a  gframmar-school, 
a  school-house,  thirteen  buildings  used  as  stores  and  mecha- 
nics' shops,  in  one  of  which  ingrain  and  damask  carpeting  are 
made,  with  much  other  weaving,  in  various  branches ;  there 
are  also  an  extensive  cotton  factory,  a  grist-mill,  two  cloth 
factories,  a  nail  factory,  an  oil-mill,  a  paper-mill,  a  tin  and  hat 
manufactory,  and  various  other  works.   Sadaqvada,  or,  as  it  w 
pronounced,  Sauquait  creek,  which  passes  by  this  village,  is 
about  ten  miles  in  length,  rising  in  Oneida  county,  and  enter- 
ing the  Mohawk  at  Whitestown.    It  seldom  rises  above  iti 
banks,  and  is  celebrated  for  the  excellence  of  the  trout  found 
in  its  waters.    In  its  short  course,  it  drives  the  machinery  ol 
eight  cotton  factories,  three  woollen  factories,  eight  gnst- 
mUls,  foiuleen  saw-mUls,  seven  fulling  and  carding  works, 
one  nail  factoiy,  one  clover-mill,  two  oil-mills,  two  paper- 
mills,  two  bark-mills,  one  blastfurnace,  and  one  trip-hammer. 
A  road  to  the  left  from  New-Hartford  leads  to  the  vUlage 
of  Farts,  which  has  a  post-office,  three  churches,  and  about 
forty  houses.    It  derives  its  name,  as  does  the  whole  town- 
ship, from  an  act  of  singular  benevolence,  which  was  well 
deserving  of  perpetual  remembrance.     In  the  year  1789, 
there  was  a  great  scarcity,  and  the  fanners  and  adventurous 
settlers  in  this,  at  that  tune,  wild  and  remote  district,  were 
reduced  to  great  distress.     In  this  dreadful  emergency,  Mr. 
Isaac  Paris,  a  merchant  at  Fort  Plain  on  the  Mohawk,  came 
forward  to  relieve  and  aid  them.    He  supplied  theio  with 
1  " 


ei5f.t?fe&^J»^f^3fet:?5E3a^sa''5^^-' 


102 


HAMItTOV  roMEOE— TEIINOS. 


VirPmia  mm,  on  a  liberal  credit,  and  received  in  paymtnl 

the  name  of  I'aris? 

Kt  nunc  servat  honos  scdcm  tuam,  ossaque  nomen 

.^ si  qua  est  ea  glona,  signal. 

After  Icavinir  New-Hartford,  the  road  passes  for  seven 
mife   to  wLTJLreland,  over  a  fine  country  *'«>  gen tk  u,- 
XdaUons  and  improving  farms.     A  tew  miles  to  the  letl.  is 
Hm^UUM  Colleee.  a  flourishing  literary  institution,  placed  on 
a  .  obKn  iS.  from  whicl?  it  looks  down  on  the  villages 
and  farms  spread  over  the  valleys  below,      t  is  a  budding  of 
Xnefiftv  feet  by  ninety-six,  four  stories  high,  each  divided 
uoeigffsmtaie  rooms.  twohalls,andsixteenlodging.room^^ 
ite  corne?.stone  was  laid  ^y  Buvon  St.uben    one  of  the 
noble  and  generous  foreigners  who  embarked  life  and  fortune 
n  the  caitfe  of  our  youthful  freedom,  and  whom  the  succes- 
^U  go'^e^lions  that  shall  roceive  the  ^^fvantages  o    educa- 
ton  in  this  institution,  will  continue  to  honour  through  dis- 
tant  aires     Iron  ore  abounds  in  this  district,  and  is  exten- 
sWelv  worked  into  iron.     Strata  of  silicious  and  calcareous 
s  ones  ar°  found,  and  easily  quanied,  and  Mr.  Silhman  men- 
S  sulphuret  of  lead  and  zinc,  among  the  minerals  of  the 

•"■&erf^»er  is  V^on,  a  village  confining  about  o^ 
hundred  houses,  two  churches,  a  post^fficc,  and  several 
ZSlring establishments,  and presentmgtheappea^^^^ 

of  a  busy,  thriving  town.  Among  the  minerals  contained  in 
SecSet  of  the  Albany  Institute,  are  specimens  of  lenticu- 

lai-  argillaceous  oxyde  of  iron,  obtained  at  ♦h^  place. 

F /e  miles  beyond  Vernon,  we  reach  Oneida  Creek,  tha 
bouncUiry  between  the  county  of  the  same  name  and  Madi- 
son The  geological  features  of  the  former,  through  which 
T'road  h  J  pas^d  ever  since  we  left  Utica,  will  be  int^^^^  " 
■Z  to  Uie  scientific  traveller,  and  the  researches  of  .he  intd- 
Sent  Professor  Eaton  enable  us  accurately  todescr.be  them, 
/dl  the  hills  of  this  district,  inch.ding  that  on  which  Hamdton 
Hollegc  stands,  a.*  made  up  chiefly  of  ferriferous  sand-rock, 
andihe  valuable  iron  mines  in  Westmoreland,  Pans,  &a  arc 
mostly  embraced  in  it.    In  some  of  the  nunes,  the  u:on  ore 


uUcri 

irrcg 

placi 

who! 

Allt 

liculi 

Mr.  1 

land, 

and 

ore 

the  : 

able 

issue 

of  tt 

salift 

slate 

west 

gas 

ties. 

froiti 

cipa 

ovei 

at  tl 

mini 

whi( 

fron 

com 

due 

oft! 

cole 

due 

has 

pre! 

simi 

Thi 

by  I 

but 

the 

pro 

soft 

fere 


>^«a^^g^ssfe^: 


a5Bt>«w>E«««*"i''s*<S''''™«"'^'*™"''°"' 


nd  received  in  paymtnt 
them  tlie  neccHsarics  ot 
'he  grateful  inlwhitants, 
)WH  was  erected,  gave  it 

»m,  ossaque  nomen 
ria,  signal. 

;  road  passes  for  seven 
country,  with  gentle  un- 
few  miles  to  the  left,  is 
ary  institution,  placed  on 
oks  down  on  the  villages 
clow.    It  is  a  building  of 
tories  high,  each  divided 
nd  sixteen  lodging-rooms, 
ron  Stiiuben,  one  of  the 
embarked  life  and  fortune 
m,  and  whom  the  succes- 
the  advantiiges  of  educa- 
le  to  honour  through  dis- 
his  district,  and  is  exten- 
f  silicious  and  calcareous 
id;  and  Mr.  Silliman  men- 
mong  the  minerals  of  the 

lage  containing  about  one 
a  post-office,  and  several 
presenting  the  appearance 
the  minerals  contained  in 
,  are  specimens  of  lenticu- 
lined  at  ♦his  place. 
J  reach  Oneida  Creek,  the 
the  same  name  and  Madi- 
:he  former,  through  which 
left  Utica,  will  be  interest- 
the  researches  of  the  intel- 
ccurately  to  describe  them, 
ing  that  on  which  Hamilton 
Jy  of  ferriferous  sand-rock? 
estmoreland,  Paris,  &c.  arc 
1  of  the  mines,  the  iron  ore 


0£IILOUT.  *w* 

ultornMi  s  srvfiul  timi  •»  with  the  rock,  and  often  appear*  in 
irregular  beds,  diflViiiig  in  cMint  and  thickness.    In  some 
places,  we  find  thi;  ferriferous  slate-rock  underlaying  the 
whole;  and  in  a  frw  places,  it  alternates  with  the  sand-rock. 
Ml  the  varictii -^  of  i)oth  rocks,  in  all  positions,  with  the  len- 
ticular and  jaspctv  varieties  of  ore,  are  best  exhibited  in 
Mr.  Lainl's  ore  b.'d,  in  the  south-west  comer  of  Westmore- 
land, eleven  and  a  li.lf  miles  west  of  Utica.     Here  marine 
and  fresh  water  pitiilactions  have  been  found,  both  in  the 
ore  ami  in  the  siuid-iock.     Not  far  to  the  east  of  Vernon, 
the  red  slate  uppeais  with  the  red  sand-stone,  inconsider- 
able propoition  (  !in,l  here  the  first  salt  spring  occurs.     It 
issues  from  tlir  iippi  i  suriiice  of  the  rock,  on  the  west  side 
of  the  Skanando  creek,  whose  banks  consist  of  the  soft  red 
salifcrous  slate,  b.  unifully  spotted  with  nodules  of  green 
slate,  lesemblinp;  f  nifcrons  slate.   Four  or  five  miles  farther 
west,  and  about  a  mik-  beyond  Vernon,  carburette«l  hydrogen 
tras  issues  from  l)eii(ath  tlie  same  red  rock,  in  great  quanU- 
ties.     It  would  at  lea,t  seem  to  be  the  same  rock,  because 
from  the  wells  and  other  appearances  it  is  evidently  the  pnn- 
tinal  undeilayiiiK'  i'>ck  here ;  though  the  ferriferous  strata 
overlay  it  in  the  hilU.     Tlie  gas  issues  through  gravelly  soil 
at  the  foot  of  a  iiill,  at  the  rate  of  about  one  gallon  in  a 
minute     It  is  precisely  the  same  carburetted  hydrogen  gas, 
which  is  pnxluccd  in  most  coal  mines.     To  save  the  men 
from  the  explosions  produced  by  igniting  this  gas  when 
combined  witli  atmospheric  air,  Davy's  safety-lamp  was  intro- 
duced.   It  burns  with  a  flame  which  is  not  so  white  as  that 
of  the  artificial  coal  gas ;  neither  does  it  partake  of  that  blue 
colour,  which  is  exhibited  in  burning  tlie  light  carburet  pro- 
duced by  decaying  vegetables.    The  productaon  of  this  gas 
has  ffcnerally  been  considered  as  a  stioiig  indication  ot  the 
presence  of  coal.     Dr.  Hays,  of  Cananda.gua,  analyzed  a 
similar  gas,  similarly  situated,  six  miles  from  that  viUage. 
This  iTM  may  be  produced  by  the  decomposition  of  water 
by  coal,  at  a  great  distance  from  the  place  where  it  issues ; 
but  it  would  follow  a  natural  cleavage  between  two  layers  ot 
the  rock  from  which  it  issues.     By  disintegration,  this  rock 
produces  a  gravelly  and  sandy  soil.    When  mixed  witii  the 
soft  aluminous  graywacke  slate  beneath  it,  or  the  soft  fem. 
ferous  slate  above  it,  a  productive  soil  is  made. 


\H' 


IM 


nilLIDA  mKKK— •«>•'•'*»•''■ 


J.idirinK  from  tlio  »in»a  of  th.-  rxsiern  c-^/'.'f  ")•  '''^ 

eleven  Ivu.iiv.l  '      *%'  *!;t„,l,iM,,,n  .heiv  IcroiioUH  u.ue,- 

tors.  Nvl.o  '^""■l'';;';;;' ,  "  ni  "m  int..  Uu-  hoavts  of  their 
own  rac.-,  ';.'"' ;"^*'"i;{.  J',- ^.J;  "several  of  ll.cn,  h»v,.  be 
more  pniCti»o,l  =''"' ™' '''  '  ..in^nnt  mocl.inics,  placo,! 

un,onK  tl...  ''^  J  ^^^^'^  .'th,  In.han  won,.,,  an;  bec.m.ing 
V:^^::.  ^a  ;,;;nnr  ;i.uU.  the  instnu-tion  of  U.e  bencvole.. 

^'="itM:^t'-.sS-:£iunhcv.  on  the  fY--«: 

«nd  rapidity  ""*  *f"'"  Xt  clothes  the  forests,  and  the 


•kv.- 

Kk'.l 
the  I 
oak- 


!• 

hge 
j,op 
Yat. 
chii 
wall 
voh 
rxti 
hen 

«■>!' 

S 

con 
son 
run 
Hoi 
.1 
:uu 
<xt 
we 
ro< 
fac 
its 
sill 
fle 
go 
th< 

CMl 

ail 
It 

in 


1 


LLIViX. 

piwiern  CDntiiicnt,  tliii 
(if  coal  i  ami  it  appim-. 
cc'ie*  of  forniiiliiin  whicli 
legion*,  '.liould  not  hen 

mine  tliaii  two  huiulrtil 
iplfto  the  internul  wealth 

Creole,  IB  a  settlement,  or 
Lion,  still  holding,  tliouRh 
»n\all  iiorlion  o»  the  wi.l.- 
ullage  is  known  by  the 
race  exists  of  any  liiiiUlini^ 
ime.  The  nunili"f  of  In 
was  saiil  not  t;)  .xceed 
V  are  loiinil  <o  he  ;>  harm- 
iinjf  their  I'croeioUB  amcs- 
^hhonvinK  nations  of  their 
ror  into  the  hearts  of  their 
Scvenil  of  them  have  he- 
Jlerent  ineclianics,  placed 
rli  as  blacksmiths,  wh<;el. 
(hall  wonun  are  bertmiing 
i^triu'lion  of  llie  bencvolenf 

I  farther,  on  the  Cuiiaiiirngii 
k  itsimme,  but  it  has  lately 
ntains  abim*  forty  lionse-f 
road  passes,  is  rich  in  mme- 
i  of  (fyi)suiii  are  foumi  in  it, 
,  what  has  proved  of  mva- 

receiit  enterprises,  tli'  hy- 
rhe  soil  is  warm  and  fertiU  , 
yth  of  grain  ;  and  its  surface 
Xions,  crowned  with  forestb, 

As  the  traveller  passes  over 
on  of  the  year,  he  is  struck 
I,  throughout  all  thm  region, 
jursting  forth  witli  a  richness 
;  southern  climates,— in  the 
clothes  the  forests,  and  the 
ns  the  tields  with  boundless 
the  pure  aaure  of  a  cloudless 


nllTTlllXtO — «t  (  »MfS — JAMIHTIILC. 


105 


.,l{v,_;,n,l  III  :,iinimii,  the  ncmnn  at  wliu  ''  perhaps  he  is  most 
l,k<l\  to  beliiiM  il,  tlu-  !oliii|,'e  vuiyinn  with  evci'V  hue,  trotn 
the  briKiit  coloiii-s  of  the  maple  to  the  brown  vestiiit  of  the 
o:ik— that  seasiHi,  us  our  own  expressive  poet  tells  us, 
When  all  the  woodx  tre  hung 
With  many  tints,  th  •  fading  livery 
Of  life,  ill'  wliii  II  it  mourns  the  coining  storms 
Of  winter,  and  the  (piiel  winds  awak" 
J'aiiit  dirges  in  their  witlier'd  ler.es,  and  hreatho 
Their  sorrows  through  the  groves. 

Three  miles  from  Sullivan,  we  arrive'  at  Chl/kniiiffi,  a  vil- 
luge  of  about  fiftv  houses,  and  rapiilly  iiirreasing  in  trad"-  and 
population.  It  hits  a  valuable  set  of  nulls,  belonging  to  Mr. 
Yates,  and  consisting  of  a  grist-mill,  fulling-mill,  <ard.iig  ma- 
chine,  saw-mill,  oil-mill,  a  tri|.-hanin)er,  and  mill  for  grmduig 
w-iter-limc  and  gypstiin.  \  bn.r.eh  canal,  formed  at  the 
voluntary  expense  of  the  gentlemen  of  the  neighbourhood, 
extends  a  mile  and  a  half  to  the  Krie  eanal,  and  is  of  great 
benefit  to  the  country,  in  the  transportation  of  its  lime  and 

^'''six  miles  beyond  rhitteningo,  is  the  village  of  Maiilius, 
containing  about  two  hundred  houses,  three  churches,  a  ma- 
sonic  lodge,  and  a  post-office.     On  Limexlonr  Creek,  which 
nms  by  it,  are  a  number  of  valuable  maiiuiuctoriest  and  a 
flourishing  trade  is  carried  on  with  the  siirroundin;!'  country. 
.hmenville  is  six  miles  farther,  situated  oa  Bullenml  Crfek, 
and  containing  about  forty  houses.     Near  this  place,  is  an 
extraordinary  cavern  in  the  earth,  discovered  by  digging  a 
well,  wliieh  opeiK'd  into  a  ca  'ity  that  has  been  traced  thirty 
rods  under  groun.l.     Green  P  md  is  also  a  curiosity  ;  its  sur- 
face  being  near  two  hundred  feet  below  the  common  level  of 
its  shores,  which  are  precipitous  and  rocky.     Unlike  the 
surface  of  a  smooth  water  on  Alpine  heighU,  where  the  re- 
flection of  light  shows  a  ruddy  splendour  like  burnished 
Kold,  this  has  a  miiTor  of  deep  gi-een  \  and  it  merits  alike 
the  attention  of  the  scientific  philosopher  and  the  merely 
curious  traveller.     It  is  known  to  be  two  hundred  feet  deep, 
and  the  water  at  the  bottom  has  a  strong  smell  ot  sulphur. 
It  is  a  mile  and  a  half  in  length,  and  three-fourths  of  a  mde 
in  width. 


i.^ 


»3B»8MSSB»»>--»'"'' 


JM  OSOSDAfiA    CASTLE-THK    IllO<itO)«. 

Aft.r  IcaVm,^  tl.is  village,  we  v"cb,  i"  f  J  J^IJ"' ^i^^'', 
J  ri  )!...,  x\  u  -iliort  (Ustiuice  hom  it,  and  looKing  in 
daga  IMhw.  ,.f'^*.7"T,  "'Waters  of  the  Ondda  Lake  may 
Tiorth.f  astern  divectu.n,  U.e  ^^^'^';"'.'x-.„„ts  and  between 
be  occasionally  seen.  Sljf."<='"ff '^J^^'^^fthSS  to  vn,  which 
the  hills.   Tlure  is  nothmg  stxik.ng  '"  ~*^^^^ 

seems  however  ^»^J^Xsf'^S>''*^tended  from  the  Che- 
rrak^'aS^rrrnSh^^  and  eas^^^^^^ 


Naiv 

tinbc 

the 

over 

T 

pris( 

ovei 

grea 

tern 

or  ri 

tine 

Cha 

vani 

bou 

and 

The 

cdl 

con 

Am 

Uni 

tiori 

mil( 

an  ! 

Iak( 

and 

sun 

wat 

abo 

Thi 

froi 

due 

and 

Th 

exj 

tO! 

ovt 
the 
In 
be 
wa 
De 


iBoatois. 

ch,  in  four  miles,  Oiwn- 
om  it,  and  looking  in  a 
)f  the  Oneida  Lake  may 
'  the  forests  and  between 
in  this  little  town,  which 
of  which  the  inhabitants 
miles  to  the  south,  there 
lotice  of  a  traveller,  that 
f  a  remnant  of  an  Indian 
mfortimately,  yet  with  a 
ire,  to  the  soil  of  its  fore- 
id  every  disadvantage, 
times,  inhabited  by  the 
tion  !  and  as  the  traveller 
;  existence  of  this  once 
J  a  few  moments,  with  a 
md  its  present  extinction, 
rendered  the  task  easy  to 
.  to  do,  than  to  follow  him 
ent  investigrations.  . 

the  United  States,  that  is, 
xico,  and  from  the  Ocean 
to  have  been  inhabited  by 
ho  formed  themselves  into 
hese,  the  Powliatans,  the 
)ctawp,  and  other  nations, 
est  of  the  Potomac;  while 
lat  liver  and  the  Ohio,  was 
es,  those  of  the  Lenni-Len- 
:  Europeans,  the  Delawares, 
-fire  on  the  banks  of  that 
ingoes,  as  tliey  styled  thein- 
French  as  the  Iroquois,  and 
IS.    It  is  cUfficult  to  fix  the 
,ns,  varying  as  they  forever 
f  bordering  tribes,  or  the 
confederacy  to  another.    It 
Delaware  nation  was  com- 
ho  extended  from  the  Che- 
i  and  eastward,  between  the 
lands  and  the  Hudson,  on 
n  the  other ;  embvacmg  Uie 


THE   IROHVOIS-  lot 

Nairticokes,  and  otlier  nations  of  Maryland,  the  Delaware 
tiibe,  properly  so  called,  of  Pennsylvania  and  Jei-sey,  and 
the  Mohegans,  with  all  their  subsidiary  tribes,  who  spread 
over  New-England. 

The  Iroquois  were  a  race  of  much  more  valour  and  enter- 
prise than  their  neiglibours,  and  extended  their  conquests 
over  their  country,  and  even  carried  their  arms  beyond  the 
great  northern  lakes ;  they  seem  indeed  to  have  been  the 
terrx  domiiumtis  alumni  of  former  ages,  and  to  have  subdued 
or  rendered  tributary  the  most  powerful  Indians  of  the  con- 
tinent.   Their  territory  appears  to  have  extended  from  Lake 
Champlain  and  the  Hudson,  across  New-York  and  Pennsyl- 
vania, and  the  western  states,  as  far  as  the  Mississippi,— 
bounded  to  the  north  by  the  great  Lakes,  and  on  the  south 
and  east  by  tlie  Alleghany  mountains  and  the  river  Ohio. 
The  dwelling  lands  of  this  confederacy  were  admirably  adapt- 
ed for  convenience,  for  subsistence,  and  for  conquest.  Thev 
comprised  the  greatest  body  of  the  most  fertile  land  m  North 
America;  and  they  are  the  most  elevated  grounds  m  the 
United  States,  from  whence  the  v/atere  flow  in  every  direc- 
tion.    Five  great  inland  seas  reach  upwiu-ds  of  two  thousand 
miles  through  a  considerable  part  of  this  territory,  and  afford 
an  almost  unintenupted  navigation  to  tliat  extent.    By  these 
lakes  and  rivers,  the  confederates  were  enalilcd,  at  all  tmies, 
and  in  all  directions,  to  carry  war  and  dcsti-uction  among  the 
surrounding  and  the  most  distant  nations.     The  numerous 
waters  were  stored  witii  fish  of  various  kinds,  and  the  forests 
abounded  with  an  incredible  number  and  vaiiety  of  game. 
The  situation  of  tlie  inhabitants  was  rendered  veiy  eligible, 
from  these  sources  of  subsistence,  connected  witli  a  pro- 
ductive  soil;  for  they  had  passed  over  the  pastoral  state, 
and  followed  agriculture,  as  well  as  fishing  and  hunting. 
The  selection  of  this  country  for  a  habitation,  was  the  wisest 
expedient  that  could  have  been  adopted  by  a  military  nation, 
to  satiate  their  thirst  for  glory,  and  to  extend  their  conquests 
over  tlie  continent ;  and  if  they  prefencd  the  arts  of  peace, 
there  was  none  better  calculated  for  this  important  purpose. 
In  a  few  days,  their  forces  could  be  s<-i:n,  their  power  could 
be  felt,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Ohio    ii  the  Missouri,  on  the 
waters  of  the  Hudson  or  the  St.  Lawrence,  or  in  the  bays  of 
Delaware  and  Chesapeake. 


i  I 


THK  inodvois. 

The  co^ccvate.  h.a  i^-^^^tSrir  Sii:':; 

tncnt  ol-  u]  '^S"';'-* "  '"•^'„  M-'t  b. >  heir  nuti,..>s,  and  the.r 
*'-{.'ricv''bu  X5  t  o?J;!vl„ccd  b.,ond  the  first 
couicdcrac)  .  bin  ^'''-\ ,'  .  ...^..^,  destitute  of  an  executive 
.tage  ^.^';^^^^^J:g:^ii:L>^ou  of  thei.- councils 
and  jiKiiCKuy,  to  execute  ui  „  j    advisory,  and 

and  then  K''ve™me"t  ^"^  ^''^'^J"'^^  ■' .,,  ^hlch  wi  ^id 
^vlthout  « -^^.^-'^^P,  ■J'='i;.^;erariuu.n'^thut  attached  to  dis- 
to  U»cu:  chiefs,  f'  \,^',';^ »'.'-" -^^^s  „f  their  legislatures,  for  a 
?^S  ^'£:foi"a.'^:^ch  validity  as  .t^.ey  had  been 
enforced  by  an  executive  anin.  nations— tlje  Mo- 

Senecas.     1"  17U,  the  >  "^'^''"^  '     ,  ,.        ^j  ^  deep  and 

«ted  on  or  n*=^.    f'^^^^'^s^sd  the  confluence  of  the  Scho- 
Thc  position  o    the  hist  s  a-s  it  i  u.  ^_^j^^^ 

harie  creek  and  Mohawk  r.vir,  and  "ic  ouinr.  » 

IrondequotUay.    'f^'*  "^V^^^^^^^  and  each  village  was 

'''T:ur:T^i^^^^^--^  -^^  ^hiJ  national  a^en.bly. 
rS  cS^2  of  a.c  great  questions  of  ^ar  and  peace, 


an( 
fan 
rat 
sa) 
tio 
lor 
cv 
ill! 
att 
ne 
ra( 
Sc 
Al 
Fi 


TBS  IBOarOIA. 


109 


.  fav  Ijcyonil  llic  fivsl  i-U- 
nibiiuitiou  into  famiVus ; 
thtir  nations,  and  their 
vanccd  beyond  the  first 
cstilute  of  an  executive 
(linatu)n  of  their  councils; 
lie  ineiely  advisory,  aiid 
•  respect  whlcli  was  paid 
ium  that  attached  to  dis- 
of  their  legislatures,  for  a 
lidity  as  .!  tliey  had  been 

ito  five  nations — Cic  »lo- 
[.b,  tlie  Cayugas,  and  the 
s,  who  lived  in  the  back 

had  foraicd  a  deep  and 
>  the  w lutes,  were  diiveii 
jpted  l>y  the  Iroquois  as  a 
iween  the  Oniidas  and  the 
the  fornu  r. 
and  one  small  village,  situ- 

of  the  river  of  that  name. 
|,u  confluence  of  the  Scho- 
iiul  the  olliers  were  farther 
heir  propintiuity  to  the  set- 
ir  niarljal  renown,  and  mih- 
ciiueiitlx  given  their  name 
1  is  often  denominated  tlic 

Uivs. 

pal  seat  on  the  soutli  ot  the 
•M-  tlie  Onondaga,  und  the 
the  principal  village  of  the 
\  cr,  about  twenty  miles  from 
lis  divided  into  Uuee  tribes, 
Wolf;  and  each  village  was 
ccrns  were  managed  by  its 
r  relations,  general  interests, 
icted  and  superintended  by 
lally  in  Onondaga,  tlie  central 
of  each  republic;  and  eighty 
ned  at  this  national  assembly. 
,  questions  of  war  and  peace, 


of  the  affairs  of  the  tributary  nations,  and  their  negotiation, 
with  the  ITench  and  Englisl.  colon  es.  All  their  proceed- 
ings  were  conducted  witli  great  deUberation,  and  were  dia- 
Ungu'shed  for  order,  deconim  and  solemmty.  In  eloquence, 
in  diimity,  and  in  all  the  characteristics  of  profound  pohcy. 
ihey  W«^«i  »n  assembly  of  feudal  barons,  and  were  per- 
hap^s  not  far  inferior  to  the  great  Amphyctionic  Councd  of 

The  conquests  of  the  Iroquois,  previously  to  the  discovcty 
of  America!  are  only  known  to  us  through  the  imperfect 
cLSof  tradition  i  but  it  is  well  authentcated^  that  since 
that  memorable  era,  they  exterminated  the  nation  of  the 
Eries  or  Erigas,  on  the  south  side  of  Lake  Ene,  which  has 
given  name  to  that  lake.    They  nearly  extupated  ge  An- 
dastez,  and  the  Chouanons ,  they  conquered  the  Hurons. 
n  drove  them  and  their  allies,  the  Ottawas,  among  the 
Sioux,  on  the  head  waters  of  the  Mississippi,  where  they 
sS^ted  themselves  into  bands,  and  proclaimed,  wherever 
?lieywent,  the  teiTor  of  the  Iroquois.    They  also  subdued 
^Illinois.  UieMiamies.  the  Algonquins.  the  Delaware^  the 
Shawanese,  and  several  tribes  of  the  Abenaquis.     After  Uie 
Iroquois  had  defeated  the  Huroi.s,  in  a  dreadful  battle  fought 
near  Quebec,  the  Neperceneans,  who  lived  upon  tlie  St. 
iTwrence,  fled  to  Hudson's  Bay  to  avoid  their  fury.  In  1649, 
they  destiiyed  two  Huron  villages,  and  dispersed  the  nabon, 
and  afterwards,  they  destroyed  anotlier  v.  luge  of  six  hundred 
femilies:  two  villages  presented  themselves  to  tlie  confede- 
raS  and  lived  with  tLw.     "  The  dread  of  the  Iroquois." 
ays  the  historian,'  "  had  such  an  effect  upon  all  other  n*. 
tions.  that  the  borders  of  the  river  Ontaouis,  which  were 
ong  thickly  peopled,  became  almost  deserted,  without  ite 
eve?  being  known  what  became  of  the  Skater  pw*  of  the 
Xbitante."    The  Illinois  fled  to  the  westward,  after  being 
attTked  by  the  confederates,  and  did  not  return  until  a  ge- 
S  pe»^e  i  and  were  permitted,  in  1760.  by  the  confeSe- 
rates,  to  setUe  in  the  countiy  between  tlie  Wabash  and  the 
Scioto  rivers.   The  bunks  of  Lake  Superior  .were  ined  wrth 
AZnquins,  who  sought  an  asylum  from  the  incursions  of  the 
fS^i^s     They  also  haiissed  aUthe  northern  Indians, 

•  Herriot,  j>.  TO. 


no 


TBI  IBOHDOW. 


a,  for  as  HudsonS  Bay  ?  and  they  even  attacked  tlie  nations 

''"iSrlSKtith  Indians  alone,  that  these  gallant  warriors 
contended  for  nearly  a  century.and  a  half,  .th^y  «"?«»  cm. 
a  Wa^  Sst  the  French  possessions  in  Louis.ana  and  Cana- 

SiJ^rtimes  alone,  and  sometimes  ■"/"^"^t'^J^rvrfJeu 
W«h  colonists.    During  ^^.s  eventful  pen«^.  they  rtte. 

maintained  a  proud  supenonty,  always  anhopo^^^'^.^Vtv 
^e,  wd  no  vicissituke  of  fortune,  or  visitation  of  catam^j. 
Se"r  compel  them  to  descend  from  the  elevated g^und 
which  d!ey  occupied  in  their  own  estimation,  and  in  U.e 

"^Se^.'^M.DeraUrre.  the  govemor-genend  of  Canada 
«JvJeeded  w^th  an  army  againit  the  cantons.    He  landed 
Sm  Osweg^.  but  finding  h^m.elf  incomnetcnt  to  meet  the 
enemv    he^nstituted  a  negotiation,  and  demanded  a  coiifer- 
*ncr'0n  th«  occasion,  liarangida,  an  Onondap  chief,  at- 
^nded  in  behalf  of  his  country,  and  made  h.s  celebrated 
1^  to  M  Delabarr*.     The  French  retired  from  the  coun- 
^l^^  digS.ce     The  second  general  expe<lition  was  un- 
Srtlken  in^87.  by  M.  Ucnonville.  govemor-general.     He 
£  Sherously  Seized  several  of  their  ch.cts,  and  seni 
Sem  to  t&leys  in  France.     He  was  at  the  head  of  u» 
iSexceedrngtwothmisandmen.    He  landed  m  Ironde- 
!XtBarand^h«n  near  a  village  of  the  Senecas.  was  at- 
UckeHy  five  hundred  warriors:  he  would  have  been  de- 
feated if  his  Indian  allies  had  not  rallied  and  repulsed  the 
Inemy.  Afterdest«,ying  some  provis  «ns,  «";}b"™"^»4^ 
ISk  he  retired  without  any  acquisition  of  laurels.    The 
Sacf-^n  which  the  battle  was  fought,  has  withm  a  few  years 
Kowned  by  Judge  Porter,  of  Grand  Niagara.   On  p  ough- 
Sfe  th^Und.  ^.ree  hundred  hatchets,  .ind  upwards  ot  tliree 
thousand  pounds  of  old  iron,  were  found. 

ThTconfederates.  in  a  year's  time,  compelled  their  ene- 
mils  to  mke  pVace^  and  to  restore  Uieir  chiefs.  It  was  with 
X  mS^  t^e  «"V  mean,  of  escape  from  destruction, 
r^t  boSes  of  them  threatened  Montreal,  and  their  canoes 
S^^d  ti^egrearLakes,  tliey  shut  up  the  French  m  their 
K  M>d  wLd  have  conquered  the  whole  of  Canada,  .f 
K  had  understood  the  art  of  attacking  fortified  places. 
Thf.  Dcace  was  soon  disturiied  by  the  artifices  of  Kondia- 
3S,^aXo^^hief ,  md  the  IroqioU  made  an  irrupuon  oa 


thei 

dest 

T 

rate) 

thei 

Can 

mar 

villa 

to  < 

tak< 

was 

Fre 

witl 

hea 

sior 

kni 

au( 

bav 

lUe 

rep 

pn 

fall 

ke 

tac 

Er 
we 
fro 
mi 
snr 
ho 
th 
on 

th 
th 
ra 
m 
tc 
d 
b 
ti 


mi!  iRoacois. 


Ill 


iren  attacked  the  nations 

»t  these  gallant  warriors 
d  a  half,  they  carried  oi> 
8  in  Louisiana  and  Cana- 
i  in  conjunction  with  tlie 
:ntful  period,  they  often 
ays  an  honourable  resist- 
,  or  visitation  of  calamity, 
from  the  elevated  ground 
n  estimation,  and  in  tlie 

:emor-general  of  Canada, 
the  cantons.  He  landed 
incompetent  to  meet  the 
I,  and  demanded  a  confcr- 
la,  an  Onondap  chief,  at- 

and  made  his  celebrated 
nch  retired  from  the  coun- 
eueral  expe<lition  was  un- 
le,  gfovemor-general.     He 

of  their  chiefs,  and  sent 
He  was  at  the  head  of  an 
n.  He  landed  in  Ironde- 
ge  of  the  Senecas,  was  at- 

he  would  have  been  de- 
it  rallied  and  repulsed  tlie 
■ovisions,  and  burning  a  few 
cquisition  of  laurels.  The 
ight,  has  within  a  few  years 
Lirand  Niagara.  On  plough- 
hets,  .-ind  upwards  of  tliree 
re  found. 

time,  compelled  their  ene- 
»re  tlieir  chiefs.  It  was  with 
r  escape  from  destruction. 

Montreal,  and  their  canoes 
shut  up  the  French  in  their 
ed  the  whole  of  Canada,  if 
r  attacking  fortified  places. 
I  by  the  artifices  of  Kondia- 
oquois  made  an  irruption  on 


the  island  of  Montreal,  with  one  thousand  two  hundred  men, 
destroying  every  thing  before  them.  .„„fi.j-. 

The  third  and  last  grand  expedition  against  the  confedc 
ratei  was  undertaken,  in  1697,  by  the  Count  de  Frontenac, 
the  ablest  and  bravest  governor  tfiat  the  French  ever  had  « 
Canada.    He  landed  at  Oswego,  with  a  powerful  force,  and 
mMched  to  the  Onondaga  lake,  but  he  found  their  pnnc.pd 
vuS«e  burnt  and  abandoned.     He  sent  seven  hundred  men 
to  destroy  the  Oneida  castle,  where  a  few  prisoners  were 
taken.  An  Onondaga  chief,  upwards  of  «nej»""*'^'i.y^»"  °^ 
was  captured  in  tlie  woods,  and  abandoned  to  the  fury  of  the 
French  savages.     After  sustaining  the  most  horrid  tortures, 
with  more  than  stoical  fortitude,  the  only  complaint  he  was 
heard  to  utter,  was  when  one  of  them,  actuated  by  compas- 
SoTor  probably  by  rage,  stabbed  h.m  repeatedly  with  a 
knife,  in  order  to  put  a  speedy  end  to  h.s  existence ,  "Thott 
Stno^" '"'■•d  L  "toabriV  W  We,  that  thou  might 
have  time  to  learn  to  die  like  a  man.     For  my  own  part,  I 
die  contented,  because  1  know  no  meanness  with  wluch  to 
Sp^ch  mys;if.»    After  this  tragedy,  the  Count  tnought  it 
prudent  to  retire  with  his  army,  and  he  probably  would  have 
fallen  a  victim  to  his  temerity,  if  the  Senecaa  had  not  been 
kept  at  home,  from  a  false  report,  that  tiiey  were  to  be  at- 
tacked  at  the  same  time  by  die  Ottawas. 

Ever  faithful  to  their  treaties,  the  Iroquois  adhered  to  the 
EneUsh  throuRhout  our  revolutionary  struggle ;  and  though 
we  may  wee.)  over  the  sufferings  of  our  countrymen  on  the 
ftontiew,  who  felt  their  heavy  vengeance,  we  must  sbU  ad- 
mu«  the  constancy  and  firm  fidelity  of  tins  savage  race.  The 
smiling  banks  of  the  Mohawk  could  tell  many  a  tale  of  savage 
hom,r%cted  upon  them  in  those  dj^adfiilumes,  but  pe^^^ 
the  traveUer  who  now  visits  Onondaga  CasUe,  wdl  tiunk  that 
our  vengeance  has  been  ample. 

It  became  necessary,  however,  in  the  revolutionary  WM, 
that  the  Iroquois  should  receive  a  signal  chastisement  for 
their  barbarous  and  cruel  incursions;  and  accordingly.  Gene- 
ral  Sullivan,  wiUi  an  army  of  nearly  five  thoiisand  men, 
marched  into  their  country,  in  the  year  1779.  New  New- 
town, in  the  present  county  ol  Tioga,  he  defeated  them,  ana 
drove  them  from  tiieu-  fortifications.  He  continued  his  mwch 
between  the  Cavuga  and  Seneca  lakes,  and  tiirough  their 
territorj'  as  far  as  the  Genesee  river,  destiroying  their  orchMds, 


JJ3  THE    IKOaV'OIS- 

corn-fields,  and  forty  villages,  the  largest  of  which  contained 
orhundr^d  and  twenty-eight  houses  Th.s  exped.ton  was 
nearlv  the  finisliinff  blow  to  the  cruelty  and  audacity  of  the 
?nETheh-  habitations  wer.-  destroyed,  their  provinces 
Wd  waste  i  they  were  driven  from  their  country,  and  were 
compelled  to  tike  refuge  under  the  cannon  "f  N'^g^f^; 
Thefr  hostiUty  terminated  with  our  pac.hcaUon  with  Great 

""S.m  thia  period,  it  is  painful  to  trace  the  Wstoiy  of  the 
Iroquois,  it  Is  painful  to  behold  *e.r  constant  diminm 
tometimes  rapid,  and  sometimes  gradual.  Their  present 
Sti^n  furnishes  an  admonitory  lesson  to  human  nnde. 
^  adds  another  proof  to  the  many  on  record,  that  nations. 
like  individuals,  are  destined  by  Providence  to  destrucUon. 
•rS^Sut  every  part  of  our  country,  wherever  we  turn 
S^JSX  sl^^  lesson  is  conveyed,  the  same  una^coun^^^ 

Sle  Elation,  if  we  may  use  the  term,  is  to  be  seen. 
«  WhS?'  m"  a  youthful  f  oet.  who  has  made  these  events 
the  subject  of  an  mteresting  tale— 

Where  is  the  Mohawk,  he  whose  war-cry  made 
A  hundred  nations  flee  along  the  glade  ? 
Where  the  high  race,  who  battled  side  by  side. 
Where  broad  Potomac's  sunny  waters  gUde.' 
Where  the  gigantic  warriors,  who  stood 
Where  Susquehanna  rolls  the  western  flood .' 
Where  are  the  council-fires,  which  ht  the  shore 
Of  thy  vast  vaUev.  beauteous  Shenandoah 
No  sone  of  Indian  maid  now  swells  the  ga  e. 
Which  sweeps  the  verdure  of  thy  quiet  vale ; 
The  feast  of  hardest,  and  the  song  of  war. 
Along  thy  plains  shall  never  murmur  more. 
Of  the  ancient  domains  of  tiie  Iroquois  all  that  now  remairi 
are^  few  reservations  in  the  Oneida.  Onondaga  and  Seneca 
^nS.     The  Mohawks  abandoned  their  country,  during 
S^Sutiona^  war,  and  the  Cayugas  have  also  since  done 
theTme     AVemnant  of  the  Tuscaroras  reside  on  three 
nSes  Muare.  near  the  Niagara  river,  on  lands  given  to  them 
b^  theTnecas  and  the  Holland  Land  Company.   The  Oneida 
J^Sn  docs  not  contain  more  than  ten  thousand  acres , 
^X  Onondaga  is  still  smaller.    The  Senecas  have  the* 
jSidpXttteiS^nt  at  Buflalo  creek,  then:  reservations  are 


exte 
and 
hum 
Unii 

T 
Stan 
drui 
spiri 
the 
fom 
heai 
mer 
spei 
deri 
and 
will 
exp 
Thi 
in  si 
Sen 
the 
fere 
fede 
side 
driv 
che 
abai 
cloa 
ledi 

1 
cou 
ing 
tot 
are 
woi 
far 
rop 

i 
par 
On 
Cai 
anc 


i 


THE   IHOarOM — A5CIE!«T   roRTITICATIOHi. 


113 


rgest  of  which  contMticd 
cs.  This  expedition  was 
lelty  and  audacity  of  the 
■stroycd,  their  provinces 
their  co>intry,  and  were 
tlie  cannon  of  Niagara, 
ir  pacification  with  Great 

trace  the  history  of  the 
heir  constant  diminution, 
gradual.     Their  present 

lesson  to  human  pride, 
y  on  record,  that  nations, 
■ovidence  to  destruction, 
luntry,  wherever  we  turn 
red,  the  same  unaccount- 
the  term,  is  to  be  seen, 
ho  has  made  these  events 

lose  war-cry  made 

the  glade* 

ttled  side  by  side, 

y  waters  glide? 

who  stood 

;  western  flood  ? 

which  lit  the  shore 

Shenandoah  ? 

swells  the  gale, 
f  thy  quiet  vale  ; 

song  of  war, 
murmur  more. 

oquois  aU  that  now  remain 
lida,  Onondaga  and  Seneca 
oned  their  country,  during 
yugas  have  also  since  done 
I'uscaroras  reside  on  three 
;er,  on  lands  pven  to  them 
and  Company.  The  Oneida 
e  than  ten  thousand  acres? 
•.  The  8enec?8  have  theu- 
■ceki  their  reservations  are 


extensive  and  valuable,  containing  more  than  one  hundred 
and  sixty  thousand  acres  ?  and  they  possess  upwards  of  one 
hundre(i  thousand  dollars  in  the  stock  of  the  late  bank  of  the 
United  States. 

The  Six  Nations  have  lost  their  high  character  and  elevated 
standing.  They  are,  in  general,  addicted  to  idleness  and 
drunkenness )  the  remnant  of  their  eloquence  ard  military 
spirit,  as  well  as  national  strength,  is  to  be  found  only  among 
the  Senecas.  Their  ancient  men,  who  have  witnessed  the 
former  glory  and  prosperity  of  their  country,  and  who  have 
heard  from  the  mouths  of  their  ancestors  the  heroic  achieve- 
ments of  their  countrymen,  weep  like  infants,  when  they 
speak  of  the  fallen  condition  of  the  nation.  They;,  however, 
derive  some  consolation  from  a  prophecy  of  ancient  origin, 
and  universal  currency  among  them,  that  the  man  of  America 
will,  at  some  future  time,  regain  his  ancient  ascendency,  and 
expel  the  man  of  Europe  from  this  western  hemisphere. 
This  flattering  and  consolatory  persuasion  has  restrained, 
in  some  degree,  their  vicious  propensities ;  has  enabled  the 
Seneca  and  Shawanese  proplkets  to  arrest,  in  some  tribes, 
the  use  of  intoxicating  liquors ;  and  has  given  birth,  at  dif- 
ferent periods,  to  certain  movements  towitfds  a  general  con- 
federacy of  the  savages  of  North  America.  That  they  con- 
sider the  white  man  as  an  enemy  and  an  intruder,  who  has 
driven  them  from  their  country,  is  most  certain ;  and  they 
cherish  this  antipathy  with  so  much  rancour,  that  when  they 
abandon  their  settlements,  they  make  it  a  rule  never  to  dis- 
close to  him  any  mineral  substances  or  springs,  which  may 
redound  to  his  convenience  or  advanta^. 

There  is  another  feature  in  the  aboriginal  history  of  this 
country,  which  will  strike  the  traveller  peculiarly  alter  pass- 
ing  Onondaga.  Over  the  vast  extent  of  country  spreadinj^ 
to  the  west  of  this  place,  and  even  beyond  the  Mississippi, 
are  seen  the  remMns  of  fortifications,  or  rude  camps,  which 
would  seem  to  be  the  work  of  nations  advanced  in  civilization, 
far  beyond  the  In<Uans  who  were  found  here  by  the  Eu- 
ropeans. , .     . 

A  number  of  these  works  are  to  be  found  m  the  western 
parts  of  this  state.  There  is  a  large  one  in  the  township  of 
Onondi^ ;  one  in  Pompey,  and  another  in  Manlius ;  one  in 
CanulluB,  eight  mUes  from  Auburn ;  one  in  Scipio,  six  mile^ 
another  one  mile,  and  one  half  a  nule  from  that  village. 

x2 


114 


A5CIEMT  roiiTinciTioss. 


had  sprung  up  since  ine  «=re"^"    ,      „,      t-pnches  are  in 

andifany  oUhem  P'^^^""'"*  ,     .u    contradictory  accounts 

ized  nations  of  Europe,  the  u^pt^onottii^D^^  ^^ 

eS;  centunesago,ond.epUun»oi  Am       ^  ^  ^^  ^^ 
nent  was  inliabited  by  n»«o"f /""^X  .„e  of  metals  and 

the  «officu»  gentium'  of  Luropc,  so  me  v«»v  i'^b  « 


of 
inj 

E> 
Id 
ba 

oil 
al 
in 
re 
th 
ei 
w 

Ski 

ia 


TIOJIS. 

kcs,  there  are  sever*! ; 
ler.  Near  the  village  of 
word,  tliey  are  scattered 

Sng,  erected  on  the  most 
r  breastworks  are  earth ; 
the  works.    On  some  of 
seen,  which,  from  the 
have  been  standing  one 
sixty,  and  three  hundred 
:ation8,  not  only  tliat  they 
of  those  works,  but  tliat 
h.    The  trenches  are  in 
ithcrs  narrow  and  shallow; 
:ude  from  three  to  eight 
sometimes  two  entrances, 
g  no  ditch  at  those  places. 
>y  a  deep  nivinc,  or  a  large 
seen.    The  uveas  of  these 
and  in  some  of  them,  frag- 
rized  substances,  supposed 
nes,  have  been  found. 
;em  entirely  unacquamted, 
liese  extraordinary  works; 
litional  knowledge,  its  utter 
the  contradictory  accounts 
ility  to  any  mode  of  warfare 
Lness  for  any  of  their  domes- 
I  in  vain  even  to  conjecture; 
them,  that  of  Mr.  CUnlon, 
I  in  some  instances  by  seve- 
nost  consideration,  and  sup- 
d  science.     Mr.  Clinton  be- 
>  ancient  Goths  of  the  cml- 
ption  of  the  barbarians  from 
•rth,  over  Fmnce,  Italy  and 
1)8  of  a  scene  which  was  act- 
of  America;  tliat  this  conti- 
powerful  in  arts  and  arms, 
d  with  the  use  of  metals,  and 
It  as  Siberia  and  Russia  were 
ic,  so  the  vast  regions  in  the 


Ascmrr  poutificatioih— wmt  HtLt. 


11.1 


nortli  of  Asia,  overteeming  with  population,  supplied  the 
hordes  which  sought  new  homes  in  another  continent ;  that 
the  people  of  America,  compelled  to  defend  themselves  from 
their  ruthless  invaders,  constructed  numerous  works  for  their 
protection,  and  long  and  vigorously  resisted  their  hardy  aii- 
teironists ;  but,  like  the  degenerated  Romans,  worn  down  by 
successive  inroads,  and  perhaps  enervated   by  peace  and 
civilization,  they  were  conquered  by  theu-  barbarous  and  in- 
numerable foes— while  in  these  rude  and  decaying  monu- 
ments, we  behold  all  that  is  left  of  the  ancient  and  extenm- 
nated  race.     "This  is  perhaps,"    concludes  Mr.  <linton, 
"the  airy  nothing  of  imagination,  and  may  be  reckoned  the 
extravaicant  dream  of  a  visionary  mind :  but  may  we  not, 
considcnng  the  wonderful  evento  of  the  past  and  present 
times,  and  the  inscrutable  dispensations  of  an  oveiTulin^  Pro- 
vidence.  may  we  not  look  forward  into  futurity,  and,  without 
departing  from  the  rigid  laws  of  probability,  predict  the  oc- 
curreiice  of  similar  scenes,  at  some  remote  penod  of  time  ? 
O'       And  perhaps,  in  the  decrepitude  of  our  empire,  some  trans- 
cendeiit  genius,  whose  powers  of  mmd  shall  only  be  bounded 
by  that  impenetrable  circle  which  prescribes  the  limits  of 
human  nature,  may  rally  the  barbarous  nations  of  Asia  under 
the  standard  of  a  mighty  empire.    Following  the  track  of  the 
Russian  colonies  and  commerce  towaixls  the  north-west  coast, 
and  availing  himself  of  the  navigation,  arms  and  militw^  skill 
of  civilized  nations,  he  may,  after  subverUng  the  neighbour- 
inff  despotisms  of  tlie  old  world,  bend  his  couree  towards 
European  America.    The  destinies  of  our  country  may  at 
lenirth  be  decided  on  the  waters  of  tl»e  Missouri,  or  on  the 
banks  of  Lake  Superior ;  and  if  Asia  shall  then  revenge  upon 
our  posterity  Uie  injuries  we  have  inflicted  on  her  sons,  a  new, 
a  lone  and  a  gloomy  night  of  GoUiic  darkness  will  again  set 
in  upon  mankind.    And  when,  after  the  efflux  of  ages,  the 
returning  eflfulgence  of  inteUectual  light  shall  again  gladden 
the  nations,  the  wide-spread  ruins  of  our  cloud-capped  tow- 
ers of  our  solenm  temples,  and  of  our  magmficent  ciUes, 
will,  like  the  works  of  which  we  have  treated,  become  the 
subiect  of  curious  research  and  elaborate  investigation. 

About  a  mile  beyond  Onondaga  Hollow,  is  the  vilLige  of 
West  HiU,  or,  as  it  is  now  called,  Onondaga  Potl-OJfiee.  It 
is  ataijited  on  a  fine  enunence,  and  has  a  court-house  and 


tl6  MAKCtllM— HKEIIlATItliS— AUirmiC. 

office.,  a  gaol,  two  churches  and  about  eighty  ho«ue»,  itorcs 

*"?„  nrmiles  from  West  Hill,  we  reach  the  village  of  Afor- 

rir  seated  on  Otisco  creek,  and  conta.mng  «  J^^urd^  * 

£l.hou.e.  and  "bout  forty  hou«..    In  the  aueo^-^J 

there  are  very  large  springs,  which  it  w  supposea  are  icu 

f«fm  thT8keneatere«i.i>y  a  subterranean  pahiage.    It .»  cer- 

Shat  uTe  Sn.  rf  the  OU«:o,  for  a  short  distance  below 

SesI  .jA^g^  po«e»  ^rong  petrifi«:tive  quaht.es.  not  ob- 

"xhe'rJlS'now  p««e.  through  a  flourishing  countr,^  well 

cUtivatXand  containing  many  inanufactunn|  estobWi- 

ments     A.  we  approach  Skeneateless.  Uie  lake  is  seen 

M  Snir  its  glaST^ace  several  miles  to  the  south,  and 

irsfi  S^mm^with  HtUe  villus  risinprnid  woods  and 

sT.'  U.  Thevillage  of  Skeneateleu  is  six  miles  from  Marcellus, 

!^;iSin.rciT«b«^.^^^ 

r:Ch"it*f^i«li  «^^d^abr^^^      to  the 

SJuth  Ind  v^e"  in  >^dth  from  half  a  mile  to  a  m>le  ""d  * 

onTSr^s    with  many  handsome  private  mansions.    The 
coit  S  Sxo3  offices  are  here ,  and  thestote  pn«>n 

"^oL»eo  Lake  is  about  eleven  mUes  in  length,  and  from  one 
toSty  tw^e.  in  width.  Its  outlet.  Owasco  cr^k.  on 
wWA^Unds  the  vaiage  of  Auburn,  dischwgesiwrUith^ug^ 
AuieUus  and  Mente  to  Seneca  nver,  about  fifteen  miles. 
Swi^^inS  i"  a  «naU  stream  that  ~n»  i"»?;5«»;f„^  ^ 
Owasco  lake.  OwaKJO, in  the  languageof  the ^»o)m,  is 
..  bSre?  and  iu  lake  took  it.  name  ^^^.^'^'^^ 
bridpVf  drift-wood,  ancienOy  formed  acroM  it,  near  the 

""fcoiwing  Auburn,  the  country  »  much  more  open  and 
impS^eSTTi^-fiinushed  houses  «id  thrivmg  villsge.  are 


;■■— AUBCKlf. 

out  eighty  hou«e»,  rtores 

reach  the  village  of  Mar- 
containing  a  church,  a 
es.  In  the  0<j*«>  Creek 
h  it  is  supposed  are  fed 
»nean  passage.  It  is  cer- 
br  a  short  distance  below 
ftictive  qualities,  not  ob- 

flourishing  country,  well 
manufacturing  establisli- 
teless,  U»e  lake  is  seen 
1  miles  to  the  south,  and 
»,  rising  amid  woods  and 
i  six  miles  from  Marcellus, 
d  appears  to  carry  on  !i 
same  name,  at  the  outlet 
bout  fifteen  miles  to  the 
ilf  a  mile  to  a  mile  and  a 
gs,  and  is  always  late  iii 
I  •  long,'  in  the  <Ualect  of 

to  the  village  of  Auburn, 
ake.  It  is  the  capital  of 
:  hundred  and  fifty  houses 
5  private  mansions.  The 
here ;  and  the  state  prison 
it  far  distant  itota  one  an- 
tes in  length,  and  fiom  one 
outlet,  Owasco  creek,  on 
I,  discharges  north  through 
river,  about  fifteen  miles, 
hat  runs  into  the  head  of 
oiguage  of  the  Iroquois,  is 
name  from  an  Owasco,  or 
brmed  acroM  it,  near  the 

try  is  much  more  open  and 
I  and  thriving  ^Uigei  are 


lAST  CAtr«A— CATVOA  LAKE. 


\\r 


seen  continually.  The  soil  is  (rood,  the  surtace  pretty  well 
watered  t  its  products  various,  like  tliosu  o»  the  siirrouiuling 
country,  and  in  luxuriant  abundance.  There  are  lew  bcttt-r 
farming  counties  in  the  state.  This  country  abounds  much 
with  calcareous  petrifactions!  and  the  limestone  with  impres- 
sions  resembling  muscle-shclls,  less  common  in  the  hanUr 
varieties.  It  seems  to  have  for  a  basis  rock,  at  various  depths, 
tlie  clay  slate,  so  extensively  spreail  in  the  west,  with  tracts 
of  Umestone,  gypsum  and  hydraulic  lime.  The  alluvial  soil 
and  subsoil  are  principally  calcareous,  in  the  southern  part  i 
but  that  of  the  northern  w  more  loamy.  Iron  ore  is  found 
in  nearly  every  part,  in  the  form  of  an  argillaceous  oxytle. 

Eight  miles  beyond  Auburn  bring  us  to  EobI  Cayuga,  « 
post  town,  conuining  about  twenty  houses,  and  placed  on 
the  margin  of  the  Cayuga  Lake.    This  lake  extends  north 
and  south,  and  is  thirty-eight  miles  in  length,  forming  a 
part  of  the  divisional  line  between  Caytiga  and  Seneca  coun- 
ties.   The  north  end  is  twenty-five  miles  south  of  Lake  On- 
tario.   The  lake  varies  in  width  from  one  to  four  miles,  ana 
has  a  shore  considerably  indented  and  irregular.    In  some 
places,  it  is  terminated  by  precipices,  but  is  in  general  ten 
or  twelve  feet  high,  with  unbroken  acclivities  that  nso 
from  one  hundred  to  one  hundred  and  fifty  feet,  in  about 
half  a  mile  from  the  lake.     At  the  Cayuga  bridge,  the  lake 
is  a  mile  and  a  quarter  wide ;  at  Union  Springt,  six  miles 
above,  two ;  three,  at  Lewna,  four  miles  further  south  j  and 
four  and  a  quarter  at  Aurora,  south  of  which  it  contracts  to 
about  two  miles,  and  less.    This  lake  freezes  in  winter,  for 
six  or  eight  miles  above  the  outlet,  or  where  the  water  does 
not  exceed  twenty  or  thirty  feet  in  depth ;  but  in  the  deeper 
parts  it  generally  remains  open  through  the  season.     At  lU 
south  end,  which  is  in  Tompkins  county,  it  receives  several 
fine  mill-streams— Fotf  Creek  from  Cayup  county,  and  Aiar- 
mik  and  Main  Inkt  Creeks,  in  Tompkins  county  (.Wnwn 
Creek  enters  from  the  east  shore,  five  miles  north  of  these  ; 
and  it  receives,  besides,  many  smaller  mill-streams.     This 
lake  discharges  itself  into  Lake  Ontario,  through  the  com- 
mon  cliannel  of  all  the  small  lakes  in  this  part  of  New-York, 
that  is,  the  Seneca  and  Oswego  rivers.     The  Seneca  nver, 
leaving  the  lake  of  that  name  at  its  northern  extremity, 
pursues  an  easterly  direction  to  the  Cayuga  lake,  which  it 
joins  in  its  most  northern  point ;  the  mingled  waters  of  these 


rms.:: 


118  WMT  CATrOA-HHKA  f  AlM—WATHtOO 

two  then  flow  together,  winding  along,  and  receiving  in  their 
hear,  \^'"  tttc"oiCSori^.  onl^weVtyTur  n.^^^^  in 

i:;SSn?U«n,e  for  a«^«»  SfKffinirpot rfJilt^-' 
L^tST^^n  rreVAut'^^^^^  «iuare  mile.. 

.d^o!:;\'b^S|:tSt^np.le.ahout;-^^^^^ 

^  ^     ^A  the  fid2k  Chequered  with  catUe,  or  rich  with 
houses,  and  the  "«P»  .•^"!H"  ,!r_,-,ii„telv  on  the  western 

Touif^Tli^  aehS  and  parsonag;e.  two  »«^  n?«>^'.^^>^ant 


I  nip  I 

Si 


cup 
Stan 
ill  > 
buil 


wa 

thj' 


11.. 


»ng,  »nd  receiving  in  their 
jB,  OWMCO,  HkencateleiiiS 
;r  laket,  till  they  meet  the 
!  Hirer  Foint .  the  united 
if  the  Oiwe/fo  river,  wyl 

0.  It  is  »  ninifulw  fact  in 
only  twenty-tour  niile»  in 

!  Burplui  Wtttcm  aiuchwgeil 
rion,'  in  the  weitem  part 
ward  to  Caiumdwgun  lake, 
stream*,  many  of  them  ol 
ydraulic  works.  lt«  width 
urging  a  powerful  stream, 
ven  thouwnd  square  roiks, 
lurishing  region, 
nd  a  quarter  broad,  is  cross- 
it  two  miles  above  its  north- 
harming  view  is  presented 
Ues  of  lU  shores,  the  farm 
•d  with  cattle,  or  rich  with 
mediately  on  the  western 
tea,  a  village  setUed  in  the 
I  Colonel  John  Htunes,  who 
ke.    It  may  contjun  about 

•ountry  well  settled,  chiefly 
tes,  for  three  miles,  when  we 
ontwns  about  forty  dweUing 
rsonage,  two  large  merchant 
saw-mill,  turnery,  distiller)-, 
)ut  two  hundred  inliabitante. 
[ynderse,  a  gentleman  of  en- 
L  in  1795,  where  ai-e  annually 
,  bushels  of  wheat ;  and  the 
dit  to  that  genUeman  and  to 
f  iVaterloo,  on  the  north  bank 
s  west  of  Seneca  Falls,  seven 
id  eighty-seven  west  ol  Alba- 
id  jail,  a  number  of  manufac- 

1,  with  stores,  Uverns,  about 
ind  six  hundred  inbabiUnto. 
utof  this  village  were  m  Islo. 


eixir*— siFicA  I  \K(. 


U» 


M  iu  name  will  show:  since  that  period,  hotv  rapid  has  been 
its  Increase !  But  a  few  years  since,  the  hunter  might  have 
pursued  his  chase  uninterrupted,  where  now  he  niids  the 
busy  haunts  of  man  !  One  misfortune,  however,  hai  attended 
it — want  of  healthiness  <  it  is  severely  visited  by  the  ague  , 
but  as  in  many  other  instances,  this  may  pass  away,  with  in- 
crensing  civilization,  the  diminution  of  the  forests,  and  the 
improvement  of  the  low  groiuids, 

Six  miles  bcj  onil  Waterloo,  we  arrive  at  0«i««,  a  flourish- 
ing town,  situated  on  the  north-western  extremity  of  the 
Si-ncca  litke,  one  hiiiulred  and  ninetv-iiinc  miles  from  Albany, 
one  hiindrod  und  eight  from  Buffalu,  thirty  from  .V/(/u.i  Uit/^ 
on  Lake  Ontario,  twelve  miles  south  of  the  Erie  oaiial,  and 
fiCiy-eight  from  Elntiru,  on  the  Tioga  brancli  of  the  Susque- 
hanna.    It  contsiins  about  three  iiundreJ  dwelling  houses,  a 
number  of  «hops,  two  printiiig-ofliccii,  a  bank,  a  land  oflicc, 
ai'd  a  libraiy.    There  ure  three  liandjiome  churches,  for  Epin- 
cupulians,  Methodistii  and  Presbyteriu■)^i;  and  a  largo  und  suh- 
ktantiul  stone  edifice  has  lately  been  erectctl  us  uii  acudciny, 
in  which  are  already  nearly  one  hundred  students.     Thi> 
building,  it  is  expected,  will  in  a  short  time  axiiumc  the  !«r :>M<t- 
ing  of  a  college,  for  which  aiTangements  are  now  making. 
The  whole  population  of  the  village  is  about  two  ilivisdand. 
There  are  two  glass  factories  in  operation,  about  I     >  miles 
wuiU  of  the  village  i  and  much  of  the  capital  uwiu"    iiere  is 
actively  employed  in  various  works  and  sectinns  os  tlie  sur- 
rounding country.     The  trade  of  the  village  Is  estimated  at 
half  a  million  of  dollars  per  annum.    Stage  coaches  pass  daily 
between  this  place  and  Albany,  Utica  and  Uiifl'ulo !  three 
times  a  week,  communicate  with  Albany,  by  Cherry  Vall"yj 
and  with  Newburg,  Owego,  Ithaca  and  Ovid  ;  twice  a  week 
with  Vienna,  Lyons,  Palmyra,  llochester.  Sodas  and  Pultc- 
ncyville.     The  navigation  through  the  Seneca  nvcr  to  the 
Kne  canal  is  pretty  good,  and  (ieneva  seems  yet  likely  to 
retain  its  present  business,  and  to  increase  in  population. 
The  situation  of  the  village  is  elevated,  commanding  an  ex- 
tensive view  of  the  lake  and  the  adjacent  coiuitiy,  and  few 
places  have  more  busines.s,  or  more  of  tlie  means  or  enjoy- 
ments of  active  industry  and  enteiprise. 

The  Seneca  Lake  is  onu  of  the  most  beautiful  sheets  of 
water  in  our  country.  It  extends  to  the  south  for  about 
thirty-five  miles,  vjuyinj  in  width  from  two  to  four  nules, 


:i 


ip.!' 


;„d  is  very  deep     "j*  "-"/^tte  ptf.Stt 
springs,  and  by  the  "."^^iff'Ji*^^  caught  in  great  plenty, 

ttoutfand  'n««X*«"5*''^?/iui'fo^l  and  game.  The  banks 
and  its  shores  ''bound  w^  wddfow  and^g^^       .^,  ^^^. 

of  the  lake  ^?^„^*  S^^i,,rbo  d  decUvities.^ut  gene- 
times  descending  *»  ,"*^  J'^'j?  blending  themselves  almost 
rally  '»lopi'?K,B«^A  2cid^»^^"  The  following  beau- 
SrarJ-CwrwriSy^Mr.  Percival.  on  vis...g  tl«s 

enchanting  spot:— 

On  thv  fair  bosom,  silver  Lake  . 

**  The  wild  swan  spreads  lus  snowy  t^. 

And  round  his  breast  tlie  npples  break. 

As^own  he  bears  before  the  gale. 
On  thy  fair  bosom,  waveless  stream ! 

The  dipping  paddle  echoes  far, 

A,^  curl  ai'ound  the  dashing  oar, 

As  bte  the  boatman  hies  him  home. 
How  sweet,  at  set  of  sun,  to  \-ieW 

Thr^lden  mirttjr,  spreading  wide. 
And  see  the  mist  of  mantling  blue 

Float  round  the  distant  mountain  side ! 

-A-^^aSr^pSi^-^r"' 
-s^S£s:&t^a?^"^-"o- 

On  thv  fair  bosom,  silver  Lake ! 

O-  I  could  ever  sweep  the  oar. 
When  early  birds  at  mormng  wake. 

And  evening  teUs  us,  toil  «  o'er. 

.      ^  ♦!.»  mad  nassep  '"'^r  sixteen  mUes  over  a 

Leaving  Geneva,  the  w*^  Pas*e  ^^  ^^^ 

country  ^autifiilly  dive^ified^wiU^^^^  ^.  ^^  ^^  „f 

of  Camndazgm,  f"f^fS°of  Ontario  county,  one  of 

Z  Sr^e  ;ii^:,^»Kxt  to  that  of  New.York.  the 


„Tii»ll»l5'»i.i,','.'l  "W! 


HOAIOVA. 

d  by  ice,  being  fed  by 
)kedlake.  Pike,  salmon, 
E  caught  in  great  plenty, 
rl  and  game.  The  banks 
r,  asweswlupiti  Bome- 
,ld  declivities,  but  gene- 
ending  themselves  almost 
PS  The  following  beau- 
Percival,  on  visitmg  tlus 


!rs. 


ike ! 

Is  snowy  tail, 
pples  break, 
;  the  gale. 

»  stream ! 
oes  far, 
fht  gleam, 
polar  star. 


ily 


„,  shore, 

1,  heave  their  foam, 

ingoar, 

g  him  home. 

to  \new 
coding  wide, 
ling  blue 
mountain  side ! 

es  the  moon. 

Is  below, 

ghest  noon, 

aths  of  purest  snow. 

Lake ! 
)  the  oar, 
ning  wake, 
;oili8  0'er. 

igse«  -^-^T  sixteen  miles  over  a 
dtl.  ..ul  and  dale,  to  tlie  town 
northern  end  of  the  lake  of 
tal  of  Ontario  county,  one  o» 
:xt  to  that  of  New-York,  the 


tt.TiKimM.iovi.  121 

largest  in  population.   The  surface  is  agreeably  diversified, 
waving  in  gentle  swells  and  vales  of  ample  area,  with  tracts 
of  champam,  and  the  southern  part  more  or  less  hilly.    The 
soil  partakes  of  a  connderable  variety,  but  a  warm  and  rich 
mould  forms  the  greater  proportion,  while  along  the  borders 
of  Lake  Ontario,  there  are  tracts  of  argillaceous  loam,  but 
with  a  slight  adnuxture  of  mould.    The  whole,  however, 
may  be  pronounced  a  very  excellent  country,  for  the  varioua 
products  of  agriculture.  Few  counties  of  this  state,  or  in  the 
Uiuted  States,  enjoy  more  of  the  abundance  of  nature,  or 
possess  the  blessings  of  social  life,  in  a  richer  variety.    The 
climate  is  temperate,  and  for  persons  inured  to  it,  perfectly 
healthy ;  nor  as  a  fruit  count^,  for  the  apple,  pear,  plutn, 
cherry,  melon  and  the  grape,  is  it  excelled  in  the  state. 
Canandugua  is  built  on  an  inclined  plane,  risinsrirom  the 
lower  extremity  of  the  lake.    It  conwsts  principafly  of  a  fine 
broad  street,  with  an  open  area  in  the  centre  of  the  village, 
comoianding  a  beautiful  view,  at  less  than  half  a  mile  distant 
from  the  bie.     This  street  is  about  a  mile  in  length,  rising 
by  an  easy  acclivity  from  the  water,  and,  at  the  end  of  the 
borough,  or  village,  attains  a  commanding  elevation.     In 
point  of  beauty  and  elegance  of  position,  as  well  as  in  the 
style  of  its  buildings,  Canandauguais  excelled  by  no  place  of 
the  same  extent  in  the  United  States.  It  contains  about  four 
hundred  houses  and  stores,  and  between  two  and  three  tlwu- 
sand  inhabiUnte.    Among  its  public  buildings,  are  the  court- 
house, jiul,  fire-proof  office  of  the  court,  three  churches,  a 
state  arsenal,  an  academy,  five  school-houses,  a  masonic  hall, 
two  banks,  and  two  land  offices.  There  are  three  or  four  print- 
ing offices  and  three  gazettes,  forty  stores,  several  of  which 
are  very  extensive,  and  a  large  book-shop.  The  county  prison 
is  a  large  stone  building,  enclosed  on  the  north  and  west  sidea 
by  a  thick  stone  wall,  and  cost  the  county  thirty  thousand  dol- 
lars.   In  1790,  this  spot  contained  but  a  single  human  habita- 
tion ;  and  when  the  Duke  de  Liancourt  tiwelled  through  it, 
some  years  after,  the  inn  at  which  he  passed  the  night  had  hot 
one  chamber,  which  was  also  used  as  a  corn-loft,  in  which  all 
the  guests,  of  whatever  sex,  nmk  or  i^,  were  obliged  to  sleep. 
It  was  in  the  midst  of  tluck  forests,  inhabited  by  Indians;  and 
the  road  to  Niagara  was  but  a  foot  or  horse  track,  traced  «-itli 
great  difficulty  thnragh  the  woods.    In  the  year  1818,  aa 
Mr.  Darby  was  ttaveXm^  tumigh  thia  country,  be  accident- 
L 


122* 


CAXiSKAlcrA. 


„«pttlv»  ,™^c  by  »«B...  .  v,lk|^rf  whom 
S'Sr^rE^.'^nr'  S'.g  r-^»s  o«.Sd.  Wen 

SL  .MS  ctCJ..  wi*  to  «>•"=  «««/■-■•  »™8 '" ""  "*"> 

overlookiiMt  this  Und  of  encUntineiit.  .  ^  „..iri 


tha 

to 

mc 

Iti 

mc 

Ra 

art 

thi 

Eli 

ne 

an 

& 

sti 
re 
cc 
of 

It 
w 

P; 

81 

al 
d 
ti 


8 

a 


^mm^^^T'^'^^^ 


rxITTOU    8P11I50*. 


133 


om  tie  ontcred  the  town, 
ofthe  lake,"  he  observes 
meadows  near  the  town 
Imiration  at  the  stote  ol 

My  fellow  traveller  re- 
ame  to  this  outlet;  and  at 
anil  was  here  to  be  seen, 
illage  of  whom  eadsted  on 
end  ofthe  now  flourishing 

doubt  his  information,— 
2  shortness  of  the  period, 
f  human  labour  under  my 

of  magic!"  The  ground 
jperiortothstofanyoUier 
n  part  of  this  state.  The 
lals  are  extensive  and  ele- 
,  gardens,  and  combining 
^aiice  and  taste.  The  pnn- 
men  uvea,  in  the  centre,  of 
onveniert  and  ornamental, 
opted,  in  populous  country 

Teat  propriety  the  observa- 
c  intelligent  English  lady, 
,  few  years  since,  and  pub- 
Is,  the  interesting  View  of 
"  The  villages  at  the  heails 
res,  "  arc  all  thriving,  cheer- 
Cttiiandaigua,  I  think,  bears 
been  disposed  of  in  lots  ot 
ireachh,  running  in  lines  di- 
lain  road.     The  houses  are 
[lows,  with  gi-een  Venitian 
ne  young  trees,  or  standing 
•  little  lawns,  as  green  and 
ling  girdens,  orcliards  laden 
ms,  peaches,  &c.  and  fields 
ehind  each  of  these  lovely 
e  atceple,  rising  in  the  midst, 
tinent. 

,  the  encroachment  of  culto- 
rth  of  settlements,  and  their 


Krowth  into  towns,  surpass  belief,  tdl  one  has  been  an  eye- 
Witness  of  the  miracle,  or  conversed  on  the  spot  with  those 
who  have  been  so.  It  is  wonderfully  cheering  to  And  yo"" 
self  in  a  country  which  tells  only  of  improvement  What 
other  land  is  there,  that  points  not  the  imagination  back  to 
better  days,  contrasting  present  decay  with  departed  strengtn, 
or  that  even  in  its  struggles  to  hold  a  forwai-d  career,  is  not 
checked  at  every  step  by  some  physical  or  political  hin- 

"I  think  it  was  one  of  the  sons  of  Constantine,  I  am  sure 
that  it  was  one  of  his  successors,  who,  returning  from  a  visit 
to  Rome,  said  that  he  had  learned  one  thing  there,  that 
men  died  in  that  Queen  of  Cities,  as  they  did  elsewhere. 
It  might  requu*  more,  perhaps,  to  remind  a  stranger  of  the 
mortality  of  his  species  in  these  states,  than  it  did  in  old 
E.  AU  here  wears  so  n.uch  the  gloss  of  novelty-jdl 
around  you  breathes  so  much  ofthe  life  and  energy  of  youth, 
that  a  wanderer  from  the  antique  habitations  of  time-wom 
Europe  might  look  around,  and  deem  that  man  here  held  a 
new  ?hartef  of  existence ,  that  Time  had  folded  his  wmgs, 
and  the  Sisters  Uirown  away  the  shears," 

About  ten  miles  north-east  of  Canandaigua,  are  some  sul- 
phur springs,  which  have  attracted  considerable  notice,  and 
DI  oEtaiSed  the  name  of  ClifUm  Springs.    The  waters  are 
strongly  impregnated  with  sulphur,  at  first  Perfectly  transpa- 
rent,  bicoiiing  opaque,  and  changing  to  a  yeUowish  cream 
cdour,  as  the  precipitates  form,  which  consist  of  carboi«te 
of  lime,  and  of^sulpW,  in  the  state  of  bnms^one.     In  dus 
state,  they  emit  great  quantiUes  of  sulphuretted  hydrogen, 
which  diffuses  the  scent  to  very  considerable  distances.    Yet 
plants  grow  in  these  springs,  though  covered  with  the  depo- 
Stio:i  (§■  sulphurous  and  calcareous  matter,  as  are  the  stones 
also,  and  every  other  body  resting  m  the  water  ?  and  catUe 
drink  from  tliem  very  freely,  witliout  injury,  or  any  p  rcep- 
tible  effects.     Where  one  of  the  spnngs  rises,  is  ?  spot  erf 
five  or  six  rods  in  diameter,  completely  covered  with  these 
mineral  precipitates,  principally  sulphur,  *»J'<=h  «  fo»nd  to 
be  in  some  plices  nearly  six  feet  deep  ,  and  cart-loads  of  it 
may  be  collected  in  a  few  minutes,  though  mixed  with  eveiy 
substance  which  chance  has  thrown  into  the  mass :  and  yet, 
abundant  as  it  is.  no  attempts  seem  to  have  been  made  to 
cleaiue  or  manufacture  any  of  it  for  use.  These  spnngs  have 


-i.,.iiniijiyj.«i  I  tmmm'm'fW' 


134 


BoiuiiRA  •rai««- 


become  places  of  conriderable  resort,  especaUy  by  perbons 
afflicted  with  scrofiiloiu  affections,  in  which  the  u»e  of  ttie 
waters  has  been  found  highly  beneficial.  The  Chiton  Hotel 
luw  a  smaU  libraiy,  with  good  accommodations  for  visitors. 

About  rane  miles  south-west  of  Canandaigua,  m  the  town- 
shin  of  Britlol,  there  is  another  remarkable  fountain,  known 
bythenameofthe2»ttming^««.  The  fbllowing  account 
3  a  visit  to  it  is  given  by  an  intelUgent  traveller:— 

••  We  entered  a  smaU  but  thick  wood  of  pine  and  n»ple, 
enclosed  within  a  narrow  ravine,  the  8t«ep«des  rf  wta^ 
composed  of  dark  cUy  sUte,  rise  to  the  height  of  about  torqr 
feet    Down  thU  glen,  whose  width  at  its  entrance  maybe 
about  Mxty  yards,  trickles  a  scanty  streamlet,  wandenng  mm 
side  to  side,  as  scattered  rocks  or  Men  trees  afford  or  demr 
it  a  passage.    We  had  advanced  on  ito  course  ^out  fifty 
yard!  when,  close  under  the  rocks  of  the  right  bank,  we 
Mrceived  a  bright  f«d  flame,  bunung  briskhr  on  ita  watars. 
Pieces  of  lighted  wood  being  apphed  to  dxffaeiA  adiacent 
■pots,  a  space  of  several  yaids  was  immediateljrin  a  btae. 
Being  iiSrmed  by  our  guide,  that  a  repetition  of  this  pli^ 
nomenon  might  be  seen  higher  up  the  g^en,  we  scrwnbled 
on  for  about  a  hundred  yards,  and,  directed  in  some  degree 
by  a  strong  smeU  of  sulphur,  apphed  a  match  to  severU 
pkces.  wl&  the  same  effect.   The  rocky  banks  here  «>- 
proach  so  closely,  as  to  leave  litUe  more  than  a  coune  to  the 
irtream,  whose  stony  channel  formed  our  path :  sulphur,  m 
some  places,  ooied  from  them  abundantly.    We  advanced 
about  seventy  yards  further,  when  we  found  the  glen  termi- 
nate in  a  perpendicular  rock,  about  thirty  feet  high,  over- 
irpown  with  moss,  and  encumbered  with  Men  pine  trees, 
through  which  Uie  drops,  at  this  dry  period  of  the  s.^som 
scarcely  trickle.    These  fires,  we  were  told,  ccnunue  bmm- 
ing  unceasingly,  unless  extinguished  by  accident   The  phe. 
nomenon  was  discovered  by  the  casiuil  roUinjf  of  some  hgjit- 
ed  embers  from  the  top  of  the  bank,  while  it  was  clearing 
for  cultivation.    In  the  intensity  and  duration  of  the  flame, 
it  probably  exceeds  any  thing  of  the  kmd  yet  discovered. 
We  could  however  find  no  traces  of  a  spnng  on  its  whole 
course  :  the  water  on  which  the  first  fire  was  !>»"«»«  ™« 
indeed  a  stagnant  appearance,  and  probably  was  so.  from  ttM 
failure  of  the  current  j  but  it  had  no  pecuhar  taste  or  smoti, 
was  of  the  ordinary  temperature,  and  but  a  few  mches  deepj 


afc' 

thro 

dry 

«irc 

let 

bel( 

of  a 

the 

1 

not 

not! 

sou 

Pet 

— a 

%vei 

AU 

1 

ter, 

Kid 

of 

latt 

»w 

th( 

he 

ap 

im 

su 

Y( 
fe 
T 
th 

oj 
th 
fr 

P 

ni 

vi 
el 
ii 
8 


auLraon  »rBii»«B— «a«t  BLOOnnjir. 


125 


It,  especially  by  persons 
in  which  the  u»e  of  the 
icial.    The  Clifton  Hotel 
amodations  for  visitors. 
anandaiguB,  in  the  town- 
larkable  fountiun,  known 
.  The  following  account 
ent  travellers- 
wood  of  pine  and  maple, 
the  steep  udes  of  wuch, 
the  height  of  about  fatty 
t  at  iu  entrance  maybe 
itreamlet,  wandering  nam 
lUen  trees-  afford  or  deny 
on  its  course  about  fifqr 
U  of  the  right  bank»  w» 
dng  briskhr  on  its  waters, 
tlied  to  different  a4|«:ent 
ta  immediately  in  a  bUze. 
t  a  repetition  of  tiiis  phe- 
ip  the  glen,  we  scrambled 
I,  directed  in  some  dagrte 
tphed  a  match  to  several 
■he  rocky  banks  here  ap- 
!  more  than  a  coune  to  the 
led  our  path :  sulphur,  in 
sundantly.    We  advanced 
r»  we  found  the  glen  temu- 
jout  thirty  feet  high,  over- 
ed  with  fallen  pine  trees, 
cby  period  of  ok  season, 
I  were  told,  ccnunue  bum- 
led  by  uccident   Thephe* 
»8iul  rolling  of  some  h(^t- 
ank,  while  it  was  clearing 
and  duration  of  the  flame, 
r  the  kind  yet  discovered. 
»  of  a  spring  on  its  whole 
first  fire  was  bunung  had 
d  probably  was  so,  fWm»  the 
1  no  pecuUar  taste  or  smell, 
and  but  a  few  inches  deepi 


a  few  bubbles  indicated  the  passage  of  the  mflammable  air 
throueh  it,  on  applying  a  match  to  the  adjacent  parts  of  the 
dry  rwik,  a  momentary  flame  played  along  it  also.  1  hese 
circumstances  induced  u»  to  consider  the  bed  of  the  sta«am- 
let  as  accidentally  affording  an  outlet  to  the  inflammable  au- 
below,  and  the  water  as  in  some  degree  performing  the  part 
ot  a  candle-wick,  by  preventing  its  immediate  dispersion  mto 
the  atmosphere."  .  .  •         -i 

There  are  also  considerable  sulphur  springs,  mne  miles 
north-west  of  Canandaigua  5  and  it  may  perhaps  be  worth 
noticing,  that  a  line  drawn  through  both  would  strike,  in  a 
south-west  direction,  the  warm  spring  near  Huntingdon,  in 
Pennsylvaniar— the  Berkley  medicinal  waters,  on  the  Potomac 
—and  thence,  foUowing  the  course  of  the  mountains  soiiUr- 
west,  tlie  hot  springs  of  Bath,  and  the  sulphur  springs  m  the 

R^m'cananchugua,  a  stage  is  freqiienUy  taken  to  Roches- 
ter,  and  thence  to  tJie  Falls  of  Niagara;  passmg  along  the 
Kidire  road,  and  through  Lewistown  and  MaKchester,  instead 
of  Buffalo.  Continuing  however  the  usual  route  by  the 
latter  place,  we  pass  through  a  flat  and  m  some  places 
wampy  coimtry.  The  soil,  however,  is  exuberantly  fertile ; 
the  timber  is  fine,  and  the  maple,  the  hickory,  the  elm,  wh, 
hemlock  and  oak,  adorn  the  forests;  the  farms  have  a  fine 
appearance,  and  the  whole  countiy  seems  in  a  state  (rt  rapid 
improvement.  The  frequency  with  wliich  the  pubho  housM 
succeed  each  other,  evinces  tlie  great  travelling  on  tbos  road. 

Much  pains  have  been  taken,  in  the  western  parU  of  New- 
York,  to  open  and  render  convenient  the  highways;  ^t  in 
few  countries  is  the  construction  of  good  roads  more  difficult. 
The  rich  fertility  of  the  soU,  and  its  depth  of  vegetable  mould, 
thouirh  so  very  desirable  in  an  agricultural  point  of  view, 
oppose  very  serious  obstacles  to  the  formaUon  of  roads.  In 
the  winter  season,  unless  when  the  surface  is  completely 
frozen,  traveUing  must  in  this  quarter  be  very  difficult  and 

**"as  we  approach  E<ut  Bloomfield,  eight  miles  beyond  Ca- 
nandaimw,  a  change  in  the  appearance  ot  the  countiy  is 
viable?  its  flatness  dbappears,  tiie  hills  rise  to  a  omsidewble 
elevation,  and  the  road  becomes  agreeably  diversified.  There 
u  one  feature  in  these  hills,  which  is  worthy  of  remark  ma 
geolo^cal  point  of  view  j  they  all,  as  fer  as  Buffalo  and  the 


"■<»rflrW<Bp 


126  WMT  BUMIMriBtll— ««HX«»  miTM. 

v.ll.  of  Niamra.  lie  pafallel  to  each  other  and  to  the  Seneca. 
rSiS.TX«eila^e».  «,hirto«e  limeatone  extremely  fi^ 
JS?8  the  first  rock  that  i.  Been,  overiayed  by  «nd,  round. 

there  i.M  «c«lemy.  and  a  number  of  house,  and  Aops.  A 
S  d^^eyiU.  we  pa>»  Hon«we  Or^  1^^^ 
awMll  lake  of  the  same  name,  and  of  Caneadea  •nd^^«»* 
iLkeT  Passinir  through  the  villages  of  Lima  and  Jhm,  the 
onLthreV^^e  other  twelve  rnifes 
wT  reach  the  Ge««a  River.    This  stream,  mini  on  the 

UbleS  in  the  western  part  of  ^-^^^'^  r'JTi^ 
Ohio  and  Susquehanna  have  their  sources,  and  even  inter- 
kcWnff  with  the  head  waters  of  those  mighty  nvers.  flows 
,'rrSerly  direction  thi-ough  the  western  part  of  New- 
YoAU.  whole  coui-se  in  that  state  is  about  one  hjmdred 
aiTtWenty-five  miles,  and  is  in  general  a  direct  one,  lU  smaH 
S^  are  however  nume«.us,  and  embrace  "'"'y  »»«=^ 
TricTsnd  productive  lowland.    Thei-e  are  a  number  of 
»„rra,^caL«lesonthis.tream.duringitsp«sageth^^ 
the  Btote.    Near  its  mouth,  at  Carthage,  are  tal  s  of  one  hun- 
Z^  four  feet ,  at  Uochester.  just  above  ot  ninHy-seven 
«nda  half  feet,  and  some  rapids,  tor  two  miles  further,  from 
JSiS  of  which  Uie  fe^er  leads  into  the  Erie  canal. 
S^Sle  below  the  lower  fall,  at  Carthage,  it  has  a  doop 
IgJrilpition,  and  haibour,  to  Lake  OnUn«s  sbout  four  miles. 
FiSrSie  head  of  the  rapids  above  Rochester,  it  is  nav.wble 
Kh  water  to  the  falls;  ninety  miles  by  w'^'.^y  If  l^i^J' 
and  ft  low  water,  seventy  miles,  though  by  l^d  only  Uurty- 
five   through  a  very  rich  and  productive  country.     In  tlie 
[own  Snda,  at  3ie  north  eni  of  Allephany  county,  there 
M*  two  other  falls,  near  each  other,  of  sixty  and  mnety  feet. 
Xivl  which  it  ba^in  aduggish  »tre«n,>ut  qu.tcsmaU, 
and  at  Angelica,  Ktde  more  *an  a  good  sised  mill-«rtream. 
Th««i«vf™a  WU  amount  to  four  hundred  and  seventy*^ 
feercMUgh  to  show  that  the  river  flows  through  a  country 
Slifty^llmtion.    Mr.  Spafford.  a  genUemen  of  peat  mw 
teUigehce  and  ob«:rvation,  to  whom  the  irtate  of  New^Tork 
iaXedinfly  indebted.  »  weU  for  *«  •Sr^tTS 
new  of  hi.Tnve«tigat«M»,  «•  f«  the  rahiable  w«»«  »>«»*» 
pubKsbed  upon  hir  hirtory,  •t»ti»«ici,  toMp.phy,  gecrtogyv 
Ki^of  option.  *•*  fi>w»«>»l '" »»  ^  *~»*  "  **  '^°" 


inn  BiTii. 

other  and  to  the  Seneca, 
limestone,  extremely  fi»- 
)ver!»yed  by  tand,  round- 

f  Wed  Bkr-nfitUt  wher« 
of  housea  and  ahopa.    A 
leoye  Cteek,  the  outlet  of 
of  Caneadea  and  Hemlock 
es  of  Lima  and  Jvon,  the 
;s  beyond  Honeoye  creek, 
his  stream,  rinng  on  the 
Pennsylvania,  where  the 
gourcca,  and  even  inter- 
hose  mighty  rivers,  flows 
he  western  part  of  New- 
ale  is  about  one  hundred 
neral  a  direct  one;  its  email 
and  embrace  many  tracts 
There  arc  a  number  of 
during  its  passage  through 
tha||:e,  are  falls  of  one  hun- 
just  above,  of  ninety-seven 
for  two  miles  further,  from 
leads  into  the  Erie  canal, 
at  Carthage,  it  has  a  sloop 
Ontario,  about  four  miles, 
e  Rochester,  it  is  navigable 
nilcs  by  water,  by  land  fifty, 
though  by  Umd  only  thirty- 
roductive  country.     In  tl>e 
of  Alleghany  county,  there 
lev,  of  sixty  and  ninety  feet, 
ish  streant,  but  quite  small, 
1  a  good  sized  mill-stream. 
)ur  hundred  and  seventy-six 
ver  flows  through  a  country 
I,  a  gentlemen  of  great  in- 
hom  the  stote  of  New^York 
for  the  extent  and  mimite- 
the  vmHiable  works  he  has 
istics,  topogwphy,  gto\offy, 
m  to  be  found  in  the  region 


«»!»K«Ki»— aio-TBaa  tbact. 


1« 


around  the  head  water,  of  this  stream.    The  laine,  he  teUs 
uTsignifie^  in  the  original  language  of  the  country,  'a  plea- 

**  A  l£rt  Lance  above  Avon,  on  the  aUuvial  *««  of  the 
river,  i.  Geneno.  a  township  ce1ebratedj«rthe  f«J^^ 
soil,  and  itaextenwve  and  luxuriant  farms.    About  twelve 
hundred  acres,  situated  in  a  turn  of  ttie  nver,  ^^}^^^^ 
the  name  of  the  Big^ree  Trad,  not  fronithe  B.ae  of.the  torn-  . 
ber.  aa  we  might  at  first  suppo«!.  but  from  an  Indian  chief 
named  Big-trle,  who  with  hVs  litUe  tribe  inhabited  tbu  bend 
Vvhen  this  region  was  first  setOed  by  *e  Engh*.    It  « 
now  howeve?  the  farm  of  Mr.  Wadsworth,  weU  known 
Thi^^ghout  the  United  States  foj .!»« .^^^^^y  ."'^  P"^^ 
but  aSove  aU  for  the  celebrity  of  iU  live  "tock.    *fr.  W*d^ 
worth  is  a  gentleman  of  New-EnK»»nd,  who,  «bout^e«^ 
of  the  last  centiuy.  aocompamed  by  his  t'other,  pierced  the 
wilderness,  then  inhabited  «">y  by  t^e  savage  and  hM  prey. 
They  selected  the  level  country  ^^f^^'^^^.^^'^^^ 
seated  tliemselves  down  among  Indians  ""d  wild  uncultured 
forests,  and  contended  for  years  with  hardships,  "i^ng^"  "J 
sicknS*.     Their  choice  and  judgment,  however^  faiveno^ 
misled  them :  from  the  portico  ».♦,»»«•  house.  Mr.  W^JsWot^ 
may  now  look  down  over  a  wide  chamnain  country,  nch 
w7h  S^ksandheixls.  or  bending  beneaU.  lu^nanth^^esU^ 
^       nd  his  mansion,  the  gentle  declmt.es  are  "domed  wrth 
(      U1.S  and  groves  of  young  acacias,  but  m  the  d>»tanf  •«« 
■ve  dwells  o^orests.  in  which  a  few  poor  I"-!""*  ^^S^f^' 
id  «,ek  a  precarious  subsutencc  by  h^t'-J.^J^'^^'lj'^ 
mals,  ere  they  have  entirely  disappeared  before  the  rertlew 
Krteps  of  enterprise.     To  tl.e  r\ght  is  <;«? "  *«jf^  °J 
QefU>M,  the  hirg^st  in  the  county,  contaimng  Ae  pubhc 
Suildirjs,  andTlitUe  chapel,  whose  SP"**;*  behold  «sm| 

from  itJ  bosom,  an  emblem  as  ^V^T'f  .ST  ThL  whSe 
blessings  which  have  been  Uvished  around,  ^n*  *»»*« 
is  a  scene  which  makes  us  love  «»' ??«»^', "?  !^"'SS 
the  enterpriring  man  who  has  created  it.  «  »e^J»*  "^ 
gination  to  waSder  back  to  Aose  tunes,  ^henH»me  cwJW 
Snd  her  noblest  citizens  at  the  plough ,  «* '^^  ^^^ 
to  our  memory  the  many  simihr  «:enes  which  we  maywe^^ 
where  behold  a.  we  pass  along,  H  awaken.  «» ' -« »«^*^ 
enthosiann,  it  force,  from  our  Hps  the  glowmg  hngwge. « 


Si 


}38 


•aVUBB  ttAT*— »*T*VI«. 


the  Honum  poet,  .nd  teU.  u.  th.t  we  n«^y  without  v«»tj 

apply  it  to  a  diitont  country  and  another  age. 

Sed  neque  Medonim  sylv*.  «!'»•*»••"*  .'^"^W.^,, 
Nee  piSchcr  Ganges,  atque  a«J«  ^"''''''"f.  ""T!* 
LaiuUbu.  Italijt  certcnt ,  nee  Bactm  neque  Indi- 
HfciCBivid*  fruges,  olexque,  armentaquc  Uta; 
Ste  5S  .«iduul  ataue  alienis  men»'bus  *rtas. 
Adde  tot  egregias  urbes  opcnimqiic  laborein, 
Tot  congert*  manu  pnemptis  oppida  saxis; 
FluminMUC  antique*  wbtcriabt- ntia  mtiros. 
sK  mgna  pa«ns  frugum,  Saturma  tellus! 
Magna  virumf 
If  we  have  not  yet  the  unnumbered  cities  rising  an«  J  every 

on*  to  Dlains  teemuig  w  th  luxuriant  harvests,  and  f^« 
2^  aSnU«S»;»pringingup  almost  spontaneously  from 

Sr^wiSbr  L  oU,  t?  the  ti---"-2r':^u«d 

spends  the  decaying  year,  of  h.s  life  "«  ru^J.^^  '^^""^ 

f^Sv  whwL  soil  is  grcaUy  inferior  to  that  on  the  eastern 
*ri^'Ke*S  weU  cut  tL  farnu.  become  ^^  f-^-^ 
and  the  oak  forms  the  prevaihng  tunber  of  the  region.  Vu». 
C through  the  Uttie  villages  of  Caledoma  and  U^  wd 
c^^Alkn's  and  Black  Creek»,  we  arrive  at  BaUwM,  the 
S^of  fusUce  of  Genesee  county.  It  is  plea^tly  seatedon 
^e  nXm  shore  of  Tonnetcanta  Creek,^^dconU^j^ 
good  houses.  Besides  the  court-house  and  i'^^Jl^J^^ 
Kc  buUdings,  the  Holland  Land  Company's  office,  some 
Slea»nt  Privatemanaions,  and  numerous  stores,  shops,  hoteb 
!Kven  8  A«eat  many  roads  centre  in  this  viWk.  on 
S^  5  wSch.  abof^milc  north-west  from  the  court-W, 
SSLS  rUinal  belonging  to  the  stote,  in  which  are  depo- 


sited 
mun 
floui 
sum 
has  I 
neig 
med 
whi( 
the  I 


we  may  without  vaiwtj 
>tber  age. 

dssima  terra, 
ro  turt>idu»  Hermu", 
tactra  neque  Indi— 
innentaquc  l«ta; 
'^mensibus  xstas. 
mqiie  laboreiii! 
jppida  8axi«; 
lentia  muros. 
Saturniu  tellua! 


■ed  cities  rising  amid  every 
yet  glide  beneath  walln 
on  every  side  an  innocent 
the  true  road  to  greatness 
lat  the  world  has  yet  be- 
ower,  when  asked  by  the 
and  ruins,  to  point  for  tl>e 
•iaut  harvests  and  snuling 
almost  spontaneously  from 
the  time-worn  vetemn,  who 
life  ui  rural  cares,  sooUicd 
hiscountiy! 

I  substantial  wooden  bridge, 
a  plain  caUed  the  Gtnetee. 
.    Leaving  these,  we  enter 
ferior  to  that  on  the  eastern 
farms  become  less  frequent, 
timber  of  the  region.    Pas^ 
Caledonia  and  Le  Boi/,  and 
»,  we  arrive  at  Batama,  the 
■.    It  is  pleasantly  seated  on 
to  Creek,  and  contjuns  many 
house  and  jail,  it  has  several 
uid  Company's  office,  some 
imerous  stores,  shops,  hotels 
ids  centre  in  this  village,  on 
j-west  from  the  courtAouse, 
ibe  state,  in  wbicb  ve  depo- 


■ATATH— BCTPlW.  ^^ 

•sited  ai-ras  to  a  considerable  amount,  and  various  kindii  of 
munitions  of  war  and  military  stores.  This  appears  to  be  a 
flourishing  town,  and  to  carry  on  an  active  trade  with  the 
surrounding  country :  but  the  completion  of  the  Bne  canal 
has  not  had  a  favourable  effect  on  the  business  of  thia  or  the 
neiglibmuing  villages ;  the  towns  wluch  have  sprung  up  im- 
mediately on  iU  banks  have  absorbed  much  of  the  commerce 
which  they  formerly  enjoyed,  and  they  have  cauw  to  envy 
the  good  fortune  of  their  younger  neighbour*— 

Mantua  vae !  misers  nimium  vidua  Cremonx. 

Leaving  Batavia,  the  road  follows  for  some  distance  the 
valley  of  the  muddy  and  sluggish  Tonne^wita  nver,  which 
is  crossed  at  four  miles  from  that  place.  The  soil,  of  which 
the  basu  is  sclustose  limestone,  overlayed  by  sMjd,  iwuhI 
pebbles  and  vegetable  earth,  is  eiceUent,  thougta  too  Jtat 
for  heahh,  or  very  benefleaal  cultivation.  Ten  miles  fwttaer, 
we  reach  Jfiinfcr  Oreefc,  beyond  which  the  road  rises  mto  a 
hilly  broken  country,  where,  however,  some  extendve  llatt 
occur.  This  part  of  the  country  is  rendered  mwt  worthy  oT 
remark,  by  the  numerous  masses  of  schistose  fissured  blue 
limestone.  Many  pUces  sre  seen,  where  this  rock  covers 
large  spaces,  and  has  every  appearance  of  havmg  once  foroi- 
cd  the^ed  of  a  body  of  water.  The  timber  m  the  neij*- 
bourhood  consists  cWefly  of  pine,  elm  and  sugar-maple » the 
soil  U  fertile,  though  agriculture  must  in  many  places  be  in- 
commoded by  the  large  bodies  of  naked  or  ahghtly  covered 
limestone,  which  we  have  mentioned. 

The  next  village  is  IViUiamivilk,  on  EUuotl's  Creek,  a  busjr 
litUe  place,  having  a  postK)ffice,  a  ^at  many  miUs,  a  toll- 
bridge  upwards  of  two  hundred  feet  in  length,  and  a  number 
of  lundsome  shops,  inns  and  stores.  From  this  village,  the 
next  stage  brings  us  to  Buffalo.  That  borough  is  seated  on 
the  fine  though  rather  low  plain,  wluch  forms  the  ewtem 
shore  of  Lake  Erie.  The  soil  is  a  moist  gravelly  or  clayey 
loam,  with  gentle  slopes  towards  the  waters  of  the  lake. 

Uke  most  other  new  towns,  Buffalo  is  composed  in  a  gr^t 
part  by  one  street,  following  the  course  of  the  road  towwto 
the  eastward,  though  the  town  itself  Ues  very  neariy  in  a  north- 
ern and  southern  direction.  A  few  others  cross  the  main  steeet, 
but  are"  litae  improved.  Very  little  remains  of  the  destruc- 
tive rage  of  an  enemy  5  most  of  the  houses  are  rebuUt,  but 


■■ii«i"iwi<m»i 


130 


■  UtrAlO-- BtlCK  BOC». 


some  vestiRCs  still  exist  to  attest  the  fury  of  invawon.  Many 
Zd  and  convenient,  and  «,.mc  elegant  dweling.  and  .tore- 
Kousca.  have  been  ercctod  aincc  the  termination  of  the  laat 
iTThTce  orfour  excellent  inn^  and  many  decent Uvern». 
offer  their  accommodationa  to  the  traveller.  1  he  number  ol 
houaea  now  exceed*  three  hunched. 

BHffah  Creek,  which  enter,  the  lake  at  this  place,  la  fmrn- 
edV*e  union  of  Cayuga,  Seneca,  and  Ca/enovia  creeks 
whicil  riaing  m  the  hilf.  to  the  wnith-eaat.  ^^V^'^f^^ 
by  a  very  rapid  current,  thia,  however,  •"b.iaeabefore  the 
united  Waten  enter  Lake  Brie.  The  harbour  f«™ed  by  thi. 
creek  i.  excellent.  «»d  perfecUy  «fe  from  "^l.  w'"i» '  but 
from  the  rf«llowne«i  of  the  bar  at  ita  n{0"th,  w^  onty  a^J 
small  vessels  of  four  or  five  feet  draught  A  Ught-house  is 
Sed  on  the  point  between  the  lake  and  the»«ej.  «nd  » 
cerUinlv  a  «reat  advantage  to  those  who  navigate  the  laM. 
ThTSk  rnavi«ble  iSr  boat,  .from  the  firrt  forks  above 
iU  mouth,  fiom  wWe  upwards  it  is  intemipted  by  falla. 

L««rve«*els  are  obUjje^l  to  be  anchored  out  in  ti^e  lake, 
or  ftTdown  below  Bird  fsland.  in  the  mouth  of  Ni»g««  mer; 
The  current  begins  to  be  apparent  opposite  the  mouth  ot 
BuffiSo^ek,  But  is  there  very  |jentle.  gwdual  v  and  im- 
?erptiS  augmenting  as  the  straft  contract^  un£opPO«te 
SSck  Rock,  where  the  whole  volume  •  less  than  a  mile 
Swe ,  th^  vel^ity  of  the  stream  cannot ;  e  less  Uian  five  a 
Se.  an  hour,  with  a  medium  depth  of  from  twenty  to 

**l!eaSBuffaloforthe  Falls  of  Niaga«.  we  pr?ce«dnorth. 
ward  along  the  shore  of  the  Niagara  nver,  and  nt*o  rades 
reach  Black  Rock.  The  greater  part  of  the  distance  is  a 
Sbfnk!  wK  after  the'^first  halTmile,  rising  into  a  ndge 
;^taWy  ten  feet'above  the  water,  has  do«bU««  been  pro. 
Suced  by  the  winds  and  waves  tUshing  against  tbe  shore  for 
many  centuries,  and  it  is  probably  &.ly  "i^.'^"''^  ^!^ 
Mmd,  lying  in  the  river  as  v/e  pass  along,  is  '^J^^J^^^ 
thTTledge  of  rocks,  rising  above  tbe.aurface  of  Ae  water; 
but  it  aftSrds  an  admirable  harbour,  m  which  the  yewels 
navi«tingthe  lake  mav  find  a  shelter  against  e»ety  wind. 

Kk  Ibck  is  a  smi  but  fiourishing  village,  on  the  mar- 
rinof  the  Niagaia  river,  which  is  here  about  two^thud.  of  a 
S  in  width^Its  banks  me  by.  a  gcnUe  ^^bviW  frfim  the 
water  j  both  sides  of  the  river  bemg  cultivated,  afford  >  hne 


it 

il 
ai 

St 

di 
ai 
o] 

H 

vi 
ai 
It 
o 


K  mocK. 

le  fury  of  invawon.  Many 
egant  dwelling*  and  utore- 
:hc  termination  of  the  l«»t 
and  many  decent  taverns, 
traveller.    The  number  ot 

lake  at  this  place,  i»  form- 
dca,  and  Caaenovia  creeks, 
uth-eaat,  approach  Buffalo 
wever,  nubaidea  before  the 
rhe  harbour  formed  by  thia 
gafe  from  all  winds ;  but 

its  mouth,  will  only  admit 
draught.  A  light-houae  is 
s  lake  and  the  creek,  and  m 
Bse  who  navigate  the  lake. 

from  the  first  forks  above 

it  is  interrupted  by  falls. 
5  anchored  out  in  the  lake, 
^  the  mouth  of  Niagara  river, 
rent  oppowte  the  mouth  of 
y  gentle,  gradually  and  im- 
Mut  contracts,  until  opposite 
volume  '  less  than  a  mile 
d  cannot  i  e  less  tlian  five  or 
m  depth  of  from  twenty  to 

f  Niagara,  we  proceed  north- 
igwa  river,  and  in  two  miles 
er  part  of  the  distance  is  a 
half  mile,  rising  into  a  ridge 
;er,  has  doubtless  been  pro- 
ilashing  aff^nst  the  ■l»o'*  ("^ 
lably  &ly  increasing.    Bwd 
pass  along,  is  nothing  more 
ove  the  surface  of  the  water; 
irbour,  in  which  the  veasels 
shelter  agwnst  eveiy  wind, 
jurishing  village,  on  the  mar- 
is here  about  two-thirds  of  a 
l>y  a  gentle  acclivity  firOm  the 
>eing  cultivated,  afford  a  fine 


oiAnn  istAitn— FORT  scHtossn. 


131 


prospect,  though  from  iu  having  been  »<>''«"<«"'«''•  ^ 
Canada  sliorc  is  much  more  improved  than  tliat  of  Ne'v-Yorli. 
The  bottom  of  the  river  is  composed  of  smooth  rock,  over 
which  the  water  glides  with  a  rapitlity  which  m  astonishing  j 
if  the  stream  flowed  over  broken  masses  of  stone,  it  would 

be  impassable.  ..     ,    ,      m    i. »  .u 

In  the  Niagara  river,  about  three  miles  below  Black  RocK, 
is  situated  Grand  Inland.  It  is  twelve  miles  long,  and  from 
two  to  seven  broad,  and  contains  about  eighteen  thousand 
acres  of  land.  The  soil  is  strong,  rich,  and  well  adapted  to 
cultivation,  and  much  of  it  is  covered  with  fine  timber.  1  he 
Indian  tiUe  to  this  and  other  islands  in  the  Niagara  was  ceded 
to  the  state  of  New-York,  by  a  treaty  made  at  Hufta  o  on  the 
12th  September  1815,  between  Governor  Tompkins  and 
others,  commissioners  on  tlie  part  of  the  state,  and  U.e  chiefs 
of  the  Seneca  nation.  The  state  paid  one  thouMml  dollars 
down,  and  secured  an  annuity  of  five  hundred  dollars.  1  tiis 
island  will  probably,  at  no  distant  period,  become  very  popu- 
lous and  highly  cultivated.  ..,,»,  m^„^ 
Nearly  opposite  the  middle  of  Grand  Island,  the  -«««"*■ 
wrmla  and  meott'a  Creek  enter  the  eastern  channel  of  the 
Niairara.  Extensive  marshes  skirt  the  foi-mer,  from  its  mouth 
a  long  distance  inland,  and  it  is  navigable  for  boaU  upwards 
of  twenty  miles.  Soon  alter  passing  these  streams  the  mep 
turns  almost  direcUy  west,  its  rapid  cuiTent  has  however 
become  tranquil,  and  we  sec  noUung  that  would  lead  us  to 
anticipate  the  awful  scene  we  are  approaching. 

At  the  lower  extremity  of  Grand  Island,  and  divided  from 
it  by  a  narrow  strait,  is  Navy  Inland.  Nearly  opposrte  w 
thi  Scklosser,  an  old  stockade  at  the  mouth  of  UiU  Vrtek, 
and  Uie  upper  landing  for  the  portage  round  the  falls.  I^arge 
store-houses  have  been  erected  hei-e,  where  all  the  merchan- 
dise  intended  for  the  south-western  country  is  deposited, 
and  for>varded  thence  in  boats  to  Black  Rock.  Its  site  la 
opposite  tlie  north  end  of  Navy  Island.  This  post  was  sur- 
rendered to  the  United  States  in  1796,  agreeably  to  the  pro- 
visions  of  Jay's  treaty.  It  was  noUiing  more  than  a  stockade, 
and  is  now  only  known  as  a  fort  by  retaining  lU  former  name. 
It  was  built  by  the  British,  soon  alter  they  gained  poMCsson 
of  this  country,  in  the  old  French  war.  A  mile  and  a  half 
more  bring  us  to  the  litUe  village  of  Manchester,  situated  on 
the  bank  of  the  river,  close  to  the  Falls. 


1J3 


■BIB  CAWAt— ■•"■—*■•»"*»- 


Havinr  now  r«Bched  Uk.  Erie,  the  ''^^rnUrmnMA^ 
of  the  GM  C«w4  it  U  proper,  before  P'«««f*»»"K»™^'' 
tb»t  we  thould  mention  to  the  rc«ier  eome  of  the  "»*  "^ 
inv  ferture.  which  occur  in  that  irrert  *«>  •J**' «*  P^T 
UficB,  where  it  wiU  be  recoBecteS  Uie  ro«l  cro«eB  mmI  dl- 

**Sli  leBTtnc  Uticfc  iu  coutm  it  noith-weH,  Biid  pMefjV 
SKUquulB^eck  on  an  iqueduct,  it  re«:hee  in  four  mUw 

two  ehuicbSi  and  upwwdt  of  o»»  »!««»'«V5«^„  I^ 
piMW  WBB  ftrrt  Bettled  by  Mr.  White,  »  genUemwi  Rom 
V^.^SL«i,  in  the  yew  1784,  who  li»ed  to  the  edruiced 
STof  iSSlwyeBr^  when  he  beheld  what  he  »«»  found 
a»«utmo5*er^of  civilixation,  chaywl  '"«»;«  P"**!!^ 
of  a  rich  and  populou.  counlnr,  ^retching  for  <«*«*'«*• 
PaMinr  bv  Orukanv  viilnirc,  about  fifteen  milca  from  UUca, 
K5,?n^rK,  Sy  half  an-ile  to  t».c  r«rth.  -jj 

•ituated  on  the  bank  of  the  <«>«».,««»»  ««^""*y«.,'\?!j 
Cruk  with  the  Mohawk.    It  i.  built  ort  U.c  .ite  ^ ^*^ 
SUmwix,  a  pwt  erected  by  the  British  m  1738,  at  the  enor- 
moua  expeiwe  of  two  hundred  and  sixty  thoiwand  dollar*, 
and  fiom  a  heap  of  ruiiw  rebuilt  and  enlarged  in  tlie  revo- 
lutionary  war,  under  the  name  of  /brt  AkAuMfcr  /  ita  ruint  are 
now  SGUcely  visible.    Rome  U  incorporated  aa  a  vUlage,  ex- 
tends  wett  from  the  Mohawk,  in  a  haml«>me  •<««»«  "«;5 
than  a  half  mile  in  length,  and  has  one  hundred  hou.es  and 
BtoKS,  one  church  and  tlic  county  buildinM.^   A~"*Jf'',;  * 
nile  west  of  this  viltagc.  on  the  old  ""»'•  »  "*"»*~^J'" 
UnUtd  Stated  Antnal,  on  the  road  from  Rome  to  Backett « 
Harbour,  and  three  hundi-e.l  yanJs  north  of  the  Enc  canal. 
Thitettablishment  was  liK»ted  in  1813,  and  built  mlBlJ 
and  1816.    It  atamla  on  the  Rome  summit,  the  highest  laiia 
between  the  Hudson  and  Lake  Ontario,  and  was  dcwgned 
as  a  subordinate  branch  depot,  under  the  ordnance  depart- 
ment   The  buikUiigs  consist  of  an  arsenal,  forty  by  mnety- 
iiB  feet,  three  and  a  half  stories  high,  with  Btroiig  stone  walliii 
•  magazine,  nineteen  by  siny-fivc  ttct,  one  tXon,  wrrouml- 
«d^ a  stone  wall  fifteen  feet  high,  two  hundred  aiul  seven- 
ty  f^  perimeter ,  a  brick  house  for  officer.'  quartew,  thirty- 
MTcn  6y  fortv4ive  feet,  two  and  a  half  rtone.  "hove  the 
^awmrat.  buHtand  finished  in  good  rtyle,  a  bnck  office, 
twowMden  .tore  houws,  each  one  hundred  by  twenty  feet. 


B,  th«  wcium  Uniun»tj«n 
before  proceedinff  f»ither, 
Icr  tome  oT  the  moit  itrik- 
gmt  work,  •fter  h  pMeu 
d  Uie  road  cro«n  and  dl- 

•  noith-weit,  and  |MMing 
it,  it  reKhee  in  four  nwe* 
ins  •  eouit-houae  and  jwl, 
«e  hundred  hwuea.  thw 
White,  a  genUeman  ftom 
who  lived  to  the  advanced 
lehekt  what  he  had  found 
chanRvd  into  the  outokirtu 

■tretching  fcx  to  the  wert. 
Hit  fifteen  miles  from  Utica, 
f  a  mile  to  the  north,  and 
Id  canal  connecting  Wood 
built  on  tlie  lite  of  old  Fmi 
British  in  1738,  at  the  enor- 
aitd  sixty  thousand  dollars. 
It  and  enlarged  in  the  revo- 
f  fbrt  ISehuyUr  i  iu  ruins  are 
ncorporateil  as  a  village,  ex- 
I)  a  handsome  street  of  mope 
|)S8  one  humlred  houses  and 
nty  buildings.    About  half  a 
le  old  c»n»l,"  b  situated  the 
wad  from  Rome  to  Sackett's 
anls  north  ol'  the  Eric  canal. 
I  in  1813,  and  built  in  IB15 
ne  summit,  the  highest  land 
!  Ontario,  and  was  designed 

under  the  ordnance  depart- 
if  an  arsenal,  forty  by  ninety- 
high,  with  irtrong  stone  walln: 
ivc  feet,  one  story,  wirround- 
ligh,  two  hundred  and  scven- 
le  for  officers'  quarters,  tWrty. 
Mid  a  half  stories  above  the 
n  good  sUrle  \  a  brick  office, 
I  one  hundred  by  twenty  feet. 


1rn%  riRAi— cMmin«««  cIuik. 


133 


two  mechanics*  shops,  each  seventy  by  nineteen  feet,  two 
hiNises  fur  mechanics'  quarters,  each  nhieteen  by  forty-eight 
feett  besides  a  labontof)',  wood4imise,  stable,  <tc.  The 
whole  are  painted  a  cream  colour,  and  appear  very  neat,  and 
in  execUent  order,  u  do  also  the  cannon,  canriares,  small 
arms  and  otlicr  public  property  deposited  at  this  place. 
This  depot  was  located  and  buiK  under  the  direction  of  Ma- 
jor James  Dalliba,  commanding  officer  at  Watervliet,  and 
It  is  no  more  than  justice  to  lay,  tliat  it  ia  a  neat,  well  exe- 
cuted establishment  of  the  kind,  and  at  once  commodious  and 
omamenUl  to  the  plaee.  The  buildings  are  in  a  chaste  style 
of  architectural  design,  a  matter  too  often  overlooked  in 
public  ediAces. 

The  caiud  now  enters  the  valley  of  Wood  Crttk,  a  stream 
formerly  of  great  importance,  as  forming  part  of  the  chain  of 
navigation  between  tlie  Oneida  lake  and  the  Mohawk  i  but 
whose  use  has  now  dwindled  away  before  the  StttAet  gloriea 
of  the  Erie  Canal.  Thirteen  miles  beyond  Rome  are  the 
Ferma  GIom  Workt.  The  soil  is  highly  favourable  fur 
work*  of  this  kind,  as  the  sand  which  ia  uaed  in  the  manufac- 
ture of  glass  is  found  in  great  abundance.  Iron  ore  too  i« 
very  plentiful,  and  several  furnaces  in  tlie  neiglibourhood 
are  supplied  from  its  beds.  Three  miles  farther  bring  us  to 
Uiuidu  Creek,  down  which  the  navigation  miglit  be  render- 
ed perfectly  good  for  small  craft. 

The  canal  then  pawes  througli  the  townships  of  Lennox 
and  XuUiran,  for  thirteen  miles,  to  Ckitteningo  Creek.  Lime- 
stone, water-lime,  and  gypsum  are  in  abundance,  in  panjlt'l 
strata,  in  the  hilLi  near  tlic  canal.  Iron  ore  is  also  found, 
probably  tlie  argillaccoiu  oxide,  or  bog  ore,  which  work. 
easily  and  makes  the  best  bar  iron.  Across  Cliitteninpo 
creek  is  an  aqueduct,  and  there  is  a  branch  extending  a  mile 
and  a  half  to  the  south,  and  rising  by  four  locks  twenty-four 
feet,  to  the  little  village  of  the  same  name.  The  ctnal  now 
winda  among  the  head  waters  of  several  streams,  which  run 
northward  and  enter  tlie  Oneida  lake.  It  paases  through 
tlte  township  of  ManUtu,  about  four  miles  north  of  tlie  vil- 
bge  of  tlwt  name,  and  continuing  iU  winding  course,  ha« 
aade-cut  to  the  little  village  o(  OrvUkt  and  arrives  at  the 
sixtieth  mile  stone  from  Ubca,  at  the  lock  No.  54,  the  ter- 
mination of  the  celebraUd  Long  Level.  It  here  falls  by 
two  loeka  twenty  feet,  and  in  about  three  quarters  of  a 
M 


134  Mi«  Ck»kV—»ttUCVtM^-*iUtll. 

The  water,  from  which  the  salt  js  7»<l^»  r**"* '"  "*  ^  ,,    ^f 

do  this,  it  in  niceswo'  to  prepare  the  P'^"^'  '"^C^'d." 
^e  to  form  its  own  crystals,  at  Perfect  te^;hr«u  wiU 
^^SSn  wUi  be  litural,  not  forced,  wid  the  «lt  *»U 


f 
toi 

tei 

5^ 
m( 
pc 
111' 
sp 


or 
le 

Si 
th 

V( 


about  five  in'iles  north  of 
er  south  of  the  cclebwted 
■re  is  a  branch  canal.  The 
that  articl' ,  employ  a  veiy 

■ -^....iiaiiinlv  nol- 


CRIB  CAHAI— OHOITOAOA  AaXJlBITCT. 


135 


11)11,  IUU\.i    ,  •-.•■I— J    -  » 

s,  who  are  necessarily  col 
ious  works.  These  springs 
,  and  an  officer  is  appoint- 
terests  in  the  works,  who 
icm  into  the  public  funds, 
estimated  at  one  hundred 

1  this  township  is  in  a  state 
aving  reserved  the  lands  m 
salt  works.     The  canal  will 
as  been  principally  consum- 
o  individuals  and  improved. 
3  made,  rises  in  the  marshes 
rffin  of  the  Uke.     Wells,  ot 
y  fifteen  to  twenty  thousand 
een  to  twenty-five  ounces  of 
luantity  of  first-rate  water  is 
lonable  room  for  doubt  that 
I,  for  making  several  millions 
The  water  contains,  besides 
,  several  other  substances,  in 
te  of  hme,  oxyde  of  iron,  and 
are  in  the  manufacture,  these 
it  they  do  little  injury.  Sevc- 
cess  for  this  purpose,  the  best 
ced  manufiMJtiurers,  are  blood, 
:e  put  into  the  pickle,  collect 
Be  in  the  scum,  and  are  all  ta- 
,  resin,  ashes  and  ley  of  wood 
jut  only  partially,  as  they  are 
t  has  always  been  the  practice 
processes  to  completion,  and 
its  but  experiments  are  now 
and  there  can  be  no  do"bt  ot 
importance  to  the  public     lo 
par«  the  pickle,  and  allow  it 
at  perfect  leisure,  when  the 
,  not  forced,  vdA  the  wit  *»U 


be  more  pure  and  far  more  valuable.  It  is  surprising  that 
these  facts  have  been  so  strangely  overlooked.  The  quan- 
tity of  salt  made  in  this  township  yearly,  for  some  years,  lias 
been  near  a  half  million  of  bushels,  and  the  average  pncc 
at  the  works  something  less  than  twelve  and  a  half  cents  per 
bushel,  exclusive  of  the  duty  of  twelve  and  a  half  cuts  im- 
posed by  the  state,  which  goes  to  the  canal  lund.  . 

A  quarter  of  a  mile  oeyond  Syracuse,  the  canal  tails  six 
feet,  and  passes  Onondaga  Creek  on  a  stone  aqueduct  ot 
four  arches,  each  of  which  is  thirty  feet  span ;  soon  after,  it 
rises,  by  lock  No.  57,  six  feet,  to  a  level  of  seven  miles,  on 
which  it  passes  the  village  of  Geddea,  containmg  about  filty 
houses,  and  twelve  or  fourteen  salt  works  which  caiTy  on  a 
very  extensive  business.     Otiseo,  or,  as  it  is  sometimes  called. 
Nine-mile  creek,  is  crossed  on  a  stone  aqueduct  of  two  arch- 
cs,  each  of  thirty  feet,  and  the  canal  then  nses,  by  one  lock, 
eleven  feet  J  on  this  level  it  continues  twelve  miles,  passmg 
by  the  vUlage  of  Cantwi,  which  is  just  half  way  between 
Albany  and  Buffalo.    The  country  here  is  level,  and  tiie  soil 
is  principally  a  warm  sandy  loam;  the  Seneca  Rwer  now 
winds  along  at  the  distance  of  a  few  miles  fix)m  the  car*I, 
pawing  through  or  receiving  the  waters  of  several  small  lakes 
aud  Bteeams.     At  about  four  miles  from  it,  there  are  some 
very  interesting  remains  of  ancient  works,  among  which  are 
two  forts,  on  the  farm  of  Judge  Mauro.  The  largest  of  these 
is  on  a  high  hill,  and  seems  to  have  had  an  wea  of  about 
three  acres,  surroundr  1  by  a  ihtch  and  a  wall  of  earth.    The 
gateways  may  be  plaii.ly  seen.     A  krge  block  of  limestone, 
found  in  this  foit,  has  wrking  upon  it,  man  unknown  charac 
ter.    The  otiier  fort  was  smaller,  and  situated  on  lower 
ground.     A  well  is  said  to  have  been  discovered,  on  opening 
which  great  quantities  of  human  bones  were  thrown  out, 
mouldered  to  a  chalky  dust.    It  is  supposed,  from  the  ap- 
pearance of  the  place,  and  finding  flints  in  the  well,  that  an 
Invading  victorious  army  had  hastily  interred  ito  dead  at  tins 

At  Jordan,  six  miles  beyond  Canton,  the  canal  falls  by 
one  lock.  No.  59,  eleven  feet,  and  crosses  Skenadelas  out- 
let  on  an  aqueduct  bridge  of  three  arches.  The  vUlage  of 
Skenealekiia  is  nine  miles,  and  that  of  Elbridge  two  miles,  to 
the  left.  Four  miles  fartlier  is  IVeed's  Busin,  a  village  ot  se- 
veuty  houses,  and  the  canal  port  of  Auburn,  which  js  »b«ut 


136  »«■  CAFAU-CATOTA  KAMHXI. 

.even  mUe»  tothe  Muth,  and  to  which  there  is  a  iwilar 

feetfalL  and  an  aqueduct  of  four  arches,  each  twentyfeet 
I^^^tK  «!«  dry  docks.  ^^^'^^J^^ 
UblUhments  for  the  construction  and  «P»"  <f  »^«  "£P^ 
in»  on  the  canal.     Six  miles  fiuther  we  reach  Montezuma, 
K  h«^^  «»e  Cayuga  Lake.    The  canal,  at  this  place, 
Joptbyal^kof  sev^eet  fi^l. »«  *e  Seneca  nverWU 
and  naases  through  the  Cayuga  marshes,  which  here  spread 
S«nS  baST^lt  may  4r?e,  like  the  canal  throu,^  the 
SfpSe m.rri,es near  feome. the  double pj«p«-eof  ^con- 
vevance  for  paasenirers  and  merchandise,  and  a  dram  to  car- 
^tSraTperfluous  waters.    »"dA"thr.^ff«- 
over  them  in  the  pas«»ge.boat.  we  experience  »» jj«  "^^ 
in^  which  poor  HOTaclhad  to  endure  m  his  journey  through 
thoae  more  classical  fens  t 

Aquam  quod  erat  tetenima  ventrif— 
Turn  pueri  nautis,  puer^  o ,  -icia  .lauta 
lnger^re,atque  mafic,  lie      ".^.r^ue  pahtttres 

Avertunt  somnos. 

Not  far  from  Montezuma,  is  ^  '  -*^,^'^T  ^tU 
seventeen  feet  in  diameter,  and  hoUow  '«  */ ■?«*^»\'S 
said  that  a  sermon  was  ?««  presched  by  a  nu-wna^to 
durty-five  people,  within  it,  and  that  fifteen  more  could  nave 
been  conveniently  adnrutted.  „     -» 

Six  miles  beyond  Montezuma,  we  r«u!hhH:kNo^^^ 
where  the  canal  commences  its  nse  to  I^^  Bne.  witn 
out  any  intermediate .  depressioiu     ^.Ilrfl  Jt??  now 

noS.'S^"di*2L°amt£Kcfrie^^^ 

S3'Lio 'nitt^Ta«i^  ^ 

wh«eitUjomedbytheoutktofC«i«nd«g««.^-  Ly^^ 

ftomthe^t  advantaires  it  possesses  in  situation,  is  becom- 
across  Mud  creek,  on  a  large  «tone  aqueduct  of  three  arcUe^ 


th 
re 


a 

ra 

St 

d 
n 
ii 
c 

D 
G 


i 


lA  MAMUI. 

.  which  there  ia  t  reeulu* 
ucoCntk,  U  %  lock  of  mne 
r  archea,  e«ch  twenty  fieet 
boat4iouse«,  and  lartje  es- 
and  repiur  of  the  c«ft  pasa- 

her  we  reach  Mmtezuma, 
The  canal,  at  thia  place, 
I,  to  the  Seneca  river  level, 
(narahea,  which  here  apread 
like  the  canal  throu^  the 
ke  double  purpoae  of  a  con- 
shandiae,  and  a  dnun  to  cw- 
ratera.  Indeed,  aa  we  ghde 
ve  experience  all  the  aulter- 
Dduze  in  hia  journey  through 

ana  venti*— 
■icia  .lautx 
'r>ru'!r^ue  paluttrcB 

-ted  aycamore  tree, 
i  hodow  in  the  incide.  It  ia 
preached  by  a  nuaMonary,  to 
i  that  fifteen  more  could  have 

ima,  we  reach  lock  No.  63, 
its  rise  to  Lake  Erie,  with- 
ision.     Five  milea  farther,  is 
on  the  bank  of  a  river,  now 
haa  a  poat-office,  some  nulla, 
Wt  now  for  a  short  time  course 
lydt  Biver,  or  Mud  Crtdt  aa  >t 
«ni  then  makes  a  bend  to  the 
airain  till  we  awive  at  Lyom, 
lotCamndaigua  Lake.  Lyons, 
>oaaeases  in  Mtuation,  is  becom- 
le  importance;  ito  population  la 
le  ia  already  prosperous  and  ex- 
l  twenty-fijur  miles  fifom  Albwiy. 
tward  oif  it,  the  canal  is  earned 
■tone  aqueduct  of  three  arches, 


IHII  CAVAI — monSSftVOT  CREtK. 


137 


each  of  whicfc  is  thirty  feet  on  the  chord.    Keeping  now  to 
the  southward  of  that  stream,  and  of  the  turnpike  road,  it 
rises  in  the  next  fourteen  miles  twenty-four  feet,  and  reaches 
the  village  of  Pahnura.  This  is  a  place  of  verv  considerable 
business,  the  third  in  rank  in  the  county,  and  increasing  ra- 
pidly.   Several  large  stores  and  store-houses,  for  the  canal 
trade,  are  erected  and  erecting;  and  a  regular  line  of  two 
canal  packett  has  been  running  between  Pittsford  in  Monroe 
county,  this  place,  and  Utica.    It  has  one  Presbyterian,  one 
Methodist,  and  one  Baptist  chureh,  an  academy,  two  or  three 
school-houses,  a  number  of  excellent  shops  and  stores,  seve- 
ral inns,  and  two  tanneries,  one  of  which  is  so  extensive 
as  to  employ  fifty  hands,  with  a  number  of  other  mechanical 
esiablishments.     It  has  three  c;  pacious  basms  on  the  canal, 
one  of  wliich  has  a  diy  dock.  Mud  creek  inins  eastward,  forty 
rods  north  of  Uie  nuun  street,  which  is  one  mile  in  length ; 
and  the  Erie  canal  is  between  this  street  and  the  creek,  ex- 
cept that  near  the  eastern  border  of  the  village  it  crosses  this 
street;  at  the  western  extremity,  the  canal  comes  within  two 
rods  of  it.    There  are  many  mUls  closely  bordering  on,  and 
some  within  the  village,  which  now  contains  a  printing-office, 
post-office,  and  about  one  thousand  inhabitante.    Palmyra  is 
thirteen  miles  north  of  Canandaigua,  to  which  there  is  a 
regulai-  daily  sU^e,  and  one  also  to  the  Sulphur  Spnngt. 

A  mile  and  a  quarter  beyond  Palmyra,  the  canal  is  again 
carried  across  Mud  creek  on  an  aqueduct,  when  it  strikes  off 
rather  to  the  north-west,  leaving  entirely  the  valley  of  tlua 
stream,  and  entering  that  of  Thomaa  Creek.-  proceedmg 
down  this  a  short  distance,  it  makes  a  remarkable  bend,  al- 
most at  right  angles,  to  the  south,  in  order  to  keep  up  the  ievel 
in  passing  Irondequot  or  Teoronio  Creek.  The  embankment 
constructed  to  carry  the  canal  over  this  valley,  is  one  of  the 
noblest  and  boldest  specimens  of  engineering  on  the  whole 
extent  of  the  work.  It  is  raised  to  the  immense  height  of 
seventy-two  feet  above  the  creek,  and  that  in  a  place  where 
the  soil  is  composed  of  gravel  and  sand,  very  little  adapted 
to  retain  water  :  it  was  indeed  necessary,  for  a  great  length 
of  time  after  its  formation,  to  liave  a  watch  regularly  staUon. 
ed,  to  give  the  first  notice  of  any  breach  that  might  occur; 
none  however  took  place,  and  the  work  has  now  become 
thoroughly  consoUdated.    The  Irondequot  is  puied under- 

H  3 


n 


il 


loeka  «^un  the  n»ee  of  a  mile  ««  a  <P»''^»  T^^"---,  .* 
!^^  *htX^*onfeet    The  Genaee  Lew/  comroencM  n 

ture  of  the  whole  wm*.  "  •■J'T~^l^t  cji  „d  is  Kven 
i*Sl^^  MA^f^n  leSj.rtS!SBrof  eleven 
hundred  and  ««^^^  ™  """rf  circlea.  the  crowiwi  of 
Ur«  archer  formed  of  •«8™*n^  *  ^^^^  and  fifteen 
;;^h  «e  eleven  f^^J^^f  S^f ei?eS?;SAe.  have 

aiht;aS5Sy?\*e'!^r^^^ 
expeiiena  of  age,  withthe  '^^i;i?KedcBcate  and 


my 
Th< 


tt 


m'm^ 


veti,  two  hundred  wid  forty 
feet  higli,  buih  of  ■*«"«• 
c  woric,  we  rise  eight  fcrt, 
M  of  Pittafard,  a  biwy  htUe 
ShouMt.  Siximlesbejwid, 

siMl»qu»t.ir,  withatotri 
Benatt  Lad  commencwi  at 
T  lixty-fiTe  maes  to  Loc>T?2 
half  beyond,  Ae  feeder  from 
ength,  enter*  the  main  trunk. 
,  the  nottfi,  tin  it  reachea  the 
tmi«cto»«!dbythecelebwt. 
remarkable  and  striking  fe»r 
)laced  on  a  rift  of  aoiid  rock, 
the  great  fell,  and  i»  seven 
sneth.    It  conrista  of  eleven 
,nte  of  circles,  the  crowns  of 
chord  of  the  arch,  and  fifteen 
the  two  exterior  arches  have 
under  them  water^wiraes  for 
nine  are  fifty  feet  wide.    The 
r  a  circubff  form,  and  terminate 
hape  of  a  half^ome,  thus  giv- 
■hways :  above  theVater-table, 
mice,  which  supports  the  tow- 
.neatnuUng.    Eve^onewho 
be  struck  at  once  with  its  ex- 
its  excellence  as  an  hydraulic 
in  the  selection  of  Its  site.  ^ 
jtn  by  whom  it  was  designed, 
1  everywhere  astiie  ^strngtwh- 
de  and  Erector  in  the  construc- 
fll  better  known,  by  those  who 
ed  with  Wm,  as  a  man  whoso 
ive  talent  and  the  wisdom  an* 
Biodesty,  the  candour  and  the 
..  that,  unid  all  the  dehcate  and 
^  profesnonal  sUtion  has  ptaced 
d  wnfidence,  and  hu  ever  been 
a  as  he  must  be  of  adatiwtwn. 


mis  CAiTAi — nocHisTia. 


lal 


RodMttr,  which  we  now  enter,  is  one  of  the  most  Awn** 
•,„gto«ms  .n  the  state,  and  contains  the  co„jjtybuild^ 
The  popuUtion  is  about  four  thousand,  and  »»»«*  "?  »?^ 
many  nSlls  and  manufwrtories.  c«ny»nK.<»"  »  P^^^'Ji 
ness;  In  the  year  1812,  this  pUce  contained  but  two  or  *»^ 
^d  th^  veV  ordinary,  felling  houses,  and  AouAwj 
must  admit  thit  its  growth  h»  ^^en  mpjdalmMt  be^^^^ 
example  even  in  our  own  country,  of  all  others  *«»"»"?• 
plied Vith  such  cxamnles,  yet,  on  « «'™^,?"'™™Sa2 
L-at  natural  and  artificial  advantages,  it  wUl  be  'n«n«f  ™* 
HMliester  has  by  no  means  reached  its  maximum. .  .W^nyof 
EdSnp  a4  veiy  good,  considering  the  »p,h^Mri* 
which  they  were  buflt,  and  the  place  Tius  all  the  bustle  of 
business,  that  characterizes  commercial  towns. 

Among  the  minerals  discovered  "/^  ^his  place,  in  excMj 
vati.;  th%  canrfs.  may  be  noticed  the  jnowy  gyp^  «J 
fluate  of  lime,  beautifiil  specimens  of  which  have  been  pro- 

"""rfe  distance  from  Rochester  to  Lockport,  by  the  ««* 

is  sixty-tiiree  mUes.  to  Buffalo  n«"ety-«;'«"'.  ^^  YSf!riZ 
huKandfifty^^ven.  to  Albany  **»  hun<bed  j^^- 
eiirht,  to  Albany  by  stage  road  two  hundred  "^  thtf^-M^ 
to'euffalo  nearest  route  seventy-four,  via  Le^urtowT.  one 
hundred  and  two,  Niagam  Fal^  "K^ty  W^swego  bY 
water  sixty,  York  (U.  C.)  one  hundred,  ^^  C^.  C.J 
nn»  hundred.  Ocdensbure  one  hundred  and  sixty. 

A  reSble^bject  at  Rochester  must  not  be  pajsed  un- 
noticed-wemean,  the  falls  of  tiie  Genesee  nver.  There  ar« 
Cse  of  tbTese  oSwacts :  the  first,  a  noble  cascade  of  mnety 
fcTmshinTo^ralarge  shelf  of  horizontal  limestone,  seven 
hu^JS  feet  wide,  vrtfli  great  grandeur ,  the  second  is  m- 
S^riSle  S:;«*dwlSth5ither^o^^^^^ 

third,  although  itV  not  "^/^^^l^^'li'^^^g^S 
periips  the  most  picturesque  of  thr  wliole.  Jhej^^"^ 
kere  been  conducted  from  the  mam  channel  rf  the  nv«vto 
«v^«lm"lK  rioted  on  each  side ,  and  after  having  tonrf 
Ae  wheelTforms  some  pretty  little  ca»cades  on  the  «de  rf 
Se  Scat  611.  These  mifts  are  very  useM  to  the  neighbwrw 
SKd  grind  a  vast  quantiW  of  Aour,  besideg-ua^g  to. 
bcT&c.  An  old  Indian,  when  he  saw  the  .^*hat  wm 
^tcd.  after  looking  at  it  for  «)me  time,  "c^^^^*"* 
mw  UrJeiy  cunning^he  makes  even  the  wrter  wo*. 


•^ 


il^myy ttWllJll   HUUtWWf^ 


140 


sail  CASAl^-TBB   «ll»H£. 


On  leaving  Rochester,  the  canal  for  •  short  disUnce  taken 
ft  northerly  direction ;  it  then  turns  westwaid,  and  cout«e8 
•lonff  the  south  side  of  tlic  Ridge,  as  it  is  called,  sixty-three 
Smles,  to  the  villafre  of  Lockport.    This  remarkable  ridge  oi 
elevation  of  Und  extends  from  the  Genewc  river  to  Lewistowii 
on  Niagara  river,  a  distance  of  eighty  miles.    It  is  compowKl 
of  common  beach  sand,  and  gravel  stones,  apparenUy  worn 
•mooth  by  the  action  of  the  water,  and  the  whole  mtermixed 
with  small  shells.    Its  general  surface  preserves  a  veiy  um- 
form  level,  being  raised  to  meet  the  unevenness  of  the  ground 
through  which  It  lies.    It  U  found  to  be  elevated  about  one 
hundred  and  twenty  to  one  hundred  and  thirty  feet  from 
Lake  Ontario,  fix)m  which  it  is  distant  Ax  to  ten  nules,  to- 
wards  which  there  is  a  pretty  uniform  though  gradual  descent? 
and  tht'  whole  intermediate  space  is  said  to  be  a  good  soil, 
exhibiting  strong  evidences  (rf  allu\-ial  origin.    This  remark- 
able strip  of  land  would  appear  as  if  intended  by  nature  for 
the  purpose  of  an  easy  communication.  It  is  in  fact  a  stupen- 
dous natural  turnpike,  di  scending  gentiy  on  each  side,  and 
covered  with  gravel;  and  but  UtUe  labour  is  requisite  to  m^e 
it  the  best  road  in  the  United  States.    When  tlie  forcsU  be- 
tween it  and  the  lake  shall  be  cleared,  the  prospecte  and 
scenery  which  will  be  opened  to  a  traveller  on  this  route  to 
the  cataract  of  Niagara,  will  surpass  all  others  m  subUmity 
and  beauty,  variety  and  number.     There  is  every  reason  to 
believe,  that  this  remarkable  ridge  was  the  ancient  boundary 
of  Lake  Ontario.    The  gravel  with  which  it  is  covered  was 
depoMted  there  by  the  waters  i  and  the  stones  everywhere 
indicate  by  their  aliape  the  abrasion  and  agitation  produced 
by  that  element.  AU  along  Uie  borders  of  the  western  rivers 
and  lakes,  there  are  small  mounds  or  heaps  of  gravel,  ot  a 
conical  form,  erected  by  the  fish  for  the  protection  of  tlieu: 
spawn  :  these  banks  are  found  in  a  state  that  cannot  be  mis- 
uien,  at  the  foot  of  the  ridge,  on  the  side  towards  the  lake; 
on  the  opposite  side,  none  have  been  discovered.    AU  nvers 
and  strewns  wliich  enter  the  lake  from  the  south  have  their 
mouths  affected  with  sand  in  a  peculiar  way,  from  the  preva- 
lence and  power  of  the  north-westerly  winds.    The  pomts 
of  tlie  creeks  which  pass  through  this  ridge,  correspond  ex- 
actly in  appearance  witli  the  entrance  of  the  streams  uito  Uie 
lakes.    These  facte  evince,  beyond  doubt,  that  Lake  Ontano 
hu,  perhaps  one  or  two  thousand  years  ago,  receded  from 


M 

is 
th 

St 

"I 
to 
ir 

v 


:s  Kivat. 

1  fur  a  short  distance  takes 
ns  westward,  and  couraes 
as  it  is  called,  sixty-three 
This  rcinarkajjle  ridge  or 
Genesee  river  to  Lewistowii 
•hty  miles.    It  is  composed 
trel  stones,  apparently  worn 
,  and  the  whole  intermixed 
rface  preserves  a  very  unt- 
ie unevenness  of  the  ground 
d  to  be  elevated  about  one 
idred  and  thirty  feet  from 
^stant  MX  to  ten  nules,  to- 
>nn  though  gpradual  descent; 
!e  is  said  to  be  a  jpood  soil, 
ilu^-ial  origin.    This  remark- 
as  if  intended  by  nature  for 
;ation.  It  is  in  fiwt  a  stupen- 
ig  gently  on  each  side,  and 
le  labour  is  requisite  to  make 
ates.     When  the  forests  be- 
cleared,  the  prospects  and 
o  a  traveller  on  this  route  to 
irpass  all  others  in  sublimity 
r.    There  is  every  reason  to 
Ige  was  the  ancient  boundary 
with  which  it  is  covered  was 
(  and  the  stones  everywhere 
asion  and  agitation  produced 
borders  of  the  western  rivers 
mds  or  heaps  of  gravel,  of  a 
ih  for  the  protection  of  their 
in  a  state  that  cannot  be  mis- 
on  the  side  towards  the  lake; 
e  been  discovered.   All  rivers 
ke  from  the  south  have  their 
peculiar  way,  from  the  preva- 
-westerly  winds.     The  points 
iigh  this  ridge,  correspond  ex- 
ntrance  of  the  streams  into  the 
'Oiul  doubt,  that  Lake  Ontario 
sand  years  ago,  receded  from 


KA»  CAKAt— llWeKMHT. 


Ht 


this  elevated  ground ;  and  the  cause  of  this  relreat  must  be 
ascribed  to  its  haniig  enlarged  its  former  ouUet,  or  to  ito 
imprisoned  waters,  aided  perhaps  by  an  earthquake,  loi-c.ng 
a  passage  down  the  present  bed  of  the  St  Lawrence ;  as  the 
Hudson  did  at  the  Highlands,  and  the  Mohawk  at  the  Little 
FaUs.    On  the  south  side  of  this  ridge,  in  its  vicinity,  and  in 
aU  directions  through  the  country,  the  reraams  of  nuincrou* 
ancient  forts  are  to  be  seen,  but  on  the  north  side,  that  ij, 
on  the  side  towards  the  lake,  not  a  single  one  has  been  d* 
covered,  although  the  whole  ground  ha.  been  carejullv  ex- 
plored/Considering  the  distance  to  »>«.  "y  •«y«"5,'?l*'^*  ™ 
length,  and  eight  in  breadth,  and  that  thebordcr  of  the  lake 
TtSe  very  p\L  that  would  be  «=lected  for  habitatoon.  and 
consequehtTy  for  work,  of  defence,  on  »'f^^^^'£'^ 
tie.  it  would  afford  for  subrirtence,  for  safety,  for  aU  domc^ 
tic  accommodation,  and  mihtary  purpoM.  t  and  that  on  the 
south  «de  of  Lake  Brie  these  ancient  fortress,  exist  in 
SS.er,  there  can  be  no  doubt  but  that  A'^/o*. 

%mt  erected  when  thi«^<^  ^«'  **»«  T**""?  ^^ul 
Lake  Ontario,  and  consequentiy  that  theur  ongm  murt  be 

sought  in  a  very  remote  age.  c«*««-»« 

TVelve  milei  beyond  Rochester,  on  the  canal,  i.  Spenaa^» 
Bonn,  to  the  right  of  which,  ''^ont  \.^om\t>,^a  ^fil^ 
village  of  Parm^  on  the  Bidge  «»d.     Three  "jJ"  beyond, 
i.  dla,  a  little  place  which  has  sprung  up  with  the  canal , 
andfiWmile.fJiier,iJr«:Apor|N  whero  Jhe  pa^^^*^""  *^ 
minated  from  the  autumn  of  1823  to  that  of  1824;.     On  tte 
nidge  road,  •  mile  and  a  half  to  the  right,  >«  Cfar*««  or 
Mtt^Hllage,  with  a  portH)ffice  and  about  fifty  htmse^   It 
iVeSteenKby  the  turnpike  fromRoche.ter,an^^ 
the lod  i.  generally  of  an  exceUent  quahty,  "»d  in  a  rap^ 
sUte  of  improve""**-,    ^here  are  a  great  "«"*« of^ 
springs,  but  the  manufiicture  of  sah  has  not  yet  been  earned 
toany  considemble  extent  or  nerfection,  bemg  sUH   n  it. 
infancy,  though  pursued  in  a  few  caws  to  comudcrable  ad- 

""iff  mde.  west  of  Brockport  i.  BWfey.  where  the  ctod 
is  carried  over  the  east  branch  of  Sandy  Creek,  on  an  em- 
bankment «5venty-threefeet  lii^h,  a.  it  is  by«nother  em- 
bankment  across  the  west  branch,  nine  miles  farther  on.  In 
thisneiglibourhood  salt  springs  have  b«?n  discovered,  «^ 
some  ol' superior  richness  were  opened  m  cutUng  the  calttl 


m 


w 


143 


cms   CAHAl— lOCKrOBT. 


where  it  crosses  Sandy  creek.  A  very  krffe  tooth,  weighing 
two  pounds  two  ounces,  was  dug  up  from  the  bedol  uiis 
creek,  said  to  measure  thirteen  inches  m  cu^umference. 
The  tooth  is  in  a  sound  st-^te,  and  appears  to  have  been  one 
of  the  molares  or  grinders  of  some  very  large  quadruped, 
perhaps  a  mammoth  or  elephant. 

A  mile  beyond  is  the  little  village  of  Newport;  and  two 
and  a  half  miles  to  the  right,  on  the  Ridge  road,  the  town  ol 
Oaina,  where  there  are  a  post^ffice,  several  storey  and  a 
number  of  houses,  with  considerable  trade.     Otter  Creek,  a 
Btrcam  rising  in  the  high  land  to  the  south,  and  entering  Oak 
Orchard  creek  a  UtUe  dls  ince  above  its  mouth,  is  passed  by 
an  embankment  of  fifty-five  feet ,  and  Clarfi^s  Brnok,  a  mile 
and  a  half  beyond,  by  a  long  one,  though  of  only  fitteenfect 
At  Fish  creek,  three  miles  farther,  there  is  anotlier  embank- 
ment, and  a  road  aqueduct :  indeed,  tlu»  level  la  a  complete 
■accession  of  these  works,  for  the  numerous  streams  which 
ante  in  the  high  ridge  or  bluff  to  the  south,  aU  force  their 
way  through  the  alluvial  elevation  which  we  have  mentaoned, 
leaving  deep  but  narrow  ravines,  ofR-  which  the  canal  must 
be  earned.     Oak  Orchard  Creek,  across  which  it  no\v  passe^ 
u  one  of  the  hu^est.  rising  forty  miles  in  the  interior,  and 
near  this  spot  it  falls  thirty  feet?  Sidgway  is  seated  on  A, 
four  miles  below.  Where  the  canal  passes  its  western  branch, 
ia  the  little  village  of  Middleport,  which  has  sprung  up  with 
its  and  after  crossing  Johnson's  and  Etghtem-miU  Lreeiu, 
we  reach  Loekport,  sixty-three  miles  from  Rochester. 

At  present,  this  is  the  wertem  limit  of  navigation  of  the 
canal.  Its  course  here  bends  to  the  south,  an<t  rising  sixty- 
two  feet,  ascends  the  mountain  ridge,  along  which  it  passes 
for  seven  miles  to  the  Tonnewanta  creek.  The  elevation  oi 
the  canal  at  Loekport  is  one  of  the  most  interesting  features 
on  the  whole  line  •  it  is  a  work  of  the  first  magnitude,  and 
one  of  the  greatest  of  the  kind  in  the  world.  Seated  on  the 
brow  of  a  perpendicular  precipice  scventy^ix  feet  higli. 
overlooking  a  capacious  natural  basin,  with  banks  on  each 
aideof  im  5titude^tmore  than  a  hundred  feet,  are  five  dou- 
ble  combined  locks,  built  in  the  most  perfect  manner.  These 
locks  are  so  constructed,  that  one  line  of  boata  may  be  de- 
scending, and  another  ascending,  at  the  same  time  j  and  it  is 
worthy  of  remark,  that  the  Genesee  level,  extendnjg  east- 
VMd  from  this  place,  is  about  sixty-fivc  uules  in  length  5  or 


the 


re 
na 
ai 
e> 
si 
e( 
tl 
b 
ai 

SI 


iCKrOXT. 

eery  large  tooth,  v.'cia[hing 
f  up  from  the  bed  oT  this 

inches  in  circumference. 

appears  to  have  been  one 
me  very  large  quadruped, 

tage  of  Newport ;  and  two 
le  Ridge  road,  the  town  of 
ffice,  several  stores,  and  a 
able  trade.     Olttr  Creek,  a 
he  south,  and  entering  Oak 
ove  its  mouth,  is  passed  by 
)  and  Clart^t  Brook,  a  mile 
though  of  only  fifteen  feet, 
r,  there  is  another  embank- 
ied,  this  level  is  a  complete 
\e  numerous  streams  which 
to  the  south,  all  force  their 
I  which  we  have  mentioned, 
,  ow  which  the  canal  mart 
across  which  it  now  passes, 
f  miles  in  the  interior,  and 
t  ?  Sidgway  is  seated  on  it, 
lal  passes  its  western  branch, 
,  wnich  has  sprung  up  with 
r  and  Eighteen-mUe  Creeki, 
nilcs  from  Rochester, 
m  limit  of  navigation  of  the 
I  the  south,  and,  riang  wxty- 
ridge,  along  which  it  jjasses^ 
nta  creek.    The  elevation  of 
the  most  interesting  features 
of  the  first  magnitude,  and 
in  the  world.    Seated  on  the 
ipice  seventy-six  feet  high, 
I  basin,  with  banks  on  each 
a  hundred  feet,  are  five  dou- 
most  perfect  manner.  These 
)ne  line  of  boata  may  be  de- 
g,  at  the  same  time  5  and  it  is 
nesee  level,  extending  east- 
sixty-five  miles  in  length ;  or 


XKIt  cm*!— T07I1»1WA«TA. 


143 


the  two  levels  united  at  Lockport  embrace  an  extent  of 
ninetv-six  miles,  f'om  Lake  Erie  to  the  east  of  Genesee  nver. 
Thcri  was  another  object,  however,  in  the  peculiar  constnic- 
tion  of  this  system  ot*^  locks :  it  was  important  to  feed  the 
Genesee  level  entirely  from  above,  without  usmgf  the  water 
of  that  river,  as  this  could  not  be  done  but  at  the  risk  of  great 
iniury  to  the  numerous  mills  and  hydraulic  works  at  Uochcs- 
ter.    To  accomplish  this  object,  the  constnjction  ot  tiiese 
double  combined  locks  was  resorted  to;  and  while  thefacUity 
of  passage  is  greatly  improved,  they  wiU  be  found,  when 
(udedby  a  fi.ll  of  an  inch  per  mile  m  the  level,  fully  to  an- 
swer  the  great  purpose  of  supply,  and  nreservc  the  water- 
power  of  the  Genesee  entirely  'miniured.  _^ 
The  village  of  Loehport  itself  should  not  be  passed  alto- 
ffether  without  remark.    In  May,  1831,  it  contamed  but  two 
buildings;  and  it  has  now  six  hundred,  with  a  post-office,  a 
printing-office,  a  weekly  ncws-paper,  and  two  churches.    It 
will  doubtiess  be  tiie  seat  of  extensive  manufacturing  esta- 
blishments, for  which  it  has  great  advantages;  and  tins, add- 
ed to  its  situation  on  the  canal  at  so  impoitant  a  point,  must 
render  its  future  increase,  if  possible,  even  more  rapid  than 

it  has  already  been.  

The  seven  miles  from  Lockport  to  the  Tonnewanta,  is  one 
of  the  most  difficult  passer,  of  the  canal:  it  is  through  the 
mountain  ridge,  a  deep  cutting,  averagmg  twenty  teet  in 
depth,  and  nearly  three  miles  of  it  are  through  tiie  solid 
rock;  it  is  yet  incomplete,  but  the  work  has  been  pursued 
with  vigour,  and  it  is  expected  that  it  wdl  be  finished  duniig 

*'  Entering  tlTronnewania  Creek,  its  channel  forms  the  canal 
for  twelve  miles,  and  along  its  margin  a  towing-path  has  been 
constructed,  it  is  Uue  that  tiie  universal  experience  of  fo- 
reijrn  countries  is  decidedly  against  usin^  the  channels  of 
nat-iral  streams,  as  any  part  of  the  route  ot  canal  navigation ; 
and  the  numerous  attempts  which  have  been  made,  and  are 
even  in  a  few  instances  still  making,  to  convert  nvers  into 
slack-water  navigation,  have  in  our  own  country  been  attend- 
ed witii  such  signal  disadvantage,  expense,  and  even  ruin, 
that  tiie  correctness  of  those  opinions  has  been  fully  corro- 
borated.  But  tiie  peculiar  fitness  of  tiiis  stream  makes  «t 
an  exception  to  these  rules.  Its  waters  are  not  liable  to 
sudden  nses  bv  freshets  its  fall  is  but  one  mch  m  a  mile,  and 


m<: 


14* 


iBii  cxukv—ntACK  ioe«. 


the  dam  erected  .cto-  iu  mouth  givei  to  that  part  of  it  which 
U  u2d  muchmore  the  cha«cter  of  a  long  nairow  bay.  or 
rSfiSii  water^ou«e.  than  a  natx«^- •f '"^^  J«£ 
.kioK  at  the  ooint  where  iU  watera  are  firat  uaea  lor  xne 
SS^'aU  ^\^ZL  freriieU  and  tLoo^  nuy  be  turned 
dnvntheOakOr.     ird  creek  into  Uke  Ontario.  . 

ThtlSlaL    l.e  Tonnewant.  >.  four  feet  .«  mche 

K!^  nSied  Jnrtbt  ow  the  mouth  of  Ellicott'i  creek ,  and 

SSii&k%ichcolect.withNia««rWeratthi.pU^^^ 

1?,^  here  the  canal  is  a»  yet  unfiniahed,  it  \»  however  under 

JXcrA^woik  ra^ly  «lvanc|ng    lU courj*  «.k,ng 

toe  .ho?e  of  the  Niagara  iSver,  for  eight  mdea,  <«  tj«  !«^<^^ 

on  Lake  Erie,  whicfi  i.  now  conatructing  near  the  vd^  « 

Black  Roek.    The  whole  of  thi»  work  la  not  yet  fin»bed ; 

hu?  it  hi  hTiuch  a  state  of  forwardne«h  aa  to  render  it.  com- 

Son  bJXe  iJme  of  finishing  the  other  works,  certain. 

S-heTlooi-lock  in  nearly  done,  and  the  dam  connecting 

lie  mSoTe  with  SgJw  bla^d  i.  «iaed  sufficicnUy  above 

£ea"rfwe  of  the  wat^o  prevent  it  from  pa>».i.gover.  The 

•mbankment  on  Squaw  Island  wa.  finished  a  ye«-  »E«J  !"« 

lijhtfe"  high,  tSe  breadth  at  its  baac  ia  more  than  thirty 

'•'^S5.oi^,7wtcKe  canal  may  be  properly  aaid  to 
termiMte^a  connected  with  Buflalo  ci-eek  byaa^ortcut. 
SkhTne«ty  completed.    A  violent  controversy  haa  amen 
between  the  inhabitants  of  Black  Hock  and  U.one  o«  Buffalo. 
tSZe  Uie  location  of  the  harbour.     The  leaaona  which 
S^SKmmSer.  have  assigned  for  the  aelecUon  tliey 
t"a^  drbdess  strong,  and  it  would  be  J>«=«»";P*"~ 
Ho^k  hke  this  to  appe^  for  one  '«»'»«"»  ^"'Zt  Buffi 
ritv      Many  will  probably  continue  to  thiidi  that  Buttalo 
would  have  aHbnled  a  better  situation ,  but  when  we  con- 
loder  witii  how  much  skill  the  rest  of  the  work  has  been 
SSgn^  and  ^mpleted.  we  should  not  doubt  that  Uus  part 
of  it  waa  determined  on  with  equal  prudence. 
°  Such  is  the  course  ami  the  termination  ot  tlu.  great  w^, 
»  noble  monument  of  the  time,  m  ^.^«^hwe  hve.    In  that 
fature  history,  which  glancing  over  the  "f «™  f  ^^tT* 
tion    when  the  views  of  partial  pohcy  shaU  be  forgotten, 
Sd'the  object^  of  temporiry  aggrandiwment  have  become 
?^_!-c— „.   r.*rh.fta  the  Daamre  of  the  Sunplon  and  the 
^^"S'^wrt'^^Wthe  two  nobL  work,  of 


JICK  ROCK. 

gives  to  that  part  of  it  whicli 
er  of  •  long  nurow  bay,  or 
•  mtund  stream  (  beBdes 
patera  are  first  used  for  the 
;U  and  floods  may  be  turned 
to  Lake  Ontario.         . 
ranto  is  four  feet  six  mches 
uth  of  Ellicott's  creek «  and 
ith  Niagara  river  at  this  place, 
tfinishedt  it  is  however  under 
dvancing.  ItM  course  is  along 
X  eight  miles,  to  the  harbour 
nstructing  near  the  vdlasre  ot 
lis  work  IS  not  yet  finished; 
ardness,  as  to  render  ito  com- 
ng  the  other  works,  certain, 
e;  and  the  dam  connecting 
md  is  raised  sufficicnUy  above 
'ent  it  from  passing  over.  The 
was  finished  a  year  ago ;  it  w 
It  its  base  is  more  than  thirty 

:anal  may  be  properly  said  to 
Buflalo  ci-eek  by  a  short  cut, 
.  violent  conUovcrsy  has  arisen 
ick  Rock  and  tliose  o«"  Buffalo, 
hiirbour.     The  reasons  whicU 
assigned  for  the  selection  tliey 
d  it  would  be  presumptuous  in 
one  moment  from  such  autlio- 
ontinue  to  think  that  Buffalo 
•  situation !  but  when  wc  con- 
Llie  rest  of  the  work  has  been 
should  not  doubt  that  this  part 
equal  prudence, 
termination  of  tliis  great  work, 
ics  in  which  we  live.    In  that 
g  over  the  actions  of  every  na- 
■Bal  policy  shall  be  forgotten, 
r  aggrandisement  have  become 
mage  of  the  Simpton  and  the 
I  as  the  two  nobust  works  of 


■OCIISSTIH   TO  tlWlSTOWH.  »*• 

?*^       ;»fim  <     I'i.e  one.  while  we  confess  its  uUlity,  while 

ot  nations,  guioeu  uy  iiy  rnuntrvs  anx  ous  to  com* 

to  promote  the  prospenty  of  the^c^m^^^  _^.^^^ 

municate  Uie  blessings  which  » J^™^  *i"'.  .^        ^^  e^ery 
lutions. 

Buffalo  is  at  present  a  P'*'^^^  •^.^Vu^^V^e  we^e  to  recom- 
erting,  visiting  "*  ^^'T^^^^  water  themselves,  and 


146 


TVICAKOIU   I!IDUM« — ItWIiTOWIT. 


■ill 


in  fine  nrognccU.     From  Bochcrtcr  to  Lcwiitown  w  u  di* 
tance  of  ci|flity  milei,  which  in  punted  in  one  day,  the  rood 
leadinir  through  Pitrma,  Clarknon,  Gaines,  Hartknd,  uid 
several  other  village*. 

About  two  and  a  half  mile*  before  we  reach  Lewwtown, 
u  a  iettlement  of  the  TuMxtrora  Indians,  on  a  tract  of  land 
given  them  by  the  Senecan  many  yean  since,  wliich  ii  Uiree 
mile*  long  and  one  mile  hnvkd.  Thi*  tribe  cime  from  North 
Carolina,  about  the  year  1712,  and  joined  thi;  confederacy  of 
the  Five  Nation^  theniBelvea  making  the  aixth.  They  iitill 
have  an  interest  in  a  very  large  tract  of  land  in  North  <  iiroUna, 
which  will  not  be  extinct  before  the  year  1911.  'I'  hold 
iJto,  in  thia  »tate,  four  thousand  three  hundred  and  iity- 
eight  »ct«i  of  land,  ceded  to  them  by  the  Holland  Land 
Company.  As  a  nation  or  tribe,  they  arc  rich,  und  many  of 
them  as  mdividual*.  They  liave  among  them  a  Prcsbyttrian 
clergyman,  and  a  young  woman  who  keeps  an  English  school. 
They  had  a  meetmg-housc,  which  was  burnt  during  the  late 
war,  December  19,  1813,  but  it  is  now  rebuilt 

This  tribe,  like  all  the  otlur  Indian  settlements  in  the  xtate, 
is  divided  into  two  parties,  the  Christian  and  tlie  Pagan  ;  thi; 
former  submit  in  a  great  degree  to  the  usages  and  many  of 
the  customs  of  the  whites,  but  the  latter  stdl  glory  in  nre- 
serving  the  habiU  and  nmni\ers  of  their  ancestors.  When 
tliey  wisli  to  sell  any  of  their  land,  a  deputation  of  the  chicts 
visits  tlie  governor,  a  kind  of  council  is  held,  tlie  belU  of 
wnmpum  arc  given,  and  the  orators  of  the  party  make  their 
speeches.  They  affect  to  despise  those  who  employ  tlicir 
time  in  making  basketti,  and  support  themselves,  though  thi* 
is  now  almost  impracticable,  by  hunting,  where  any  wild 
beasto  yet  linger  in  tlie  forests,  not  entirely  driven  awav  by 
tlic  encroachments  of  civilization.  The  Pagan  party  of  tlie 
'I'uscaroras  has  within  a  few  years  left  this  village,  removed 
to  the  shores  of  Grand  river  in  Upper  Canada,  and  settled 
among  the  Moliawks. 

Lewutown  itself  is  eligibly  situated  at  the  foot  of  the  moun- 
tainridge,on  the  east  bank  of  the  Niagara  River,  twenty  nwvea 
and  a  half  miles  below  Buffalo,  (twenty-nine  and  a  half,  by 
the  Falls),  seven  north  of  Fort  Niagara,  twenty  west  of  Lock- 
port,  and  three  hundred  and  fourteen  nearly  west  from  Al- 
bany. This  villi^e  sUnds  nearly  opposite  to  ftueenston  in 
Canada,  at  the  head  of  navigation  of  Magara  river,  and  at  tlie 


— LKWHTOWIf. 

iter  to  Lcwiitown  in  u  di!> 
i.iwc(l  ii>  one  day,  the  road 
til,  Gaines,  Hartland,  uid 

fore  we  reach  Lewwtown, 
Indlaru,  on  a  tiiwt  of  land 
yean  »ince,  wliich  it  tliree 
riiis  tribe  came  from  Nortli 
d  joined  the  confederacy  of 
iking  the  sixth.     They  »till 
ct  of  land  in  North  r  arolina, 
the  year  1911.    'I'!       hold 
three  hundred  ami        nty- 
hem  by  the  Holland  Land 
they  are  rich,  und  many  of 
among  them  a  Presbyterian 
rho  keeps  an  li'ngliiih  school, 
h  was  burnt  during  the  laic 
is  now  rebuilt. 
dian  settlements  in  the  state, 
hristiun  and  tlie  Pagan  :  the 
to  the  usages  and  many  uf 
the  latter  stdl  glory  in  nre- 
I  of  their  ancestors.    When 
id,  a  deputation  of  the  chiefs 
:ouncil  is  held,  tlie  belts  of 
tors  of  the  party  make  their 
lise  those  who  employ  tJieir 
port  themselves,  though  thi* 
y  hunting,  where  any  wild 
not  entirely  driven  away  by 
n.     The  Pagan  party  of  tlie 
urs  left  this  village,  removed 
I  Upper  Canada,  and  settled 

latcd  at  the  foot  of  the  moun- 
:  Niagara  Hiver,  twenty-seven 
,  (twenty-nine  and  a  half,  by 
liagara,  twenty  west  of  Lock- 
lurtcen  nearly  west  from  Ai- 
rly oppoMte  to  Queenston  in 
m  of  Niagara  river,  and  at  die 


tktt*  Of  iHAo*m*. 


mr 


,„otof  the  portage  around  the  Pulls.  "  C""?'***  "f '''°"* 
hSawe^UnSs,  b.V,des  stores.  .h..ps.  a  ch.u-eh.  »"'»»*« 
Htl  »*one  Siool-house.  It  is  a  place  of  bu..ne«.  "«  tho 
cuZm-house  for  the  Nlugura  ^'"M  ^rttriport  5f 

P-'TheTaU;  irs^n  mill,  above  Lewistown.  from  which 
yoTpr^^e^l  «p  t^'V-^Th'Twtn'a^w^Xt^fco^tin^S 

tion,  look  forward  to  tKe  peno.'  *>'e"  the;  ^^t  rc^K^  oarr 
which  unreads  across  the  mouth  of  l^ke  ^^rje  snau  "= 

iU  mishtytee,  •h'f™"'  "'"'J^T  S  e™;  li»tJ« 


m 


148 


FAILS   UF   NIlGAnA. 


Lo !  where  it  conieg  like  an  eternity, 

As  if  to  sweep  down  all  thinfifs  in  its  track! 

Charming  the  eye  witli  cU^ad— a  matchles:*  cuUiract , 

Horribly  beautiful !  but  on  the  verge. 

From  Mde  to  side,  beneath  the  glittering  morn. 

An  iris  sits,  amidst  the  infernal  surge. 

Like  Hope  upon  a  death-bed,  and  unworn 

Its  steady  dyes,  while  all  aroimd  is  torn 

By  the  distracted  waters,  bears  serene 

Its  brilliant  hues,  with  all  their  beams  unshoni. 

Resembling,  'mid  the  torture  of  the  scene, 

Love  watching  Mbdness  with  unalterable  mien. 

A  scene  like  this  is  not  to  be  described— it  is  only  to  be 
feH.  As  it  stands  alone  in  the  history  of  nature,  with  nothmg 
to  equal  or  resemble  it,  so,  while  we  rest  upon  its  verge, 
will  the  breast  glow  with  sensations  before  unknown,  and 
swell  with  emotions  before  unfelt.  We  gaze  with  mute 
wonder  on  the  scene  before  us,  and  forgfet,  in  the  contem- 
plation of  nature's  mi^fhty  works,  the  world  that  is  around 
us,  and  die  busy  insignificance  of  man. 

The  cataract  of  Nugara  is  twenty-two  miles  below  Lake 
Erie,  and  fourteen  miles  above  Lake  Ontario.  It  is  formed 
by  a  body  of  limestone,  which  crosses  the  river  in  an  irregu- 
lar shape,  about  fourteen  hundred  yards  in  length.  This 
ridge  is  divided  into  three  parts :— the  American  fall,  three 
hundred  and  eighty  yards  long;  Goat  Island,  three  hundred 
and  thirty  yards  across  5  and  the  Horse-Shoe  fall,  seven  hun- 
dred yards.  The  perpendicular  height  of  the  American  fall 
is  one  hundred  and  sixty-four  feet ;  tliat  of  the  Horsc-Shoe, 
one  hundred  and  fifty-one.  The  Table  Rock  is  a_  platform 
of  considerable  extent,  on  the  western  shore:  it  projecte  over 
the  cavern  below  the  cataract,  and  runs  up  to  the  side  of 
the  precipice,  to  which  you  can  approach  so  new  as  to  wash 
your  hands  in  the  water  a  few  feet  above  it.  11  is  nearly  on 
a  level  with  the  top  of  the  mass  of  water,  immediately  above 
♦i»e  great  pitch.  It  is  supposed  to  be  a  part  of  the  very  ledge 
over  which  the  water  is  precipitated,  but  which  is  worn  down 
a  number  nffeet  below  its  original  level. 

The  Table  Rock  is  chequered  witli  a  variety  of  seams  and 
fisiuKi)  some  of  them  wide  enough  to  admit  a  man's  hand. 


hi 
w 
w 
ol 

is 
U 


liGABA. 

ternity, 

s  in  its  track! 

— a  matchless  cutiiraci  j 

le  verge, 

e  glittering  morn, 

i\  surge, 

,  and  unworn 

ind  is  torn 

iTs  serene 

ir  beams  unshorn, 

of  the  scene, 

unalterable  mien. 

e  described— it  b  only  to  be 
istory  of  nature,  with  nothing 
lile  we  rest  upon  its  verge, 
lations  before  unknown,  and 
ifelt.  We  gaze  with  mute 
i,  and  forged  in  the  contem- 
rks,  the  world  that  is  around 
of  man. 
wenty-two  miles  below  Lake 

Lake  Ontario.  It  is  formed 
crosses  the  river  in  an  irregu- 
dred  yards  in  length.  This 
ts : — the  American  fall,  three 
;  Goat  Island,  three  hundred 
e  Horse-Shoe  fall,  seven  hun- 
w  height  of  the  American  fall 
eet ;  tliat  of  the  Horse-Shoe, 
he  Table  Rock  is  a  platform 
western  shore;  it  projecte  over 
,  and  runs  up  to  tlie  side  of 
n  approach  so  near  as  to  wash 
feet  above  it.  It  is  nearly  on 
IS  of  water,  immediately  above 

to  be  a  part  of  the  very  ledge 
tated,  but  wliich  is  worn  down 
;inal  level. 

ed  with  a  variety  of  seams  and 
lough  to  admit  a  man's  hand. 


FAILS  Of  KIAOXBA. 


149 


innumerable  names  and  initials  of  visitors  are  inscribed  on  it, 
™ITorthen;  with  the  dates  of  their  visits :  two  were  to  be 

iti  edee.  it  has  been  ascertamed  to  be  one  nuntlrea  ana 
event^  wo  feet  high.    It  requii-es  some  courage  to  venture 
to  the  marein.  and  look  down  into  the  abyss  beneath. 

%S  GoSnd  also,  it  is  seen  ♦«  .^f /Jvan^ge  Th« 
beautiful  little  islet,  placed  in  the  m.dst  of  the  toirent,  rtw 
Sctured,  was  i^nt  from  the  American  side  by  some  no- 
?ent  coSion  of  nature  ,  as  the  strata  of  the  rocks,  the  soil 
and  AeT^wSi  of  timber,  correspond  with  those  upon  toe 
Sn  Unf^  Alittie  island  is  separated  from  its  eastern  «de. 
by  *  sS  channel  of  water  pacing  through.  ''"*  forming  M 
it  were  a  distinct  cascade.  This  Tias  been  called  Monttno- 
ir.^  Fall  in  allusion  to  the  celebrated  cataract  near  Quebec. 
Thl  m'Jn  boS  of  ^at«'  «  ^««*  "^  *l?"  island,  where  the 
edie  hl^  been  worn  i.ito  an  in-egular  shape  by  the  force  rf 
thf  later,  from  which  circumstance  it  has  acquired  the  name 

"e:^y\"ir« 'affirm  th^itw";^  ^""S  =  ^^SSth^ 

'^^  Vir^  ^ri:5^^rsj^T;™t"d?e^ 

tS^tteheet  5  witer^^ling  over  it  is  supposed  to  be  at 
Kt  ten  feet  dicker  than  the%ther  fall.  Mr.  Forsyth,  who 
least  t«." '^^^  ""„  tj.  -  -_ot  for  more  than  forty  years,  says, 
St'Sin  hTsCcoUecfithe  centre  of  tMs  ftfi  L^ceded 
tJr  ♦!„  V«  fifti.i»n  Yards  s  and,  as  some  mteUigent  travellcM 
^"^    w^^31ufewto^e  stones  in  front  of  the  hote^ 

nf  vewThow  much  this  centre  recedes  annually. 
^K^«ortion  of  the  cataract  which  lies  east  of  the  island. 
is3K?lmVriSn^XsiAto.«rfaU.    Tlielastn^e 
b  dSved  from  »  KtOement  on  tbe  «Mtom  store,  which. 


npiwii  II  11.11^1  ij 


ISO  IkLhi   OF   SUBAIU 

though  never  much  fortified,  has  long  been  known  as  Fort 

Tlie  chasm  below  the  falls  is  two  hundred  feet  deep,  and 
not  half  a  mile  wide;  further  down,  it  becomes  still  narrower. 
The  sound  of  the  fall  is  audible  at  v-arious  distances,  accord- 
ing  to  the  direction  of  the  wind,  and  state  of  tlie  atmosphere; 
it  IS  frequently  heard  at  York,  fifty  miles  distant,  and  the 
cloud  of  vapour  has  been  seen  as  far  as  seventy  miles.  The 
quantity  of  water  discharged  in  an  hour  has  been  computed 
at  one  hundred  andtwomUUons,  ninety-three  thousand,  seven 
hundred  and  fifty  tons. 

Great  diversity  of  opinion  has  existed  as  to  the  proper  way 
of  accenting  and  pronouncing  the  word  Niagara;  and  custom 
at  length  seems  to  have  established  it  in  a  manner  different 
from  Siat  adopted  by  the  aborigines.     "  I  have  been  some- 
times asked,"  says  Cohmel  Timothy  Pickering,  "what  was 
the  Indian  pronunciation.     By  the  eastern  tnhes,  it  was 
M-av-gau^aw,  or  rattier  Ne-og-au-roh  ,•  the  second  syllable 
was  short,  with  the  accent  upon  it ;  the  sound  of  the  last  syl- 
lable was  indefinite,  much  as  we  pronounre  the  last  •»yllable 
of  the  woi-d  America.  I  account  for  tho  sound  of  i  as  e  in  Nia- 
gara, and  the  broad  sound  of  a,  firom  its  having  been  vmtten 
by  the  Low  Dutch  of  Albany  and  the  French  in  Canada.    In 
\mting  the  Indian  names  in  my  treaty  of  1794,  I  took  some 
puns  to  get  their  Indian  sounds,  and  to  express  these  by 
Such  a  combination  of  letters  as  would  have  been  given  to 
them  had  the  names  been  EngUsh :  Kon-on-dai-gua,  for  in- 
stance,  the  place  where  the  treaty  was  held ;  the  accent  be- 
ing on  the  syllable  dai.   The  Scnecas  called  the  falls  or  river, 
vat  Ne-og-au-roh,  but  Ne-mh-gaw/  the  second  syllable  auh 
gutturalfy,  with  the  accent  upon  it,  and  the  last  syllable  long." 
The  grandeur  of  the  cataract  seems  to  have  imparted  to  it 
a.  sanctity  among  the  Indian  nations,  which  is  the  more  sur- 
prising, as  their  religious  rites  were  so  httle  marked  by  this 
lynd  of  superstition.    They  were  in  the  habit  of  offering 
aftcrifices  to  it  »b  a  god,  until  the  CathoUc  priests  visited  their 

country. 

Though  of  course  the  Falls  are  the  great  object  of  interest 
to  a  traveller,  visiting  Niagara,  there  are  yet  otiier  scenes  ui 
the  neighbourhood,  which  will  claim  and  receive  much  ot 
Ml  attention.  The  shores  of  the  river,  especially  the  eastern 
ope,  were  the  theatre  erf  mwy  gallaat  exploiti  in  tne  tart 


TORT  CRISi 


1» 


s  long  been  known  as  Fort 

;wo  hundred  feet  deep,  and 
'n,  it  becomes  still  narrower, 
at  \-ariou8  distances,  accord- 
and  state  of  tlie  atmosphere; 
fifty  miles  distant,  and  the 
IS  far  as  seventy  miles.  The 
an  hour  has  been  computed 
ninety-three  thousand,  seven 

existed  as  to  the  proper  way 
ie  word  Niagara;  and  custom 
ihed  it  in  a  manner  different 
fines.  "  I  have  been  some- 
iiothy  Pickering,  "what  was 
r  the  eastern  tribes,  it  was 
•ttu-roh  s  the  second  syllable 

I  it ;  the  sound  of  the  last  syl- 
■e  pronounce  the  last  -"vllable 
t  for  tho  sound  of  t  as  e  in  Nia- 

from  its  having  been  written 
nd  the  French  in  Canada.  In 
r  treaty  of  1794,  I  took  some 
ids,  and  to  express  these  by 
18  would  have  been  given  to 
llish:  J^n-on-dai-gtm,  for  in- 
:aty  was  held ;  the  accent  be- 
enecas  called  the  falls  or  river, 
fflW;  the  second  syllable  mth 
n  it,  and  the  last  syllable  long." 
t  seems  to  have  imparted  to  it 
itions,  which  is  the  more  sur- 

were  so  httle  marked  by  this 
were  in  the  habit  of  offering 
ke  CaUiolic  priests  visited  their 

are  the  great  object  of  interest 
there  are  yet  other  scenes  in 

II  claim  and  receive  much  of 
he  river,  especially  the  eastern 
ny  gaUaat  explmts  in  the  last 


V  ir  between  the  United  States  and  Great  Britain ;  and  Eric, 

IvrreTes^ffi^  the^  in«>»d8  of  ferocious  warfare  ?  Who 
U^t^monthe  silent  walls  of  the  fortresses  around,  and 
TeU  ^  tElort  atSrhas  passed,  since  the  thunder  of 
dStion  was  heard  upon  their  rampar^  and  each  emb^- 
sure  Doured  out  U\e  torrent  of  war  ?  Tne  place  nas  aireao) 
bTcZecS^-l;  we  a»-dv  seek  out  withanx.e^  the  ^^^^^ 
riutino-uished  bv  some  mcident  of  more  than  oroinary  gai 
fjnt™^  we  muse  upon  the  different  events,  as  on  scenes 
SS  h^ve  lonJpXd  away,  on  which  history  has  set  her 
er  aSeel  Khere  is  a  nameless  and  indescribable  plea- 
sure in  Sg  aU  that  story  or  tradition  has  preserved  ot  the 

""XIX"  t  S't'LTtS'in  Upper  Canada,  twenty-one  miles 
ubf^  tfe  Fa^L. Tthe  pointTf  land  formed.by  tfie  termma- 
?inn  of  Lake  Erie  ana  its  junction  with  Niagara  nver.  It 
standi  ol^ound  elevated  about  fifteen  feet  above  the  water, 
l^for  to  the  war,  it  was  but  a  sUght  fmlificaUon,  and  m 
rhTflnchMtinff  projcress  of  it,  it  was  alternately  possessed  by 
hotlfSBW.1813.  ^r  the  capture  of  Fort  George, 

KasXndonedby  the  British,  and  occupied  by  a  corps 
deSd  for  that  purpose  from  General  Dearborn's  army. 
bS  the  close  of  5»e^me  campaign,  it  was  «-o«=cup.ed  by 
the  Sh.  On  the  ■'d  of  July.  1814,  it  surrendered  without 
SucS  Stanch  to  ».  lend  Brown's  army,  as  soon  ahnost  as 
reftoded  from  the  other  shore,  some  of  them  «bove  and 
others  below  the  fort.  General  Drummond.  who  then  com- 
mSedSritish  forces  in  this  district,  aware  of  its  impor- 
manaea  tne  nriv  possession,  and  commenced  a 

Sar'^lgT  On  Srm^ht  ^f  the  15th  of  A«gust,^h^ 
rSSe  effort  to  car^  it  by  storm,  but  was  g8U«nt»y  «- 
mS  He  had  dividedliis  foke  into  ^'^J^^^'^!.^}^}^ 
LlV^  to  attack  the  fortress  at  the  same  instant,  in  different 
SoiS*?thSt  lid  byColonel  Fischer,  the  centre  by  Co- 
Ce?D.2^«S.  and  tL  left  by  Colonel  Scott.  The  mght 
w« dSkS  "««v.  but  the  Am?nc«i sentmeb  were  «tert 


152 


FOBT  XUI* 


and  on  the  watch.  With  stenlthy  pace,  the  ^virion  under 
pther  Svanced  to  the  battery  on  the  H^ht.  t^^' ^j-'X 
ladder,  prepared,  their  bayonets  fi«*  »"*\„»"^"  Vh^n  S 
hopes  «*  immediate  success,  but.  't  *« jno^^^t  ^j*^ 
seemed  most  probable,  with  cool  and  dehbenite  courage,  our 
b^e  t.^ps.\eaded'by  the  I?"*"*  ^ood.  opene^upw^ 
them  a  8U<fien  and  tremendous  fire.  For  a  "hort  time,  thq^ 
bore  the  unexpected  attack-but  it  was  only  for  a  *«»»«««' 
Ae  whole  column  was  soon  thrown  into  c?'*?"'?:^,"^'^'"^^ 
to  retire  from  the  field.  Having  '^:^nS>^^}Z^i^£^ 
nel  Fischer  amun  led  Ws  troops  to  the  onset ;  ««««.*'?'*  *V2^ 

to  get  poUession  of  the  battery,  and  feehng  the  dea^y  effccts 
of  the  incessant  showers  of  grape^ot  which  wet«  thrown 
unon  hi^  hTdetermined  asU  next  effort  to  pass  the  point 
"FXe  Ztdi  by  wading  breastnleep  into  the  Ue,  to  which 
Se  works^reopen.  In  this  attempt  he  was  abo  unsuc- 
ceS  neariy  two  hundred  of  hi.  men  being  e.Uier  kdled 
or  drowned,  and  the  remainder  precip  Utely  fidhng  b*ck. 
I^WM  in  vain  to  continue  the  dertructive  and  unwccessfid 
roXt^^  Without  waiting  to  know  with  what  resuh  hi.  cd- 
Sr.  on  the  centre  «.3  left  had  nade  their  W^^'^r^ 
taAu  he  retreated  precipitotely  to  hi.  camp,  with  the  small 
I^SSort  onhTcolumn  he'^had  1^  on.  but  a  few  hour,  bcfiw, 
ill  all  the  confidence  of  victory.  _„..v-»m. 

In  the  meiuiwhUe.  a  brilliant  fire  of  cannon  and  musketry 
ligSedu?tfre«^.*on  the  right,  but  Colonels  Drummond 
"fd  Scott  were  not  more  fortunate  than  their  compamon. 
TwiM  did  they  lead  up  their  troops  to  the  a88aul^  and  m 
oft^^w^  thJy  driveS  back.  At  length,  luviny  moved 
S^clitci;  covered  by  the  darkn«is  of  the  mght,  and 

SThW  cloud  of  «noke  w'hich  ~>»«^.ft«»  ^i,*^"  v*^ 
mMkedy.  and  envetoped  the  wrrounduig  objerts,  they  re- 
wXdAe  chanre.  re^acended  the  ladders,  and,  wiA  theur 
SS^b  wiS^?^  "pears.  feU  upon  our  gallant  artillenst^ 
S^5r^t.rfCrp^WilliiP«KlIieuten«*.M'^ 
nwurh  and  Watmough,  with  their  biave  men,  were  foratime 
S^£^  mmTofthem  having  received  "evere  ami  mortal 
wS  oTtastion  was  lost,  md  lieutenant  M^Donough. 
kSn^everelv  wounded,  demanded  quarter,  which  was  re- 
£f  5  cSUDrumSond  himself.^  The  lieutenant,  then 
Sg  a  »Swl»pilw,  nobly  drfendcd  binudf,  until  1>«  was 


<pn)mi^mM;".  K-.!>w 


an. 

thy  pace,  the  Vision  under 
r  on  the  ritfht,  their  scaling- 
>  fixed,  and  sangwne  in  the 
ut,  at  the  moment  when  it 
>1  and  deliberate  couraee,  our 
nllantWood,  opened  upon 
fire.  For  a  short  time,  they 
ut  it  was  only  for  a  ahoit  tinw; 
wn  into  corauaion,  and  forced 

•  re-organized  hi»  force,  Colo- 
to  the  onset ;  again  were  ftey 
er.  Convinced  of  his  inabihty 
and  feeling  the  deadly  effecU 
ape-shot  which  were  dirown 
s  next  effort  to  pass  the  pmnt 
t-deep  into  the  lake,  to  which 

attempt  he  was  also  unsuc- 

•  his  men  being  either  killed 
er  precipiUtely  falling  back. 
i  destructive  and  unsucceasnu 
mow  with  wluit  result  his  col- 
had  made  their  respective  at- 

sly  to  his  camp,  with  the  small 
led  on,  but  a  tew  hours  before, 

t  fire  of  cannon  and  musketry 
^t;  but  Colonels  Drummond 
rtunate  than  their  companion, 
troops  to  the  assault,  and  as 
t.  At  length,  having  moved 
the  darkness  of  the  night,  and 
ich  rolled  firom  our  cannon  and 
aunoun^g  objects,  they  re- 
ed the  laddm,  and,  with  their 
eD  upon  our  gallant  artillerists. 
I^illiams  and  ueutenants  M'Do- 
heir  brave  men,  were  for  a  time 
ing  received  severe  and  mortal 
It,  and  lieutenant  ITDonou^ 
manded  quarter,  which  was  re- 
himself.  The  lieutenant,  then 
iefended  binudf*  until  be  was 


Ip»T  Mil.  *** 

iUt  down  with  a  pistol  by  the  monster  who  had  rcfoscd  him 
luarter.  and  who  often  reiterated  the  order.  Give  the 
,  amed  Yankees  no  quarter!"  This  officer.  who«>  ^^very. 
,  •  iThad  been  tempered  with  mercy,  would  Ivave  entiUed  ^m 

0  the  admi«tion  if  every  «,ldier-this  h-'fened  murde^r 
soon  met  his  fate.     He  was  shot  tlirough  the  breast,  while 
repeating  the  order  to  "  give  no  quarter! 

The  battle  now  raged  with  increased  fury ,  after  a  dcsne- 
rate  conflict,  the  bastion  was  at  last  recovered,  .^.ul  both  Uie 
ronimanding  officers  having  fallen,  the  Bntish  fouml  that  it 
w^rvainfonger  to  contend,  drewoff  their  forces  from  the 
assault,  and  retSsated  to  their  camp.  Two  hundred  and  twcn- 
tTtwo  men  were  left  dead  upon  the  field,  and  two  hundred 
moriT  suppwied  to  have%een  kiUed  in  the  woods,  or 
yXuownX  Niagara.  The  whole  lo^  of  «,e  BM.  J.  by 
their  own  account,  exceeded  nine  hundred?  while  that  of  our 
txoops  was  only  eiglityfour.  ^„_„ 

DUppointed  in  his  design  of  taking  Fort  Ene  by  storm. 
Generjd  Drummond  continued  to  prosecute  the  sieee  with 
more  caution.  In  a  month,  he  ha.1  completed  an  advanced 
line  of  batteries,  entrenchments  and  block-houscs,  reaching 
frmtheNiapark  round  to  the  lake,  «» the  distance  rf  five 
hundred  yarS.  from  the  fort.  His  camp  was  two  miles  in  the 
rear  of  these  works,  so  that  his  reser^-e  w^.^"*  »*^*'=,'»"8S 
of  the  fire  from  tlie  fort,  while  the  batteries  thus  pUnted 
could  play  upon  it  with  effect,  and  a  new  one  was  just  ready 

'°To  Jrevent  this.  General  Brown,  who  had  now  taken  com- 
mand  of  the  post,  performed  one  of  the  most  gallant  exploits 
wSadorno^aiSials.  About  two  o'clock  in  the  aft«^oon 
of  the  mil  of  September,  the  troops  were  led  out  from  the 
fort  in  two  divisions,  and  after  a  severe  conflict,  'n  which  the 
Kallant  ColoneU  Wood  and  Gibson  feU  fighting  at  the  head 
of  their  columns,  they  succeeded  in  stormir«  three  of  the 

1  enemy's  batteries,  two  block-houses,  ai.d  the  >nterven.ng 
'  line  of  entrenchments,  spiked  the  cannon,  and  blew  up  one 

majraaine.  The  object  of  the  sortie  being  accomplished,  the 
whole  body  returned  to  the  fort,  brineingf  with  Uiem  three 
hundred  aVid  eighty  prisoners,  and  Wing  de?t?»y'=d  the 
fruits  of  forty-seven  days'  labour.  From  tiie  spirited  resist- 
ance  of  the  enemy,  the  loss  «istoined  by  the  assa.lai>ts  wx^ 
'  as  may  be  supposed,  severe.  The  official  report  of  the  British 


!^>A'AL'.'J8  ' 


154 


cBirnwA. 


commander  acknowledged  the  loss  of  six  hundred  and  nine 
men,  one  hundred  andfifteen  of  whom  were  killed,  one  hundred 
and  seventy-eight  wounded,  and  three  hundred  and  sixteen 
prisoners.  The  enemy  claimed  a  victory  i  but  their  retreat, 
which  took  place  a  few  days  afterwards,  palpably  contodict- 
ed  this  pretension.  At  the  close  of  the  campaign,  the  tort 
>va8  dismantled ;  Genei-al  Brown  crossed  the  nver,  and  went 
into  winter  quarters.  ..   ,      ,  j  »u« 

The  village  at  Fort  Erie  is  a  pleasant  httle  place,  and  tne 
harbour  is  a  good  one.  During  the  war,  of  course  much 
property  was  destroyed  in  and  around  it.  The  march  of  an 
army,  even  of  defenders,  and  much  more  of  invaders,  is  ge- 
nemlly  tracked  with  desolation?  and  amidst  the  mvasions  and 
retreats,  the  marches  and  countermarches,  the  encampments, 
sieares  and  battle^  which  diversified  the  war  on  the  Niagiu* 
frontier,  it  wm  scarcely  possible  that  the  inhabitonts  should 
not  suffer  in  their  habitations  and  property.  Of  these  sutter- 
ings,  the  village  of  Fort  Erie  had  its  share. 

From  Fort  Erie,  the  road  courses  along  the  shore  ot  the 
Niauara ;  and  just  before  we  reach  the  Falls,  Chippewa 
Cretk  crosses  our  path.  The  country  over  which  we  pass 
is  level,  and  the  road  is  nearly  straight,  running  along  the 
bank,  wWch  is  agreeably  but  not  loftily  elevated  above  the 
water :  the  view  is  delightful.  The  Chippewa,  having  pass- 
ed over  a  plain  of  forty  miles,  and  through  a  number  ot 
swamps  and  strata  of  discolouring  earth,  is  a  sluggish  dariK 
water,  not  very  fit  for  culinary  purposes,  or  even  for  washing; 
and  as  it  meeU  the  clear  rapid  stream  of  the  Niagara,  instead 
of  intermixing  with  it,  it  passes  along  near  the  shore,  forming 
a  ve*y  visible  contrast.    It  can  be  traced  all  the  way  down 

to  the  Falls.  .     .  .   ^».   -j       r  n  - 

The  village  of  Chippewa  is  situated  on  both  sides  of  tie 
creek,  close  to  iU  entrance  into  the  river.  The  iaT^d  rai-nage 
from  Queenston  ends  at  this  place,  and  goods  are  transported 
hence  in  boats  to  Fort  Erie.  Here  are  a  tort  and  barracks 
tor  the  troops.  In  the  course  of  the  late  war,  it  vi^  alter- 
natcly  the  place  of  encampment  of  both  armies.  The  plain 
south  of  the  creek  was  also  the  ground  of  the  celebrated 
battle  fought  Jidy  5th,  1814,  between  Genera!  Riall's  army 
and  the  American  forces  commanded  by  General  Brown,  who 
was  assisted  by  Generab  Scott,  Uipley  and  Porter. 


JCCtl 

ateli 


eve 

the 
up 
tha 
my 
the 
An 

gai 
for 
wl 


an 


.fHllllliljyJllll'l 


iiii»|im)!iiiii|wlil!,liH.'.M.^ 


loss  of  SIX  hundred  and  nine 
vhom  were  killed,  one  hundred 
id  three  hundred  and  sixteen 
1  a  victory  i  but  their  retreat, 
terwards,  palpably  contradict- 
ose  of  the  camjiaigpi,  the  fort 
rn  crossed  the  river,  and  went 

I  pleasant  little  place,  and  the 
ing  the  war,  of  course  much 
I  around  it.  The  march  of  an 
nuch  more  of  invaders,  is  ge- 
i;  and  amidst  the  invaaonsand 
itermaiches,  the  encampments, 
rsified  the  war  on  the  Niagwa 
Ijle  that  the  inhabitants  should 
Bind  property.  Of  these  suflTer- 
had  its  share. 

courses  along  the  shore  of  the 
e  reach  the  Falls,  Chippewa 
e  country  over  which  we  pass 
fly  straight,  running  along  the 
t  not  loftily  elevated  above  the 
The  Chippewa,  having  pass- 
es, and  through  a  number  of 
uring  earth,  is  a  sluggish  dark 
:  purposes,  or  even  for  waslung; 
d  stream  of  the  Niagara,  instead 
es  along  near  the  shore,  forming 
*n  be  traced  all  the  way  down 

is  situated  on  both  mdes  of  tV.e 
nto  the  river.  The  iuT^d  rsi-riage 
alace,  and  goods  are  transported 
!.  Here  are  a  fort  and  barracks 
se  of  the  late  war,  it  was  alter- 
lent  of  both  armies.  The  plwn 
»  the  ground  of  the  calebrated 
,  between  General  Riall's  army 
imanded  by  General  Brown,  who 
ott,  liipley  and  Porter. 


caippiwA.  iSS 

In  this  battle,  the  forces  on  ca  n  side  were  equal.  The 
iittack  was  commenced  by  a  division  of  tlie  Mritish,  led  on 
by  General  Uiall.  General  Porter,  with  a  column  of  the 
American  army,  met,  attacked  and  after  a  short  but  severe 
contest,  drove  the  enemy's  right  before  him.  His  route  to 
Chippewa  was  intercepted  by  the  whole  British  column  ar- 
rayed In  order  of  battle,  and  a^nst  tliis  powerful  force  the 
voluntecre  desperately  maintained  their  pfround,  until  they 
were  overpowered  by  tlie  superiority  of  discipline  and  num- 
bers. 

As  soon  as  the  firing  became  regulai  and  heavy,  between 
tlie  volunteei-s  and  the  enemy.  General  Brown,  rightly  coii- 
iccturing  that  all  the  British  regulars  were  engaged,  immedi- 
ately ordered  Scott's  brigade  and  Towson's  artillerjr,  to  ad- 
vance and  draw  them  into  action  on  the  plains  of  Chippewa. 
General  Scott  had  no  sooner  crossed  tiie  bridge  over  Sti-eet's 
cinek,  than  he  encountered,  and  gave  battie  to  the  enemy. 
Captain  Tlwsou  commenced  his  fire  before  the  infant'.y  bat- 
talions wei-e  in  battle  array,  and  upon  tlieir  being  formed, 
took  post  on  the  river,  with  three  pieces,  in  front  of  tiie  ex- 
treme right,  and  thence>  played  upon  the  British  batteries. 
The  conflict  now  raged  with  extreme  violence,  and  great 
gallantry  was  displayed  on  both  sides;  but  the  ardour  with 
which  tiie  American  troops,  especially  tlie  brigade  under 
General  Scott,  pressed  forward,  was  resistless ;  repulsed  at 
every  point,  thwarted  in  every  effort,  the  enemy  began  at 
length  gi-adually  to  retire,  until  they  reached  die  sloping 
ground  in  the  vicinity  of  Chippewa,  where,  being  hard  press- 
ed by  tiie  victors,  their  retreat  was  changed  into  a  rapid  and 
disorderly  flight.    The  advance  of  the  Americans  waa  how- 
ever checked  by  the  batteries  at  Chippewa,  behind  which 
the  British  troops  had  rallied.     General  Brown  now  ordered 
up  the  ailillciy,  with  a  view  to  force  tiie  works ;  but  finding 
that  the  day  was  nearly  spent,  and  the  batteries  of  tiie  ene- 
my strongly  fortified,  he  witiidrew  his  forces,  and  retired  to 
the  cainp.    This  victory  established  the  reputation  of  the 
American  troops,  and  the  character  of  the  commanders  en- 
gaged ;  raised  the  confidence  of  the  nation  in  its  capacity 
for  defence ;  and  taught  tiie  enemy  a  useful  lesson,  from 
which  we  cannot  doubt  they  subsequently  profited. 

Proceeding  along  the  western  shore  of  the  river,  we  reach 
another  battle-ground,  that  of  Bri<^ew<Uer,  or,  as  it  is  called 


by  the  BritUh.  Wy;.  ^^^^  J^^TorS^^XT^^^^^ 

little  after  six  o'clock  ^J**^"  Genenl  8c.rtt,  and  the 
between  the  AmencMitr«,p.JerGen^^^    ^^^ 

British  commiuidcd  ^X  „^^"^ri,'f™ "  in  the  dirtrict,  and 
h«l  collected  »^e  *K%^*i'"S*h"d  been  detached 

cer  would  order  .n  «"^Xtelv  contested  until  nine  o'clock 
The  ground  ^w^^'SSB^wnT ?«««""'»  ^'>^  ^e** 
in  the  evennig,  when  2!"l!!L.!tive  decided  to  storm  the 
enemy's  artillery  *«,"»«»*  *^!^^*JtoSia.  was  ordered 
battenr.  Colonel  Miller,  the  hero  «  ^a*^?^  ^^„„on  with 
on  tl.U  enterprise ,  he  »PP™«f '»«i  Sn  a  l^w  pace,  of  the 
.  quick  rt*p.  and  deUver<^  »».»  J^^  ^^^^  '^^^^  P,^„dH.  and 

enemy's  Une ,  who,  '^t«yf„Xblttom «<"«»«  '""' ""'^ "''*"■ 
^vigorous  charge,  retired  totheb^mo^t.     ^^.  ^^^^ 

doned  his  cannon.    Only  one  p.e«e  was  bro  g^     ^^^  ^ 

«^'^' ?' rr\h  V  wT«  foiTowerE^^ 

rSJibaro^o^mj-  -Pl°?«^  -  '•^'^"""^  ^' 
iriso^^rs  J  bringing  ori' the  w««d^d.  ^^^,^„^„,.Generul 

^  The  cessation  ho^^'f" J^*°2l  "th  a  reinforcement. 
Drummond  «"ved  't  Ji«jnten^U  w,tn^  ^  ^^,^  ^j 
The  enemy  renewed  the  i«Uon,wnue^  wiunded,  but 
busily  employed  m  <='«'»^K.**^ftu*'!Sy.  and  after  a  close 
the  gallant  Americans  fo™*=°  *'VifSV  were  repulsed. 
engS^ment  of  ^/-J ^iX  remJlS  TZ^^f  n«t^aU  the 
The  army  now  effected  ^"^ J^"^'     ,  it  beintr  nearly  twelve 

rs*'i»^^^  "^^  •^■■'  "*•' ""  *■"" 


-  * 


nnw 


mipniaiiflii  j  u 


ATK«> 

This  action  commenced  » 
ening  of  the  25th  July  W}*. 
nder  General  Scott,  and  the 
J  Drummond.  Tlie  enemy 
cir  force  in  the  district,  and 

which  had  been  detached 
L  just  landed  firom  Kingston, 
nefi  were  within  twenty  yard, 
termingled,  that  often  an  ofti- 

atoon<  „    .        ,.i,„^v 

ir  contested  until  nine  o'clock 
1  Brown,  perceiving  that  xjie 
tructive,  decided  to  storm  the 
lero  of  Magagua,  was  ordered 
shed  the  enemy's  cannon  witli 
g  fire  within  a  few  paces  ot  tlic 
iving  two  or  three  roundH,  and 
hel^ttomofthehilUndaban- 
e  piece  was  brought  ott  the 
5  enemy  now  gave  way  and  re- 
ared for  some  distance,  though 
iraa  employed  in  securing  the 
le  wounded.  ^  , 

»  short,  as  Lieutenant-General 
interval  with  a  reinforcement, 
ion,  while  our  troops  were  thus 
the  ground  of  wounded,  but 
1  with  alacrity,  and  after  a  close 

tte.  the  enemy  were  repulsed, 
removal  of  nearly  if  not  aU  the 
,e  JUuud.it  being  nearly. twelve 

cd  to  their  encampment  m  eood 

r  to  the  want  of  horees,  and  the 

fon  themselves,  our  t^oP". ''^[f 
d  the  artillery  which  thev  had  so 

the  more  to  be  regretted,  as  the 
iich  they  also  assumed  in  other 
when  their  defeat  was  apparent 

rilUant  dUpUy  of  the  courage  and 
wps.  and  one  which  wiU  not  be 
of  Uie  enemy  embraced  severaJ 


SCBNIHO  smiHO— WBintPOOt. 


lar 


hnnlinT^Xknown  before  the  mill  was  erected,  and  now 
Sf  vfcw  It  "m^t.  a  vapour  of  some  bituminous  or  cpm- 
bSk  q^lity"  A  r'^'^Wy.ed  near  the  wjerc^^^^^ 
aflame  which  buniso^^^^^^^^ 

perceptible  mjie  'l«y»^^«'  *^j  ^y  those  who  have  made 
rvtrimems  Si  wUl  produ«  sucJi  a  degree  of  heat  a.  to 
«S^  wSplaceSoverFt  in  a  suitable  vessel,  to  emit  steam. 

""J^^eejTng"  along  the  shore  of  the  Niagara  Iliver,  to 
oSston  fevcn  miles  below,  we  find  it  walled  on  each 
ridlby  SSserSular  cliffs,  nearly  or  quite  PX^ft^ 

:.^hl?Su^^^^J=teS/9^^^^^^ 

ne?c=«S"aJ^;^^'^^^^^  on  the  westem 

Jt,  £  S  f  ^er.  fai  we  -^^herjdge  from  the 
upper  to  the  lov...couny.  tiie  fo^;^be.ng^n^  l^v^^ 

?T.  mentioned^  P-^.  TrwSrrand'Sking^he 

Ontario,  through  the  '•'?^/ "\ C^*  "V  doubtless   broke 

JW  it'^rrrfar  ^St  £;.  fS  tSe  pen^endicular 

SfhJch  nrU  the  shorei.     Nor  ^--ffi  ^Z^ 

runs  westward,  and  T"'*"-,™""'^  ^nf  fh.  rWeJ'^rcaUedti^ 
and  a  sweU  of  it.  twelve  miles  west  ot  the  "^?'' '*  ^^^  "  " 

IhoA  Hills,  where  a  BP-^%Ve*;|,^^rsSnds  tt\X 
'^^"oS^s^^TweSheTi^'SJe^t'naVuna  parter.cs  or 

plains  of  Lakes  Erie  and  Ontaiw. 
O 


■  -i(ai^jj8e!^iaMiteiiyate«aia:- 


I^P'" 


"T"r" 


158 


tHDUX   UXAIIfl — ar"H»T05. 


At  Mount  Dorchester,  an  elevated  part  of  the  high  landu, 
and  nea.  the  house  of  Sir  I'.  Mnitland,  U  an  object  of  curio- 
sity well  worth  some  notice.  A  few  ycai*  ago,  a  large  oak 
tree,  measuring  at  the  base  five  feet  in  diameter,  was  blown 
down,  and  in  the  opening  made  in  the  soil  bv  the  roots  of 
the  tree  which  were  torn  up,  a  large  quantity  of  human  bones 
WW  discovered.  A  further  excavation  presented  to  view  an 
immense  collection,  regularly  disposed,  an«l  forniing  perfect 
skeletons ;  among  them  were  found  armlets  pipes,  beads, 
heads  of  tomahawks,  and  other  Indian  articles.  Several  large 
conch-shells,  too,  were  discovered,  some  of  them  bored  so 
as  to  be  used  as  a  rude  kind  of  musical  instrument :  it  is  said 
that  these  shells  are  of  a  species  to  be  found  only  in  the 
islands  of  the  Pacific,  or  on  the  western  shores  of  America, 
and  tljey  certainly  resemble  that  upon  the  dress  of  the  king 
of  Owhyhee,  which  is  preserved  in  the  museum  at  New-York; 
a  circumstance  that  may  throw  some  light  upon  tht  investi- 
gations of  philosophers,  relative  to  the  ancient  inhabitants  ot 
this  continent.  «.       ,  .      v    » 

The  spot  where  these  remains  have  been  tound  is  about 
seven  miles  from  Lake  Ontario,  to  which  the  ground  slop.s 
away,  and  is  thus  similar  in  its  situation  to  the  ancient  works 
we  have  spoken  of  as  existing  in  the  state  of  New-York. 
L'ke  them  it  bears  every  appearance  of  a  military  work ; 
and  It  IS  said,  that  when  the  ground  is  freed  fixim  the  leaves 
of  trees  which  are  now  strewed  over  it  to  a  conwderable 
depth,  holes  resembling  the  marks  of  piqucta  may  be  seen 
surrou;  ling  the  space  of  several  acres.  From  the  side  of  the 
hill  springs  a  fountain  of  the  clearest  water,  in  quantity  suffi- 
cient to  turn  a  mill:  this  circumstance  too  is  worthy  of  notice, 
as  it  is  found  invariably  wherever  these  tumuli  are  seen  on 
the  eastern  continen;— in  Hritaiii,  Scuntlinavia  and  Asia. 

Quemston  Htighia  .  e  a  commanding  n  .iitary  station,  now 
defended  by  intrenchmtits  and  batteries.  In  llie  early  period 
of  the  late  war,  it  was  slightly  lortified.  On  the  13d»  Octo- 
ber, 1812,  General  Van  Henssclaer,  commanding  the  United 
States'  forces  on  tlie  Niagara  frontier,  formed  an  expedition 
against  it.  In  the  morning,  a  party  of  militia  embarked  in 
boata  at  Lewistown,  and,  in  the  face  of  a  most  deadly  fire, 
notwithstanding  the  embarrassment  caused  by  the  eddies  ot 
the  river,  effected  a  landing.  Colonel  Van  Rensselaer,  to 
whom  the  command  of  the  expedition  was  asaigned,  received 


e 

r 


aniiiicTOir. 

uted  part  of  the  high  lands, 
itland,  is  iin  object  of  curio- 
few  yiai*  ago,  u  large  oak 
feet  ill  diameter,  was  blown 
e  in  the  soil  by  the  roots  of 
rge  quantity  of  human  bone* 
ivation  presented  to  view  an 
sposed,  and  forming  perfect 
lund  armlets,  pipes,  beads, 
idian  articles.  Several  large 
ed,  some  of  them  bored  so 
nusical  instrument :  it  is  said 
es  to  be  found  only  in  the 
western  shores  of  America, 
I  upon  the  dress  of  the  king 
in  the  museum  at  New-Vork; 
some  light  upon  tht  investi- 
to  the  ancient  inhabitants  of 

IS  have  been  found  is  about 
to  which  the  ground  8lop<» 
itutttion  to  the  ancient  works 
f  in  the  state  of  New-York, 
iearance  of  a  military  work  ; 
jund  is  freed  fi-oni  the  leaves 
ed  over  it  to  a  considerable 
wks  of  piquets  may  be  seen 
1  acres.  From  the  side  of  the 
larest  waH-T,  in  quantity  »iiffi- 
itancc  too  is  worthy  of  notice, 
■cr  these  tumuli  are  seen  on 
in,  Scimdinavia  and  Asia, 
inanding  n  Hilary  station,  now 
batteries.  In  llic  early  period 
fortified.  On  the  13tli  Octo- 
laer,  commanding  the  United 
ontier,  formed  un  expedition 
party  of  militia  embarked  in 
le  face  of  a  most  deadly  fire, 
ment  caused  by  the  eddies  of 
Colonel  Van  Rensselaer,  to 
edition  was  assigned,  received 


HVEtssros  iir.ioHTS. 


Iff 


.  .r.l  stvere  wounds,  in  a  few  minutes  after  he  had  gainj'd 

aforcement  by  the  .urival  <^  ^^^^VfoTJ^  K  S 

Rensselaer  to  about  «5^^^^.  hundred  and  tw^^^^^^^ 
this  the  attack  on  the  British  '>"«»*f*J,"„uted.  and  Brock, 
ofthe  bayonet. the  enemy  7«7,?°'"P'f,*lVZ^^^  '" 

a  gallant  and  distinguished  soldier,  «»•  ™"™7L  ^"^^^^  ^as 

advanced  to  the  atUcK, """  JT"'' ".  reinforcements  em- 

ral  Van  Ren.selaer,  now  fin«*'"F  the  ouro^e  of  accelerating 
ha,.kingbutslowly.re^rossedrorthepu^ 

their  movements.     To  his  »"^'J'jrP'":,wi.  who  had  here- 
however,  he  found  that  this  part  of  the  "^>Wia^^n° 
lofore  evinced  so  much  eagerness  to  '"^^^'f  .^"j  '{.'^ver- 
f Jtered.  at  the  moment  theu:  «7;f  "S,  ^'^^th  tte  pa- 

i„«  their  p^i}''''"^'^' »!,7,t?L^s  C^H^"e 

racter  and  cause  of  *''«=;.'!  .^•'"^'T""^  ^^^It  who  made  use 
ought  to  consign  to  indehble  contempt  uiose  wu« 

i  .id.  ol  .h.  riv=r,  ~';'"~iX'i^SpeKd  to  r.l«lt 


160 


tUKHMtTUN— ruRT  MKIimo.. 


and  the  enemy  puihing  Iwrd  upon  their  rear,  they  were  at 
liut  ohiiirod  to  miiTendcr.  ^     au 

The  villttge  of  QuutiMon  is  in  the  »outhern  part  ol  tne 
townithip  of  Nia«ua.     It  is  the  lower  landing  for  the  port- 
are  round  the  fulli.     Amidnt  the  iurrounding  desolations  ot 
war  thi»  place  was  preserved  from  destruction,  and  is  now  in 
»  flourishing  state,  having  added  to  iU  former  bushiess  a 
portion  of  what  used  to  centre  at  Newark.    The  portage 
Soro  Queenston  to  Chippewa,  is  ten  milcsi  but  the  receiving 
and  forwaitling  merchant,  generally  transports  merchan«li8e 
the  whole  distance  up  to  Vort  Erie,  part  of  tlie  way  in  wa- 
Konk  and  the  rest  in  boats.     Queenston  and  Lewislown  are 
malt  \i\  commerce.     Both  of  them  have  good  harbours. 
Indeed  the  whole  river,  for  seven  miles,  down  to  its  mouth, 
may  be  considered  as  one  continued  harbour.    The  shore  m 
boM.  requiring  only  a  short  wharfage  for  vessels  to  load  and 
unload,  and  though  the  current  is  swift  in  the  channel,  an 
eddy  near  each  shore  aids  vessels  and  boatH  passing  up.  This 
is  the  head  of  navigation,  whence  vessels  sail  to  any  port,  on 
the  lake,  and  down  the  St.  Lawrence  to  Ogdeiisburg  and 
Pre  scot 

Six  miles  below  Queenston,  on  the  shore,  is  Fort  George, 
a  position  of  great  importance.  On  this  account  it  became 
an  object  with  the  Americans  to  obtain  poHsession  of  it  dur- 
ing  the  last  war,  and  a  combined  attack  was  made  upon  it 
on  the  27th  May,  1813,  by  the  land  forces  under  General 
Dearborn,  and  the  lake  fleet  commanded  by  Commwlore 
Chaunccy.  The  squadron  anchored  within  musket-shot  ol 
the  shore }  and  a  heavy  fire  commenced,  by  which  the  enc 
my's  batteries  were  silenced  in  ten  minutes.  The  troops 
proceeded  to  the  beach  in  three  bripdes,  the  advance  being 
commanded  by  Colonel  Scott,  who  landed  under  a  heavy  hie 
from  the  British  forces.  The  first,  second,  and  third  bri- 
gades having  reached  the  shore  in  their  order,  the  enemy  soon 
fave  way,  and  retreated  with  precipitotion  to  the  fort «  ""»• 
owever,  having  become  untenable  from  the  fire  of  the 
American  battenes,  they  abandoned,  and,  on  the  approach 
of  the  advance  of  General  Boyd's  brigade,  ^ersed  m  van- 
ous  directions.  .     , 

During  the  rest  of  the  campaign,  Fort  George  remained 
under  ^e  American  flag,  till  in  December  it  was  finaUy 
abandoned. 


im  jiw,i^miny 


on  their  rear,  they  were  »l 

n  the  southern  part  of  the 
owcr  landing  for  the  port- 

lurrounding'  desolation*  of 
m  destruction,  and  is  now  in 
>d  to  its  former  bushieu  ft 

at  Newark.  The  portage 
ten  miles  i  but  the  receiving 
■ally  transports  merchandise 
Erie,  p»rt  of  the  way  in  wa- 
leenston  and  Lewistown  are 
them  have  good  harbours, 
in  miles,  down  to  its  mouth, 
lued  harbour.  The  shore  iH 
krfage  for  vessels  to  load  and 
:  is  swift  in  the  channel,  an 
a  and  boatH  passing  up.  This 
e  vessels  suil  to  any  port,  on 
iwrence  to  Ugdensburg  and 

)n  the  shore,  is  f  br<  Oeorge, 
On  this  account  it  became 
»  obtiun  possession  of  it  dur- 
eJ  attack  was  made  upon  it 
5  land  forces  under  General 
commanded  by  Commo<loro 
hored  within  musket-shot  of 
mmenced,  by  which  the  ene- 
n  ten  minutes.  The  troops 
:  brigades,  the  advance  being 
/ho  landed  under  a  heavy  fire 
first,  second,  and  third  bri- 
in  their  order,  the  enemy  soon 
jrecipitation  to  the  fort »  this, 
mable  from  the  fire  of  the 
loned,  and,  on  the  approach 
i's  brigade,  dispersed  m  vari- 

paign.  Fort  George  remtuned 
[  in  December  it  was  finally 


NtWABK. 


161 


Al  the  entrance  of  Niagara  river,  into  I  Jike  Ontario,  is  the 

,„wn  ofJVeLr*.  wnichX  burnt,  tj-^^ --Pf^-*'-^ 
or  inadvertence,  by  the  American  General  M  Clurc,  wncn 
°vac"Sg  Fort'George  ,  an  act  winch  received  •^e  •'vere'.t 
censure  from  the  government  and  people  of  the  United 
stTter-nd  was  ol^cially  <lisavowed  to  the  RnUsh  govern- 
ment  It  afforded  them  however  a  pretext  for  acta  of  cmc 
r  ferocious  reuliation,  mon.  unju.t,fiabje  «»«"  the  onginU 


rSg'^rrer.uXmeireleVat;;!  above  the  water 
SSmanding  a  noble  p«>spect  The  ^^^^^^^^^^^^ 
it  riirht  angles.  It  had  been  the  seat  of  the  P^'^'J^'"  .f°^ 
crnment  M.d  was  the  place  of  the  courts  ot  iust.ce  for  Niaga- 
^  W  tr  ct  The  court-house  and  jail  had  l^^^n  Jemohshed 
Ty  hot.shot  from  the  other  shore,  on  the  day  of  the  batUe  of 
Qaceiwton. 


"  I  r  Tii'tfi  lilt  l^"i  ft  Iftfc  li"  ' 


■'.SSA*'*" 


162 


BOVTE  TO   ftUEBKC. 


FAU.S  OF  NIAGARA  TO  QUEBEC. 

M.        M. 
FaLIS  op  NIAOA.RA  to 

Whirlpool -  _ 

Lcwistown ^  - . 

Fort  Niagara     -    -    ■    ; 

Entrance  of  Lake  Ontario 

Genesee  River ^t  iot 

Great  Sodus  Bay tl  \%t 

Oswego  Kiver 50  m 

Stony  Point \r,  \i>\ 

Sackett's  Harbour      ■■■■•-'  ii  i\'\ 

Entrance  of  St.  Lawicnce  River  -    -    -  .^0  ^l> 

Cape  Vincent   ---------  ^  ^^^ 

Kingston  (U.  C.)  opposite 

Alexandria o^  or'- 

Morristown A  Zrt 

Ogdensburij r  9R2 

Gallop  Rapids in  29^ 

Hamilton ,"  „(^ 

Longue  Sault  Island in  ^iq 

Grass  River .'  /„  '    '       e    oil 

St.  Regis,  boundarj' of  the  United  States      5    324 

Grand  Island  and  Rapids,  end  of  Lake  St. 

Francis 7  nfil 

Cedai- Rapids    --;-,-•".**      C  ««« 

Cascades,  entrance  of  Lake  St.  Louis   -      5  066 

La  Chine,  end  of  Lake  St.  Louis      -    -  16  382 

MosTBEAi ;  20  409 

St.  SiUpice fi  Tm. 

Three  Rivers 5?  Inr 

St.  Maria     -    ■ ^  M9 

Point  au  Tremble 20  539 

Quebec       


Si'llil 


.'> 


.UEBEC. 


A  TO  aUEBEC. 


4 

3   7 

7   14 

74  88 

35  123 

28  151 

30  181 

12  IW 

River  .  -  -  20  213 
2  215 

25  240 

23  263 

13  276 

6  282 

10  292 

17  309 

10  319 

!  United  States   5  324 
end  of  Lake  St.  . 

30  354 

7  361 

keSt.  Loius   -      5    366 
t.  Louis      -    -    16    382 

7    389 

, 20    409 

, 55    464 

, 23    487 

32    519 

20    539 


noCTE  TO    atJMIC. 


1«3 


DEVIATIONS. 

FAIiS  01  NiABABA  tO  KiNGSTOH,   by  YOBK,  U.  C. 

M.  M. 

Faiw  of  Niagara  to  . 

Whirlpool '3  7 

Queenston »  j^ 

Newark 

Cross  Lake  Ontario  to                                ^^  ^g 

1°^}- ■.:''.'.    '.    55  104 

Port  Hope   -    -    •    '    ,                            on  i-ia 

Pre8qu'l8le,orNewca.stle.    ...    -    30  IJ* 

South  point  of  Pnnce  Edward     ■    -    -    M  10* 

False  Duck  Island 15  204 

Ernest  Town .15  219 

KinosTOS .... 


MoNTBEAi.  to  Quebec,  Ch  *»"•'•-' 

MoSTRBAt  to 

Port  au  Tremble 

Cross  River  des  Prairies  to 

St.  SiUpice  -    -    ; "    " 

Cross  St.  John's  River 

LaNowge  -    -    -    ; 

Cross  La  Chatoupe  River 

Berthier ",  ^    t    * 

Cross  Rivers  Maskenong  and  Du  Loup 
Three  Rivers    ..--■-•' 
Cross  Maurice  River  ^ 

Champlun   ••''''.'.''' 
Cross  Rivers  Baliscan  and  St.  Ann 

St.  Marie „, 

Cape  Saute  ..----»-■••*•» 

Cross  River  Port  Neut 

Cross  River  Jacques  ^ 

Point  au  Tremble ^* 

QtJIjBO 


10 

27 

40 

50 

96 

111 

125 
148 


160 
180 


164 


LAKB  ONTABIO— lOEK. 


FAI.L9   OF  NiAOABA    tO    QCEBEC. 


o,  leaving  Ni.g»a  '<•'."»"«•' "A?r''&*Mbh 

"\ftirwerr"e.W>ty  of  the  P-insula  are  the  P^^^^^ 

*  Leg^Se  CoSil  sat  in  one  of  the,n.  -/  the  Hou^^  ^s" 
JresenUtives  in  the  other. .  »«'"«  ^'^"^'^^LSto  bSs 
their  waits  have  been  repaired,  and  converted  into  bairacKs 

c^nsidei-able  fleet,  but  the  shore  »  not  boW.  «md  no  v^har^e^ 

west  of  tlie  Garrison  U  the  mouth  of  the  Hun^ber,  wnneriy 
S=d  tie  Toronto,  a  name  which  was  also  apph^  to  the 

bay.  Both  of  these  rivers  afford  couyemcnt  injli-«e»t9. 


Di 

and  1 

dcsti 

Fr 

extei 

Simt 

agoi 

a  dis 

Lak< 

Fi 

port 

way 

is  all 

into 

cien 

but 

plaii 

Pre! 

diffi 

vvim 

IS 

tak< 

A'rfi 

Qui 

St. 

nor 

Tr, 

whi 

a  c( 

din 

J 

anc 

thii 

Fr< 

in 

1 

sh< 

th( 

by 

801 

th( 

en 


I— TOBK. 


.    to   QCEBEC. 


LAKE   ONTAniO — mtSdU     ISI.K. 


165 


real  and  Quebec,  either  of 
y  be  taken.  The  English 
nK  over  to  York,  and  then 
mouth  of  the  St.  Lawrence; 
II  reach  the  same  point  by 
e  of  New-York,  and  viating 
seated  on  the  margin, 
wns  and  the  seat  of  govern- 
•d  near  the  bottom  of  a  small 
ke  Ontario,  about  thirtjr-fiye 
andnanow  peninsula,  distin- 
hraltar  Point,  forms  and  em- 
from  the  storms  of  the  lake, 
t'.er  around  the  coasts  of  this 

the  peninsula,  are  the  public 
the  highest  ground,  near  the 
venty  feet  elevation  is  erect- 
e  the  point,  is  the  Garrison, 
governor's  residence.     Two 
d  of  the  harbour,  were  two 
,  the  msan  edifice  not  being 
f  brick,  one  story  high.  The 
f  them,  and  the  House  of  Re- 
ng  burned  by  the  Americans, 
and  converted  into  barracks, 
rvening  space  between  that 
rbour  in  front  is  well  secured, 
ciently  capacious  to  contain  a 
•e  is  not  bold,  and  no  wharves 
:h  ia  an  appendage  of  the  new 
insequently  lie  off  at  anchor. 
The  entrance  into  the  har- 
te ;  but  the  Ught-house  is  de- 
^  The  Don  empties  its  waters 
:ast  of  the  town;  and  two  miles 
mth  of  the  Humber,  formerly 
which  was  also  applied  to  the 

>id  couyenicnt  inill-«e»t9. 


During  the  war,  York  was  twice  visited  by  the  Americans, 
and  the  military  stores  and  other  public  property  sewed  anU 

*From  York,  there  is  a  military  road,  called  Ymge  Street, 
extending  in  a  direction  neaii>  north  tliirty-two  miles  to  Uifce 
Slmcoe,  whence  there  is  an  easy  passage  into  GlmeesUtr  Bay, 
a  cood  harbour  on  Lake  Huron  ;  by  this  short  road,  saving 
a  distance  of  five  hundred  miles  in  the  ordinary  route  through 
Lakes  Erie  and  St.  Clair.  ^u     c    ♦ 

Pursuing  our  passage  along  the  Canada  shore,  the  first 
nort  of  any  consequence  is  Presqu' hk,  or  Neweoitk,  halt- 
wav  from  York  to  Kingston.  It  is  protected  from  winds,  and 
is  sdmost  enciitiled  by  a  peninsula,  which  projecte  m  a  curve 
into  the  lake.  The  basin  of  water  thus  embayed  is  of  sufti- 
cient  depth,  and  the  shore  is  convenient  for  a  landing  place; 
but  the  entrance  into  the  harbour,  not  bemg  very  (iirect  and 
plMn.  requires  considerable  care.  The  navigation  from 
Presqu'  Isle  eastward  along  the  shore,  is  attended  with  some 
difficulty  and  tlarger,  by  reason  of  bays  and  pomts,  and  the 
winds  to  which  the  coast  is  peculiarly  exposed. 

Nine  miles  after  passing  Presqu'  Isle,  the  shore  of  tiie  lake 
takes  a  south-easterly  direction  along  the  peninsula  of  i'nnce 
Edward  county.  This  peninsula  is  formed  by  the  bay  of 
Uuinte,  which  extends  from  Maryborough, ^t  tfie  head  ot  the 
St.  Lawrence,  westward,  in  a  vei7  irregular  form.  At  the 
north-west  angle  of  the  bay,  it  receives,  through  the  river 
Trent,  after  a  cu-cuitous  route,  the  w-ters  of  Mice  UiHe, 
which  Ues  forty  mUes  to  tha  west,  and  with  which  there  w 
a  communication  from  a  '..i«n  of  lakes  m  a  north-westerly 
direction,  towards  Lake  Simcoe.  r,   j    •  i  i 

At  the  north-east  point  of  the  bay,  between  Fredencksburg 
and  Rielirmnd,  tlie  Jippanee  river  faUs  in  from  the  east.  On 
this  river,  amidst  a  flourishing  little  village,  m  the  rear  ot 
Fredericksburg,  are  valuable  flour-miUs,  said  to  be  the  best 

'"passfng  the  southern  promontory  of  Prince  Edward,  the 
shore  of  the  lake  strikes  to  the  northward ;  and  just  beyond 
the  mouth  of  the  bay  of  Quinte,  two  passages  are  formed 
by  Amherst  Island,  which  lies  in  the  St.  Lawrence>-the 
south,  keeping  outside  of  the  island,  Erectly  to  Kingston ; 
the  other,  through  the  sound  between  the  island  ai^ north- 
ern shore.    In  this  sound  is  the  harbour  of  Ernest  Tbwn,  in 


BWOIiKilililli'iii 'irr'"' "''  '*'" '"'"'"' 


165  lAK'-  OSTARIO— lOliT  JfUOAHA- 

a  broad  open  bay,  of  sufficient  depth,  a  ^^^^  ^^^  ^^^, 

goo<l  anchormg  ^["^^d^^^'^KSe  is  even  and  gravelly, 
bars  and  shoals.  1  "e  "^n'^  *"  Xarf  of  from  fifty  to  one  h»in- 
and  of  such  a  descent,  that  a  y^^i^'^ry^'^H^ide  o^ 
dred  feet  is  suffident  *»7^f  ^^^,  ,^S"e  FOJection*  of  Wd 
The  harbour  is  sheltered  by  co»^k1™  p  ^  ^^^j 

on  each  side.    The  force  °f  ^^f^^^^f  ^Jgakened,  by  JmherH 
the  violence  of  ^'"f«/."|fe«'J,XZ^hich  lies^in  front. 

'^K;n^^MhTpr4e  to^^^^       -y  and  direct. 

Taxing  the  passage^StJJe  ^fl^^^^^^ZtZ 
of  Lake  Ontaiio,  Firrt  ^y'^f '^"'.°;"  ^  !, 'rthv  of  notice.  It 
river  and  the  lake,  is  ;f .  J^^-^f^^^^VS  torn  them  by 
was  built  by  the  ye".'=*' '"  ^'^^^^X  "lose  of  the  rcvolu- 
Sir  William  Johnston  in  l''/,^-  ■^*  ^British ,  and  though,  by 
tionary  war  it  w^  Pf^^f^^iYemhS  tl^t  contest.^  fell 
the  terms  of  the  treaty  which  ^em  nai  ^^^^ 

U,  the  V.;to^T?heyrwSsotX;  General  M'Slure^ 
sion  until  1795.  In  the  Uie  ^r>  ^.^olonel  Murray,  with 

evacuation  of  Fort  George,  Lieutenant  i^.o  .     ^^^ 

a  body  of  British  troops,  <='°f '^  ^^^^er  mh,  1813.  sur- 
at  four  o'clock  in  the  monung  ol  D"^^"'^"^'^.  t  remained 
prised  the  garrison,  and  t""^*'  X],e  ^e"der  of  the  war, 
Tn  possession  of  the  enemy  ^  ^'^°"f  ^'^'^.^^^that  time  a  large 

down  the  bank.  ,     ^  ^  pg  j^  port  Gc- 

The  first  place  at  ^^,^-J  ^^i;^/'^;"^^^^^      miles  from 

nescc,  at  the  mouth  of  that  iiM-r,  seAj    j^        „ties  of  Nia- 

Fort  Niagai-a.     The  shore  .s  ^o-W  byjh.  counti^  .^^^  ^^^^^^ 

Kara,  Genesee  and  Monroe  ;  ^^ '";'!" 'L -nountain  ridge. 
piuaUyslopingdowntotJewatn  f^^^ 
It  is  tnie,  that  the  clunate  alonp   ^    '?V  '^         ^,^  but  still 
by  tlie  exhalations  ^^^"^h  anse  .  om  it  m  simme  ,^    ^^^^^ 


BKT  NIA6ABA. 

\&  west  from  London.  It  is 
Icnth.  a  smooth  bottom,  aiid 
iccesstoitisfreefromsand- 

e  shore  is  even  and  gravelly, 
larf  of  from  fifty  to  one  hun- 
to  he  alongside  of  It  m  safety, 
iisidcrable  prokcUons  of  land 
ivy  swells  is  riso  broken,  and 
,r.^s  weakened,  hy  ^rnM 
'e  Tonti,  which  lies  m  tront. 
ingston  is  easy  and  toect. 

7southem  or  American  shore 
«,  on  the  point  between  the 
object  worthy  of  nobce.  It 
rsi.  and  taken  from  them  by 
At  the  "lose  of  the  revolu- 
,y  the  British  i  and  though,  by 
terminated  tliat  contest,  it  fell 
ot  deUvered  into  their  posses- 
r  soon -after  General  M'Clure's 

eutenant-Colonel  Murray,  with 
sed  the  river  in  the  mght,  and 
fof  December  19tb,  1813,  sur- 

the  fort  by  storm.  It  remained 
rouKh  the  remainder  of  the  war, 
sion.  Since  that  time  a  large 
along  the  lake  side,  to  prevent 
tcr,  and  preserve  some  of  the 
p^ecautiin.  would  have  fidlen 

,e  steam-boat  stops  is  Port  'ic- 
river,  seventy-four  '""e*  from 
foi-med  by  the  counties  otN^- 
a  fertile  body  of  alluvial  land, 
e  watr-  from  the  mountain  ridgc 
onp  'K  lake  is  sensibly  affected 
rise  iiom  it  in  summer ;  but  still 
V.  It  is  not  exactly  such  a  roun- 
,  immediately  on  leaving  a  uUy, 
;amsmoverapidly,.andtSe  clouds 

or  swept  by  the  winds  along  the 


lAKE   OirrABIO — PORT   OENESEE.  167 

natiral  hollows  of  hill-bound  valleys.  Hut  these  remarks 
apply  equally  to  the  neiglibouring  counties,  long  since  thick- 
ly settled,  and  far  from  being  sickly.  Tlie  climate  is  mild 
and  temperate,  mure  so  than  the  comitiy  about  Albany, 
which  is  farther  south  and  less  elevated.  Fruit  trees  put 
forth  their  blossoms  sooner,  and  grain  and  grass  are  earUer 
in  the  spring  by  some  days,  often  one  or  two  weeks. 

Port  Geneiee  is  seven  miles  below  Rochester ;  it  is  the 
shipping  place  of  that  town,  and  indeed  of  all  the  surround- 
ing country,  and  contains  from  thirty  to  forty  houses.  Mr. 
Spufibrd  states,  that  the  exports  from  it  amounted,  in  1818, 
1819, 1820,  ai'd  1821,  to  between  three  hundred  and  seventy 
and  three  bundled  and  eighty  thousand  dollars.  In  1820, 
they  consisted  of  sixty-seven  thousand  four  hundred  and  six- 
t)-eight  barrels  of  flour,  equal  to  three  hundred  and  thirty- 
seven  thousand  three  hundred  and  forty  bushels  of  wheat ; 
live  thousand  three  hundred  and  ten  ban-els  of  potashes ; 
Uvo  thousand  six  hundred  and  forty-three  barrels  of  beef  and 
pork;  seven  hundi-ed  and  nine  barreb  of  whiskey;  one  hun- 
dred and  seventy-five  thousand  staves ;  sundries,  as  butter, 
lard,  corn,  cider,  lumber,  cheese,  hams,  oil,  fruit,  &c.  amount- 
ing  to  the  value  often  thousand  five  hundred  and  twenty-four 
dollars.  In  1822,  the  collector  estimated  the  flour  alone  at 
one  hundred  thousand  ban'els,  and  tliat  the  value  of  that  and 
all  other  articles  of  produce  of  the  country,  exported  both 
down  the  canal  and  the  St.  Lawrence,  say  in  nearly  equal 
quantities,  will  probably  amount  to  five  hundred  thousand 
dollars. 

Leaving  Port  <  ienesee,  we  coast  along  the  south  shore  of 
the  lake,  passing  the  mouth  of  Irondequot  Bay,  PuUneyviUe, 
a  iiretty  little  village,  pleasantly  seated  on  the  water's  ed^e, 
i  »iid  carrying  on  a  considerable  trade,  and  reach  in  thirty-five 
'  miles  tireat  Sodus  Buy.    This  bay  forms  a  safe  and  commo- 
dious harbour,  and  has  from  six  to  eight  feet  of  water  on  the 
:  bar  at  the  entiance.  It  has  three  islands,  of  considerable  size, 
undei-  cultivation  ;  and  the  whole  circumference  of  the  bay. 
with  il.s  coves  and  points,  is  about  fifteen  miles.     Ita  water.i 
are  deep  and  clear,  abound  v.-'H:  fish  and  fowl,  and  its  shores 
have  a  great  many  fiwe  sites  for  buildings,  commanding  ex- 
tensive and  highly  picturesque  views.    Port  Glasgow,  at  the 
j  head  of  navigation  on  tlie  bay,  has  a  pleasant  situation  and 
I  a  good  harbciui-;  and  from  tlus  place  to  the  village  of  Clyde,: 


■■■.■j«i«tf»»)!iaMJ.'-»J'— '""-''^ — 


jgg  lAKB  OKTAniO— OSWEOO. 

•„,  Galen,  on  the  Eri-n^.  th«e^«  V^J^tTo'peK 
tage  of  ten  miles  and  three  ?!"*"«"•*  .        ^^  the  canal  at 

Waterloo.  Auburn,  Oswego,  Ut.o^  ^«'-,i^^^^iXbourhood, 
springs  have  both  ^een  ch^overed  m  tj^e  n  ^^^^^  ^^^.^^ 

high.  ar.d  everywhere  yielding  to  th^abramo  ^^^ 

of  the  lake.  One  dense  »"d  ^^°"*Xms  The  country  is 
fr;ne"SrttS.1SlSe  «^^^^^^^^  — ^« 
bay.  and  the  8»'>  «,"'=^"t"*;h„,e  nresents  a  number  of  in- 

go  river  is  twenty^ightmiks  beyond  Sodus^,  J 

Tthe  port  of  Om>ego,  with  the  ^i^  »f^  °*f^^^^^  it  is 

Over  the  bar  at  the  entrance  are  ten  teet  oi  waicr,  i 

Sered  as  one  of  t^f  be^^it^A-^Xvtthe  vfliage. 
lake  vessels  can  only  navigate  n^*  *  ™'^;^V  ^     ,ye  miles, 
the  Rift,  thence  a  boat  navigation  toM^wel^^ 

where  there  is  a  P°rta.Kf  »'  \^^^  is  a  buttonwood  tree  of 
west  from  Oswe^  ''''u^^'JmeUred,  ayear  ortwosince, 
enormous  dimensions.  It  ^^  "'^^''^^J  („  cii-cumference, 
and  found  to  be  th.rty-five  f^f  *  "^^^^"^ffii^^^  ^nd  appears  | 
two  feet  from  the  ground     J  h«^^'-e  ^^»  l]^/;  .^^^  .^U  on  : 

rsXrftSdlittrod:.from  a|u^^^ 

S VSe^e  of  woodland,  and  -f '  ^^'-f^i^'f/^^^,  ^^^  to  the  1 
Beyond  Oswego  river.^hej^ore  ot^he  ^ke  bcna     ^^^^^^ 

southwarf.  and  then  turning  a^^^^^^^^ 

bay.     After  passing  h  s  theie  are  sevem  '^  J^^  ^„j  | 

to  which  is  the  large  mlet  f*""!"!*^  l>aysot  ^  ^  ^ 


,_.08WEOO. 

re  is  a  good  road  over  a  poi 
tew.   A  road  is  now  opemng 
of  Port  bay,  to  the  canal  at 
re  numerous  roads,  communi- 
hester,  Canandaigua,  Geneva, 

Jtica.&c.    I«>".°Ft '"vJs 
vered  in  the  neighbourhood, 
for  their  manufacture,  which 
erity  of  the  place, 
.both  east  and  west  of  Sodus. 

if  earth,  twenty  or  thirty  feet 
rtothe'abrasionofthewatm 
Continuous  forest  covers  the 
,y  new  farms.  The  county  »s 
■ie  and  variegated,  around  the 

shore  presents  a  number  of  in- 
,th  narrow  entrances  and  capa- 
robability,  when  the  populauou 
„g  ports.  The  mouth  of  .08we• 
s  beyond  Sodus ,  just  withm  it 

thevUlageofthesamename^ 
are  ten  feet  of  water,  and  it  is 
;st  harbours  on  the  lake.    1  he 
»  half  a  mile  above  the  village,  to 
gation  to  the  falls  twelve  miles, 
a  mile.     About  one  mile  south- 
there  is  a  buttonwood  tree  oi 
«  measured,  a  year  or  two  since, 
■eet  six  inches  ui  cii-cumfcrence, 
This  tree  is  living,  and  appears  1 
hollow,  with  only  a  thm  shell  on 
fifty  rods  from  a  pubhc  highway, 
■well  merits  notice. 
,e  shore  of  the  lake  bends  to  the 

r  again  norUi,  forms  a  considerable 
Ui^are  several  islands,  opposite 
arming  the  bays  of  Chaumontj^ni 
^r^parated  from  each  other  oy  a 
or^  ThetownofSackett'sHBi- 
westsideofthebay.  inlatitvide 
ngitudc  76°  fifom  London,  or  i 


lAKE  OSTABIO— SACKETT's  BAMOtrB— BUCK  BIVEH. 


16& 


east  of  Washington  city.    The  bay  and  harbour  are  both 
wen  s  tuat^d  forshelter  and  defence.    It  is  in  some  measure 
lln  -locked  by  two  large  and  some  smaller  islands,  standing 
Ki  mouth  oVthe  b^:^  eight  miles  distant  to  the  west  from 
the  village.    Chaumont  bay  is  an  embranchment  of  the  same 
sheet  of  water  which  forms  the  harbour  below  the  mouth  of 
Black  river :  it  does  not  however  contain  as  good  anchorage, 
Sr  does  the  position  of  its  shores  i-cnder  it  «>  favourable  a 
site  eitiier  as  a  naval,  miUtary  or  commercial  depot,  as  the 
lyn'w  known  as  Suckett's  Harbour    Jhe  latter  «  perhaps 
one  of  the  best  situations  in  the  world  for  ship-buildmg.     A 
Zv  and  narrow  crescent  of  land  extends  from  the  lower  ex- 
?lity  of  the  village,  and  forms  an  inner  and  outer  1  arbou. . 
The  latter,  within  two  fathoms  of  the  shore,  has  a  depUi  oi 
!  ate    Ifficrent  to  Boat  the  largest  ship  of  the  Ime  that  can 
ufformed  :  the  vessels  can  be  framed  on  nearly  a  level  with 
the  water,  and  launched  with  the  greatest  ease.    The  depth 
o"r  continues  to  the  mouUi  of  Block  ^^'^^^f"^^ 
anoUicr  very  excellent  posiUon  presents  '^self  for  the  con 

struction  of  ships  either  of  war  or  ««'?'^«';f'=-.  jMfJj 
those  places  of  ship  architecture,  now  lies  the  hu  o  a  fet- 
r  ite  man-of-war.  One  of  them,  covered  by  a  good  bu  Idmg, 
Is 'aid  tote  the  laigest  ship  of  war  that  -er  was  bu.lt ,  a^ui 
what  is  even  more  astonishing,  she  was  advanced  to  hei  pic- 
sent  state  of  for^vardness  in  thnty  duvs,  in  ^I'c  depth  of  w  n 
ter  Several  other  vessels  of  war  arc  here  laid  up.  Tlic 
Madison  ba?«ck8,  situated  about  four  hu.idre.l  yards  nortl i- 
e^^.  wanlly  from  the  borough,  on  the  bay  shore  were  erected 
h  181G-17.  are  of  blue  schistose  limestone,  and  enclose  three 
"i^es  of  a  parallelogram  of  about  three  acres,  the  sKie 
the  bav  being  open.  They  are  a  solid  range  oi  buildmgs, 
and  add  not  a  little  to  the  appeai^nce  of  the  place 

Dunne  the  war,  Sackett's  Harbour  was  once  the  scene  ot 
miErivente  Wliile  the  works  aiound  tlie  harbour  were 
SKnTmperfect  state,  it  was  attacked  by  Sir  George  P.^- 
v^t  who.  Imne  the  favourable  opportunity  of  the  absence 
orGenei:!  DeaiL^orn  with  his  ai-my,  and  Commodore^Cha"^^^ 
cey  with  his  fleet,  on  their  expedition  to  Nia^ra,  embarked 

his  Uwps,  and  sailed  from  K^^f  *»"' °"  **^tf  \^'\t,  Jerse 
the  very  day  of  the  capture  of  Fort  George.  By  «|verse 
S^K^ier  circuniLnces,  the  atUck  w- 5,-^^^!  £ 
the  morning  of  the  29th,  when,  under  cover  of  the  ships  Aiia 


TiteattAcijTO**'^!''' '"'"'*■""'' '^*' 


170  tk%.t  oktawo— TiHCsrfr'n  mint. 

gan-boats.  about  a  thousand  men  l^^d^on  a  pemnsulla  c^^ 

enemy,  who  were  compelled  to  ■"etire  so  rau.#  as  to  le.vc 
moat  of  tlieh-  wounded  and  some  pnsoners  behina. 

i  leSff  Sackett's  Harbour,  the  adjacent  »»'"7 /.  J^^ 
main  =«d  hL  of  the  islands  are  low,  and  composed  of  J.^t. 
l^estone.  admixed  with  an  mal  e''«}V'*-  ,\'J^„J"'£  tZ 
■  ""=  rf  r'jor^ourte  "^Sr1s\tTn  u^V^ 
X^  rfthetele  cSsS  of  rounded  pebbles  of  limestone, 
'.^irave^few  fragment. of  someotherfandso^^^^^^^ 
timber  is  the  sugar-maple,  pme,  hnden,  elm,  "^k  «•  «fv«-r" 
secies.  thouKh  it  is  not  very  abundant,  birch  and  bcccli:  the 
^iT  rextreniely  fertile.  When  at  some  distance  from  the 
Sre  the  hSh  l^^  "ear  the  source  of  Black  „ver.  and  be- 

Sfe>^&ss;.Si;Ti:^S^ 

Grand  or  Long  Isle.  

Havine  now  made  the  cii^of  Lake  Ontario,  it  may  be 
BrSbcfor^  leaving  it,  to  mention  a  few  genci-al  c.rcum- 
Kes  relative  to  it.    The  form  of  Lake  Ontario  is  elhpfcal. 
and  a  central  Mne  fi-om  one  extremity  to  the  other  measures 
:Sout  oneTumdred  and  ninety  miles,  its  g^ate^w.ds 
fifty-five  miles,  and  its  medmm  may  be  about  W'^  "'^e 
The  St  Lawi-cnce  issues  from  the  north-east  end  ot  this  lake, 
which  receWes  the  Niagara  river  towards  its  western  extre- 
mS    and  from  the  e.rtrance  of  this  river  to  the  eastern 
SinTtion  of  the  lake,  its  centre  »o™«Jhe  'jn^^^^^^^ 
tween  the  United  States  and  Canada,  nearly  h^'^'^"^*?'* ' 
of  Lake  Ontario,  is  within  the  state  of  New-York.    It  is  * 
vervdeep  lake,  with  sufficient  water  in  every  V'fr^if 
h^ve^lood  haibours,  it  is  never  enfu;ely  closed  w.  h  .«. 
a^  is  computed  from  some  soundings  to  be  five  hundred 
feet  deepThe  level  of  Lake  Ontario  is  tluee  hundred  and 


IfCSltT'il  MINT. 

I  landed  on  a  peninsula  call- 
est  of  the  harbour.  After  a 
■al  Brown,  with  a  vciy  small 
itia  collected  in  great  haste 
succeeded  in  repulsing  the 
retire  so  rapidly  as  to  leave 
e  prisoners  behind. 
•,  the  adjacent  shores  of  the 
E  low,  and  composed  of  Hertz 
exuviae.  The  border  ot  the 
e  elevated  above  the  water 
rhe  debris  thrown  up  by  the 
lunded  pebbles  of  limestone, 
me  other  kinds  of  stone.  The 
e,  linden,  elm,  oak  of  several 
lundant,  birch  and  beccli;  the 
-u  at  some  distance  from  the 
jurce  of  Black  river,  and  bc- 
leen  far  inland. 

fith  little  interruption,  all  ine 
utrance  of  the  St.  Lawrence, 
•9  Harbour.  Directly  opposite 
1  the  river,  here  twelve  miles 
nels  by  a  large  island,  called 

it  of  Lake  Ontario,  it  may  be 
nention  a  few  general  circum- 
moiLake  Ontario  is  elliptical, 
tremity  to  the  other  measures 
ty  miles,  its  greatest  width  is 
im  may  be  about  forty  miles, 
the  north-east  end  of  this  lake, 
ver  towards  its  western  extie- 
i  of  this  river  to  the  eastern 
:entre  foi-ms  the  boundarj'  be- 
Canadai  nearly  half,  therefore, 
le  state  of  New-York.     It  is  a 
snt  water  in  every  pai-t,  and  it 
I  never  entirely  closed  with  ice, 
soundings  to  be  five  hundred 
:e  Ontario  is  tluee  hundred  and 


lAKB   ONTAmO— -KLVOSTON. 


in 


thlrtv-fourfeet  below  tliat  of  Lake  Erie,  t^entv-one  mile. 
El!  in  the  nearest  place  and  ^^- ^-^^.^i^^'^'^'y-^'''' 
fci^t  above  the  tide  water  ot  the  Hudson  at  Aioany. 

The  aoncaronce  of  the  shores  exhibits  great  diversity:  to- 
wa S  tr  nTrth-east  part  they  a.,  low^  -^^^l^^^^. 
places,  to  the  north  and  nordi-west  thev  '«f'"»^» '""^  '  * 


tanict  Of  Niaipira  pouw,  stretches  »W8y  to  "»«.*=^"'™  ■ ."' , 
eminence,  to«ennf  Aove  tl» ctano^ ^■i^'J'^^. 

;srisrurto"sriiuJt^--"s  «^ 

20tl.i  of  June.  

Kingston  is  the  British  naval  depot  on  lake  Onterio  and 

being  inferior  only  to  Montreal  and  Quel. cc.     IJ,«  ^^^"^"^^ 

nvidrtveet     The  harbour  is  on  the  east  side,  and  is  toi  mea 

bTa  Cf  eTcW  noHhw^^^^ 

meeting  the  waters  of  »  f^^^.  °"  '^^'^'^''^estem  shore  of  the 


_!i^,a^isifk 


If2  »T.  tAWimrcE— OASAWOdnt. 

already  as  many  as  ten  or  twelve,  where  vewels  of  any  bunlen 
iTiay  lie  in  sufety,  and  lowl  and  unload  with  convenience  and 
ease.  Eastward  of  the  bay,  the  land  proiecU  southwardly 
a  considerable  distance  to  a  point  callnd  Fmnt  Frederick,  or 
iVativ  Point,  beyond  which  is  Haldemand  Cave,  a  deep  basin 
of  water,  sheltered  by  this  point  on  the  west,  and  Point  Ilcnry 
on  the  east,  and  guarded  against  souUi  winds  by  fVolfe  Utand 
in  front.  In  this  cove  the  king's  shipping  lies,  and  on  lU 
western  margin  aie  the  royal  dock-yard,  wharf,  stores,  &c.t 
the  entrance  into  the  cove  is  sale.  The  town  harboiu-  has 
shoals,  but  vessels  entering  or  departing  may  steer  either  to 
the  right  or  left,  and  avoid  them.  The  principal  fortres*  is 
at  Point  Henry,  which  commands  both  the  town  and  harbour. 
Snake  Island,  situated  near  the  outlet  into  the  open  lake,  is 
fortified,  and  made  a  telegraphic  station,  to  commumcate 
with  a  telegraph  at  Fort  Henry. 

The  first  place  on  the  Canada  shore,  of  any  note,  alter 
leaving  Kingston,  is  Oananoqui,  eighteen  miles  below,  at  the 
mouth  of  the  river  of  the  same  name.  It  is  supphcd  from  a 
lake  also  of  that  name,  and  another  small  one  further  north, 
and  discharges  its  waters  into  the  St.  Lawrence,  m  Leed^  the 
second  township  below  Kingston.  At  its  mouth  there  is  an 
excellent  harbour,  the  channel  being  from  twelve  to  htteen 
feet  deep,  and  the  current  very  slow.  Above  the  rapids,  it 
is  navigable  by  boats.  Its  waters  accommodate  some  valu- 
able nulls,  and  a  furnace  for  the  manufacture  of  iron.  At  an 
early  period  of  the  wav  between  the  United  States  and  Great 
Britam,  Gananoqui  was  visited  by  a  party  of  volunteers  horn 
the  southern  shore,  under  the  orders  of  Captain  Forsyth, 
who  routed  the  guard,  took  a  number  of  prisoners  and  arms, 
and  burnt  the  barracks  and  public  stores. 

The  whole  bed  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  for  fifty  miles,  «  now 
stud-led  with  islands,  which  are  covered  with  the  most  luxu- 
riant foliage,  wherever  their  rocky  surface  aflbrds  any  place 
for  trees  to  fix  themselves.  These,  from  being  exceedmgly 
numerous,  have  been  called  "the  Thousand  Islands;"  but 
their  exact  number  was  not  known,  until  the  commissionera 
for  determining  the  boundaiy  between  the  United  States  and 
Canada,  ascert^ned  that  there  were  sixteen  hundred  and 
ninety-two,  reckoning  as  an  island  every  rock  on  which  there 
vvas  a  tree.  The  scenery  of  the  river  is  here  exceedingly 
irapregBivc.    A  savage  wildncss  prevails  along  its  shores,  ex- 


m^i 


AHAMOftUI. 

vherc  vessels  of  any  bunlun 
kloitd  witli  convenience  anil 
land  projects  southwardly 
t  called  Foinl  Frederick,  or 
Idemand  Cave,  a  deep  basin 
It  the  west,  and  Point  Henry 
ouUi  winds  by  Wolfe  Aland 
'»  shipping  lies,  and  on  iti 
ck-yard,  whaif,  stores,  liic.  j 
fe.     The  town  harbour  has 
•parting  may  steer  cither  to 
1.     The  principal  fortress  is 
1  both  the  town  and  harbour, 
lutlet  into  the  open  lake,  is 
lie  station,  to  commuiucate 

[la  shore,  of  any  note,  after 
eighteen  miles  below,  at  the 
name.  It  is  suppUcd  from  a 
ber  small  one  mrther  north, 
I  St.  Lawrence,  in  Leeds,  the 
1.  At  its  mouth  there  is  an 
being  from  twelve  to  fifteen 
slow.  Above  the  rapids,  it 
;rs  accommodate  some  valu- 
manufacture  of  iron.  At  an 
I  the  United  States  and  Great 
by  a  party  of  volunteers  from 
:  orders  of  Captain  Forsyth, 
umber  of  prisoners  and  arms, 
)lic  stores. 

wrence,  for  fifty  miles,  <8  now 
covered  with  the  most  luxu- 
:ky  surface  affords  any  place 
lese,  from  being  exceedingly 
the  Thousand  Islands;"  but 
Dwn,  until  the  commissioners 
etween  the  United  States  and 
s  were  sixteen  hundred  and 
nd  every  rock  on  which  there 
be  river  is  here  exceedingly 
I  prevails  along  its  shores,  ex- 


»T.  tAWH«iroi— AWXAJromiA— nonwsToww. 


173 


cent  here  and  there  a  speck  of  cultivation,  where  the  settler's 
hut  is  seen,  or  a  little  village  breaks  upon  the  view.  Somc- 
Ses  Ton  meet  a  solitary  Indian.  K^efUl ly  »t»nd."g  m  the 
Knw  and  windinir  his  canoe  around  the  islands,  or  engaged 
t  fi^hiS  The  flack  cedars,  which  line  the  shores  or  crown 
h.  Sislands,  hickly  scaTtered over  the  immense  «urface 
of  U^  riverwW  by  their  savage  monotony  to  the  mdenessot 
^L  scene  The  islands  appiar  so  close  together,  that  tn-.- 
nuentlv  till  you  approach  quite  near,  no  opening  can  be  per- 

rve&hen  sudleV  youV  "^''-^''^Thrbls'Srit 
i.„  »  .hort  tack,  into  an  open  expanse.  The  basis  oi  vncse 
isLnds^U  gSnit'e  \  clJn  of  pnV.tive  mountain,  leaves  the 
elevated  c^nl  h-west  of  Lake  George,  and  proceed- 

elevatea  couH  .Krouirh  the  state  of  New-Vork.  crosses 

Z  'st  Law  e„. .  between  Kingston  and  Brockville.  The 
nassaee  ZfllcSt.  Lawrence  over  this  chain,  forms  the  Thou- 
Lnd  fslnds  Every  part  of  this  stream  present  phenomena 
rdemonsirate  that  this  ridge  was  once  unbroken,  and  that 

n  Kt  some  point,  existed  a  cataract,  above  w»»ch  the  *a. 

"rl  of  Lake  Ontario  were  elevated  much  h'ffher  than  therf 
itrs  o»  '^"^  "  .  ,v,g_,ntion  or  eradual  wear  of  this  mass 
KTkVTe    ase^tL'^rp?^^^^^^^^^ 

iJy  below,  and  then  perl^ps  was  formed  the  cataract  of  Ni- 

"*Twenty.five  miles  below  Kingston  is  -^^^^^f^'^^^oi 

"'S;Si"e 'S  below  Alexandria  is  the  viUa.e  of 
3w"mn,  and  opposite  to  it.  on  the  Canada  fore,  tfiat  of 
Hiwlcville  where  the  Thousand  Islands  terminate.  The  for- 
St sIS'on  the  north  side  of  MjJ  creek  -m J  f -^: 
with  a  large  mouth,  that  here  enters  tiie  St.  Lawrence,  nuK 
ngasmafharbourforcanoes.  " '««»e  pace  where  Ge„em^ 
Wilkinson  embarked  his  army,  in  the  autumn  of  181J.  On 
EoppTit^Tde  of  the  river.'  which  is  here  about  one  mUe 
and  a  quarter  wide,  but  a  Uttle  above  it.  is  Brockvdle. 

The^erv.  which,  during  the  whole  passage  down  the 
St  lIiSe?^^remXbly  fine,  is  here  worthy  of  particdar 
noti^l^hc  l^d  rises  by  a  gentle  and  almost  unperceptible 
c2 


17* 


■T.  IAW«1HC»— BROCKTIttS. 


ncclivity  from  the  water,  and  prcsenU  a  lan<l«c»pe  of  fntrpi"* 
inir  beuuty.    The  noble  river,  rolling  in  iu  bed  the  collected 
w»ter»  of  mighty  laket,  the  tnltitfi  of  a  thouwnd  itreani*, 
rtow  roarinK  amid  rock*  and  ii«  «.    -^«nd»,  >   ich  rwe  from 
hinbodoin  crowned  with  tufted  fc       ■  ■..  j)re*."'(f  nothing 
but  dark  and  craggy  n)ck»  to  the  i,..^ ...  .;  wave;  u  w  gliding 
nionir  with  wlcnt  majesty,  and  bearinff  r.^mwu:  .u»ly  the 
Blender  bark  of  the  Indian,  and  the  rteam  !.  )M.  th-  maatcr- 
niece  of  civilized  art)  while  its  Hbores  foi-iii  u  cou  itry  that 
ore  lonir  shall  •fiem  with  aU  the  luxuriance  of  iigriculture,  and 
where  we  now  see  peeping  from  among  primeval  forests 
many  a  cheerful  settlement,  and  towns  destined  to  be  Uie 
scats  of  extensive  trad.;.    Those  who  have  never  beheld  the 
St.  Lawrence  can  fwii.  bit  a  faint  idea  of  tliis  Missouri  ot 
the  North :  it  presenU  *  icuture  in  the  country,  at  once  beau- 
tiful and  grand.    We  n.viy  here  apply  the  lines  which  were 
written  by  a  poet,  while  sai''")?  on  its  waters;— 
See  !  in  his  bark,  the  paif.\.::i;;  Indian  glide, 
Down  the  white  rapids  of  'he  ;  iidly  tide, 
Through  m  xssy  wdods,  thr»'.;,',u  iileU  flowering  fair. 
Through  aliades  ol  bloom,  wl».  p  the  first  sinful  pair 
For  consolation  might  have  weeping  trod, 
V    sn  banished  from  the  garden  of  their  God. 

But  see !  the  tinges  of  the  west  decline, 
And  night  sinks  dewy  on  these  banks  of  pine : 
Among  the  reeds,  in  which  our  idle  boat 
Is  rock'd  to  rest,  the  wind's  complaining  note, 
Dies,  like  a  half-breathed  whispering  oi  flutes- 
See  !  on  the  wave  the  gleaming  porpoise  shoots. 
Amid  the  rippling  current's  silvery  Gght, 
Where  wave  and  rapids  sparkle  through  the  night; 
Here,  as  along  the  snadowy  bank  we  stray. 
And  the  smooth  glass-snake,  gliding  o'er  our  way. 
Shows  the  dim  moonlight  through  his  scaly  form. 
Fancy,  with  all  the  scene's  enclMntment  warm. 
Hears,  in  the  murmurs  of  the  nightlv  breeze, 
The  song  of  spirits,  warbled  thiwigh  the  trees. 
The  to  wn  of  BroekmUt  is  a  new  settlement,  pleasantly  situ  - 
ated,  with  a  custom-house  and  some  well  buik  hoiues.    Be- 
tween it  and  Prescot,  thirteen  miles  below,  commences  a 
seconiUiy  region,  concistiuB  in  a  great  Pa^  of  sclustose  s»nd- 


anocKVitis. 

■enU  A  lancUcapc  of  mirpass 
ling  in  iu  bed  the  collected 
i.it«>i  of  a  thouwnd  itreaim  i 
"e.y  "hndii,  > '  ich  ri«efrom 
< '  '  1,  !.,■  j)re».i>i ''(f  nothing 
.  ji;<..r .;  wave;  11.. w  gliding 
bearinjj  rcmunu  lUiily  the 
the  steam  ).)M .  th'   nuMter- 
Hhoret  (aci.i  ii  cou.itry  that 
ixurianceofiij^culture,  and 
om  among  primeval  forests 
towns  cfcstincd  to  be  tlie 
who  have  never  beheld  the 
Taint  idea  of  tliis  Missouri  of 
in  the  country,  at  once  beau- 
apply  the  lines  which  were 
:  on  its  watem:— 

lod;  1  iidian  ^lidc, 

ihf*  i(u\lly  tide, 

wjf,h  islets  flowering  fair, 

will  1 '  the  first  sinful  pair 

!  weeping  trod, 

nrden  of  their  God. 

le  west  decline, 

hese  banks  of  pine: 

1  our  idle  boat 

's  complaining  note, 

vhispcring  of  flutes— 

ming  porpoise  shoots, 

's  silvery  ught, 

arkle  through  the  night  j 

y  bank  we  stray, 

e,  gUding  o'er  our  way, 

through  bis  scaly  form, 

I  encluntment  warm, 

:he  nightlv  breeze, 

;d  thitnigh  the  trees. 

!W  settleinent,  pleasantly  situ - 
■ome  weU  built  houses.  Bc- 
I  miles  below,  commences  a 
a  gtwt  part  of  scluatose  sand- 


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for  Historical  Microreproductions  /  Ihstitut  canadien  de  microreproductions  historiques 


p-!lM"JW?.l-iiWfHi^P"'.'  *"!*y"I 


ST.  lAWRENCE — PUERCOT — OOBEWBBUnO. 


1/5 


Stone,  tipon  wliich  often  rests  an  alluvial  deposit.  Immediatc- 
iv  below  Brockville,  the  Canadian  shore  is  formed  by  a  high 
and  perpendicular  ledge  of  the  latter  formation.  Below  this 
place,  the  river  is  without  islands  for  fifteen  or  sixteen  miles, 
and  extends  to  the  width  of  a  mile  and  a  half,  with  shores  ns- 
ing  by  a  gentle  acclivity  from  the  water,  and,  where  cultivat- 
ed, inexpressibly  beautiful.  The  soil  is  exuberantly  nch,  and 
covered  with  a  growth  of  timber,  indicative  of  extraordinary 
foi-tility,  such  as  white  birch,  red  maple,  sugar  tree,  elm,  Ln- 
den,  hemlock,  and  white  pine. 

Prescot  is  a  settlement  begun  before  the  late  war,  at  a 
point  well  situated  for  a  commercial  establishment,  and  al- 
though yet  in  its  infancy,  considerable  arrangeiMnts  have 
been  formed  for  establishing  and  supporting  it,  a^Rrtand  for 
forwarding  the  business  of  the  Canadian  side  of  the  lake  and 
river.  In  the  progress  of  the  war,  Prescot  was  fortified. 
The  fortification  has  received  the  name  of  Fort  Wellington. 
It  has  a  gan-ison  of  regular  troops,  and  !!■■  an  important  nub- 
tarj'  post,  commanding  tho  river  and  the  opposite  town  ot 
Ogdensburg.  . 

Osdmshtirg,  on  the  American  shore,  is  a  much  more  popu- 
lous and  flourishing  place.  It  is  the  capital  of  St.  Lawrence 
rounty,  and  situated  on  a  beautiful  plain,  immediately  north 
of  the  mouth  of  the  Oswegatchie  River.  It  is  regularly  laid 
o\it,  and  contains  about  one  hundred  houses  and  stores,  the 
<ounty  buildings,  and  is  a  pleasant  place,  of  considerable  bu- 
siness. There  are  several  vessels  owned  here,  employed  in 
the  trade  of  Lake  Ontario  ;  for  Ogdensburg  has  a  good  har- 
bour, and  claims  to  be  at  the  foot  of  the  lake  navigat^m,  as 
there  is  but  very  little  ciurent  to  this  spot,  and  a  sufficient 
depth  of  water  for  the  usual  lake  craft.  One  of  its  store- 
houses is  of  stone,  three  stories,  one  hundred  and  twenty  by 
sixty  feet.  It  is  a  port  of  entry  and  delivery,  has  a  coUector 
of  the  customs,  and  a  printing-office. 

During  the  late  war,  soon  after  the  commencement  ot  hos- 
tilities, it  was  slightly  fortified,  and  became  a  station  for  a 
small  military  force.  In  the  autumn  of  the  first  year  of  the 
war.  Colonel  Lethbridgc,  who  commanded  at  Prescot,  at- 
tempted  to  take  it.  His  troops,  in  about  twenty  boats,  sup- 
ported by  two  gun-boats,  n;oved  up  the  river  three  quartets 
of  a  mile,  then  tacked  and  stood  over  towards  Ogdcnsbiu^. 


mm 


lyg  (If.  tAWBEJJCB-^At-O'   BAPIDS. 

As  soon  a.  they  changed  tl»eh-  -u^c  the  »^^^^^^^^^^  ^'^^e';; 
cot  commenced  firing  across,  to  covei  •^n™'r»^„    ^^o 

they  reached  the  middle  of  the  ™  h^ba  ^y  «pon  tl^em 

havbg  then  the  command  at  PreBcot  planned  a„d«^^^^^^^ 
anothir  attack.  For  several  days  he  >»»^"^r"h*^^ 
Tnthe  ice.  near  the  shore.  -"^X"  P^J^tfj^ran  riuU. 
^.arenUy  for  the  same  purpo  e^^Jut  prepared  tor.^^^ 

His  progi-ess  towards  OS^^"*^"55  p„  »nd  pushing  for  the 
until  he  was  marchmg  on  a  1"^,'^^**^?,:^^en.  formed  them 

tomed  boats.  .       ..     Ugiow  Ogdensbiirg, 

The  rapids  comm-^nce  go«J^«»«  ^^^  bouSm  of  the 

with  what  are  called  the  t'*^  ^"'^'^^^^^      j^^es  a  consider- 

channel  of  the  St.  Lawrence  makes  mmai^pi^^^  ^.^^^ 

able  slope,  do^^'*'' ThtetteneSy  o-^lX  "  ^e'T  ««»» 
.surprising  velocity.     There  is  generou,        ,  ^ 

pf.°\4t?rci^kSra5dto^^ereW^^^  -  *^ 

piloted  with  mucn  sKiii  »''J!^  , ,.  jf  jijetrue  course  were 

Urst  part, called  "the  LostCh*.meU  ^^^^  ^„  -^^^^^ 
once  missed,  they  would  be  <«*»^^J^P  „  ^^ery  part  of  the 
The  water,  which  ^^  ";"^t,SlSe "pTe^^Le  of  the 
^p,ds,a»«mes  in  ^^^^^£^"^"5  different  lengths.   The 

cr'^ed^iJK^^s^-^^^^^^^^ 


thei 
whe' 


tmu 
the 
Th< 


„-^.^-,  — <— f.*?W)K^I^';  ^9^ 


jursc,  the  batteries  at  Prcs- 
-ovev  their  landing.  When 
liver,  General  Brown,  who 
ened  his  battery  upon  them 
Two  or  three  of  the  boats 
imcdtoPrescot.  This  was 
eer  in  which  success  so  urn- 
through  the  war. 
utenant-Colonel  M'Donnell, 
>scot,  planned  and  executed 
,  he  had  exercised  his  troops 
sain  paraded  them  there,  ap- 
lut  prepared  for  an  assault, 
urg  was  not  noticed  there, 
ck  step  and  pushing  for  the 
allied  his  men,  formed  them 
nee  i  but  being  unprepared 
,  driven  from  his  position  and 
lonnell  took  possession  of  the 
rescot  the  cannon  and  stores 
not  again  occupied  as  a  roUi- 

eed  any  further  down  the  St. 
interrupted  at  intervals  by  the 
t  made  in  batteaux  or  flat-bot- 

t  six  miles  below  Ogdensburg, 
pliapids.    The  bottom  of  the 
ikes  in  many  places  a  consider- 
lole  body  of  water  rushes  with 
I  KeneraUy  only  a  veiy  small 
ts  can  pass  5  and  they  must  be 
coolness,  especially  as  m  the 
lannel,"  if  tlie  true  course  were 
dashed  to  pieces  in  an  instant. 
;h  agitoted  in  every  part  of  the 
Channel  the  appearance  of  the 
8  are  of  (Afferent  lengths.   The 
lult,  continues  for  nine  mUes. 
velocity  the  trees  on  the  banks 
ou  descend  the  rapids  5  indeed 


ST.  lAWHEHCE — lOWG  BkVVT — WIMIlMSBURa.        177 

the  whole  voyage  affords  a  great  deal  of  amusement,  though 
when  going  down  some  of  tlie  most  difficult  passes,  astonish- 
ment and  fear  usurp  the  place  of  all  other  feelings. 

Sixteen  miles  below  Ogdensburg,  on  the  southern  shore, 
is  the  village  of  fVaddinglon,  containing  nearly  one  hundred 
houses,  an  academy,  a  number  of  mills,  and  some  elegant 
scats  belonging  to  the  proprietors  of  the  town. 

The  mills  are  owned  by  these  proprietors,  and  stand  on  a 
branch  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  separated  from  the  main  stream 
by  Ogden  bland.  The  dam  extends  to  the  island,  and  cost 
more  than  tlwee  thousand  dollars.  A  bridge  is  also  tluwwn 
across  tliis  channel,  here  about  two  hundred  yards  broad. 
Immediately  opposite  this  village,  is  the  rapid  called  Le  Petil 
Sault,  which  materially  injures  the  navigation  of  the  SU 

The  rapid  called  the  Long  Sault,  is  a  little  farther  down 
the  river,  with  the  Long  Sault  islands.     The  noise,  the  con- 
tinual motion,  and  magnitude  of  its  conten^ng  waves,  render 
the  Long  Sault  at  once  tlie  object  of  terror  and  delight. 
They  burst  upon  each  other,  and  tossing  aloft  their  broken 
spray,  cover  the  stream  with  a  white  and  troubled  surface,  (^ 
far  as  the  eye  can  extend.  From  a  point  of  land,  on  the  north 
shore,  formed  by  the  sinuosities  of  the  stream,  much  gran- 
deur is  displayed.     The  bank  is  here  about  fifty  feet  high, 
and  commands  a  view  of  the  principal  branch  of  the  nver, 
for  a  distance  of  two  or  three  miles ;  in  which  the  effulgence 
of  the  impetuous  current  is  beautifully  contrasted  with  the 
bordering  shades  of  the  woods.    Towards  the  south  shore, 
which  is  separated  by  islands  from  the  branch  now  described, 
the  stream  is  much  less  broken,  and  its  depth  precludes  the 
use  of  poles.     The  length  of  the  Long  SaiUt  is  estimated  at 
nine  miles ;  and  a  boat  usually  descends  it  in  about  twenty 
minutes,  which  is  at  the  rate  of  twenty-seven  miles  an  hour. 
Seven  miles  below  Waddington,  on  the  northern  bank  of 
the  St.  Lawrence,  is  tVilliatmburg,  beautifully  situated,  but 
consisting  of  little  more  than  a  few  poor  wooden  buildings. 
Some  celebrity  however  is  attached  to  it,  from  the  battle  ot 
Chrystler's  farm,  which  was  fought  in  the  neighboitthood  on 
the  11th  November,  1813.  The  American  army,  under  Gene- 
ral Wilkinson,  were  proceeding  down  the  St.  Lawrence  to  at- 
tack Montreal:  the  commander  in  chief,  with  the  greater 
proportion  of  th^  troops,  were  in  the  boatg,  but  a  consider. 


Lie  force,  the  advance  of  which  wa.  under  tje  -mmand^J 
Snetl  B«,wn  aftd  the  -^^1:^"  Colonel  Morrison. 
Bovd  marched  along  the  Cana<U  snore  ,,aras9ed  the 

S  a  body  of  British  trcK.pBpu«^^^^^^^ 
(Americans  on  their  march,  in  consc4U'=  enemy ;  he 

5oyd  formed  his  forces,  and  moved  a^^«t  ^h        ^^Y 

commenced  the  acUon  ^^'^.'^JXrt  skirmish,  were  dnven 
posted  in  awood.who,  afte.  a»norc  ^ 

back  on  the  mam  body,    ^f*'*  J°f  jntei-sected  the  plain. 

un  behind  the  deep  ravmes  *'"'^,^,i",^ht  of  the  enemy, 

&ral  CovinBton  advanced.  ,«P«'  ^J^/Xd  his  left  flank. 

Sith  hi   brigade,  while  Colonel  gey-^^^^^^^^^^  ,vith 

!^*h  the  twentv-first  regiment,  aftei  "aY"» '.       ^-jj^  contest 
SXyoirras«periornumberopposed  ohim.    U»^^^^^^ 

?ow  bWe  generJ  th«"|ho«tj^*^   "^i^^^^^  while  gallant- 

WU  '  drew  off  to  his  camp. .  S°°"^"XtiUa,  whUe  the  dn- 
n^ntw  were  embarked  on  boa«i  ^he  «»"  ^  j^  f^t  of  the 

Smid.     The  British,  with  ^  l>t«e  3"9"  j^  ^^^^  their 

Sts  of  the  war,  claimed  this  v^to^r.         b  ^^^^^     ^,,^ 
own  statements,  tliey  S^'^ed  no^J'"^  "y^ffect  his  passage 
object  of  the  American  generaWa^o,,^ 
down  the  8t.  Lawrence.  «'»*  o* /"«' ";       -«  was  prosecuted 

watered  by  a  rivulet  '^in'"B.  M"^X  Long  Sault.  It  is  the 
coSkUoJis  bay  "J^VJ^^S Ll^^ct.  li  a  very  res^ec  - 
seat  of  the  c?«f  *"r  ^'^'^/^tS  and  vectoiy.  and  consider- 
able Uterory  insUtution,  a  cnuru 
able  trade.  .    „    „    .    ^^e  point  where  the  nonn- 


fence 
belor 
sion  I 
(lescc 
the  c 
Reg] 
Tl 
ands, 
miles 
rour; 
cessa 
wliic 
rcsis 
tliei 
wlilc 
this  I 


■  ■|in)i)iin,iM»iymyw".4iiyr 


va«  under  the  command  of 
ird  under  that  of  General 
shore,     colonel  Mon-.son. 

pursued  and  h^f  *?'\,^*^^ 
Lquence  of  which  Gene^l 

red  against  the  enemy  ?  he 
rge«?.mapartyofthem. 
,hort9kirmisli,werednven 
was  advantageously  drawn 
Sinte,-sectedthepla.n. 
pon  the  right  of  the  enemy. 

fculey  assailed  his  left  flank, 
Kving  driven  back,  with 
Jpoedto^•.m.  Thecon..st 
J  th..  line  •  but  the  unfortu- 
U^a  tiled  while  gallant- 
:r^°e,^andthewantofammu. 

iUVne'herJK,  the  whole 
^Undre-occupied the  ground 

n  oriKinally  driven,  while  the 
ion  afterwards,  the  Amencju^ 
2^  the  flotilla,  whJetiied«. 
eSed  by  land  to  the  foot  °f  the 
X  i.istice  as  in  several  other 

nothing  by  the  event.  Uie 
.«1WM  to  effect  his  passage 
Se  British  to  retard  or  defeat 

•  the  nassage  was  prosecuted 
f^m  thcSrther  descent  be- 
.SS^fcolumn  on  shore,  nor 

;Kr  mouth  of  Gr«..«.--. 
rclma//,  a  flourishing  tow'^ 
jtlm,«ghit,andsituatedona 

below  the  Long  Sault.  It  i»  mt 
KHtrict.hasave|^-«P^^^^^ 
arch  and  rectoiy.  and  consider 

,«\  the  point  where  the  norths 
fi?^dKs«!^kestheSt.Law- 


ST.  lAWBKXCr. — CT.DAnS — rA8CADT.R. 


179 

rence ;  beyond  this  point,  therefore,  both  sides  of  the  river 
belong  to  Caiiatla.  Passing  this,  we  soon  enter  a  wide  expan- 
sion of  tlie  river,  known  by  the  name  of  Lake  St.  Francis, 
descend  the  Kapids  called  the  Cedars  and  Cascades,  and  reach 
the  entrance  of  Lake  St.  Louis,  forty-seven  miles  from  St. 
Regis. 

tlie  rapids  of  the  Cedars  are  formed  by  a  cluster  of  isl- 
ands,  in  the  midst  of  the  river ;  for  almost  one  and  a  half 
miles  above,  it  has  assumed  a  sudden  declivity  and  winding 
course.  An  awful  and  solemn  efl'ect  is  produced  by  the  in- 
cessant sound,  and  rapid  motion  of  the  ever-swelling  waves, 
whicli,  covered  with  effulgent  whiteness,  drive  along  with  ir- 
rtslstible  fury.  In  descending,  tlie  batteaux  are  steered  near 
the  western  shore,  to  avoid  tlie  tremendous  and  brokei.  swell, 
which  in  some  places  is  interspersed  with  rocks.  Although 
tliis  conree  is  not  unaccompanied  by  danger,  the  Canadians 
i.re  in  general  so  experienced  and  skilful,  that  an  accident 
ulmost  never  occui-s. 

About  three  miles  below  are  the  Caseadegt  they  are  about 
two  miles  in  length,  and  flow  among  three  different  islands. 
The  rapidity  and  force  of  the  stream,  arising  from  the  great 
declivity  of  its  bed,  and  the  number  of  rocks  and  cavities 
which  it  contains,  causes  it  to  break  into  masses  of  white  foam, 
moving  in  a  direction  the  reverse  of  that  of  waves  produced 
in  a  troubled  ocean,  by  the  agency  of  storms.  They  curl  their 
resplendent  tops  towai-ds  the  quarter  from  whence  they  are 
impelled.  The  mind  of  a  stranger  is  filled  with  admiration,  on 
bKholding,  in  the  calmest  and  finest  weather,  all  the  noise, 
effect  and  agitation,  which  the  most  violent  conflict  between 
the  v,inds  and  waters  is  capable  of  exiiibjting. 

The  boundary  line  between  Upper  and  Lower  Canada 
(.Hikes  the  St.  Lawrence  about  the  middle  of  Lake  St.  Fran- 
cis near  Foint-uu-Bodet.  From  this  place  it  is  formed  by  an 
1  imaginary  line,  taking  a  northcriy  course  till  it  reaches  tho 
I  great  river  Ottawa,  wliich  then  becomes  the  division  as  far 
as,  its  source.  ,        ,      ,  ■        e 

Immediately  at  the  foot  of  the  Cascades,  the  last  series  ot 
the  rapids,  opens  Lake  St.  Lrmis,  which  is  formed  by  an  ex- 
pansion of  the  St.  lAwrence  at  the  mouth  of  the  Ottawa  nver. 
This  large  stream  rises  in  the  country  of  the  Timmiskamaing«i, 
on  the  MHie  high  land  on  which  tlie  Abbitibbee  and  other 
1  waters  that  flow  into  Hudson's  bay  have  their  swiice  :  it  is 


J80  .T.IA-WBBSCr,— IACB»'«E. 

the  great  Channel  by  Which  thcjc^^^^^^^^ 
Ire  conveyed.  «"f  jJ~A2erSve  to  transnort  thejr 
interrupted  by  ™P'^*' ^^^^Xv"  its  junction  with  the  St. 
panoes  around  them.  J"«*!^°[\  tel'n.ed  the  Lake  of  the 
Lawrence,  jt  .»P'^^„»f'"ower  pail  of  this  lake,  or  rather  be- 
Sn'^ratd'u.'^t^K  oflL^uis.  spread  three  .slands. 

Jesus,  Perrot  aid  Mo"tre^.  ^  Montreal,  the 

At  La  Chine,  a  little  village  on  «J^  "'""j^  conveyed  in  a 

passage  by  water  -"^''.ff.^tUurgeTs  the  place' whence 

JaUc^e  or  stage  to  t»'^  "^y-  47J"  upper  Canada  are  em- 

»U  tlie  merchandise  and  »to^^*  '"%,  4^.  Lawrence.  Dur- 
Stfkedinbatteaux,toproceeduptlicSt  L^  ^^ 

inff  tlie  summer  season,  they  ^^  37i,g,,4da.  The  set- 
tJeen  tliis  place  and  Kingston  n  "PPI"- J^^\  pi,„  ^hich 
tl^ment  of  La  Chine  f,^^«^/^^  ySgh  the  continent  of 

SsThaving  embarked  at  this  spot  ,^,,. 

^Trom  La  Chine  '*l«%*'i«^,X''Tak?tt?r  dep^ure.  Of  all 
West  Company  in  the  fur  trade,  ta^^l^^^F  1^^,  burdens 
Se  numerous  cont"^,«""*  1°'£X  most  extraordinar)^ 
bv  water,  these  vessels  are  perhaps  ^"V    ,     uate,fi-om  the 

scWly  any  «««?  <=''"  'LTctfoT  to  thrpSose  to  whicH 
dightnLs  of  tlicir  con^tm^^^^^^^^^  to^«'e  P^^  P     ,,„„„«  tov- 

they  are  apphed,  an4*",^'f"!,gt  be  passed  in  tiie  course  o» 
rentof  tl.e  many  ^P'^^^^^^^^xceed  ^""^y  feet  in  length,  and 
the  voyage.  They  s?'«"V;„f  f "f'  ^^J^  point  at  each  end, 
^  inVeadth./iminishmB  to  a  sh^^^^         .^  ^^^^^^,^i 

without  distinction  of  head  »» jf^^^  , .  .t  jg  then  covered 
JsmaU  pieces  «/ «r^i;7Xcrint;  convenient  slips, 
with  the  bark  of  *^.  J'^J^^^i^y  ^  of  an  inch  in  thickness ; 
that  are  rarely  more  than  ^he  eignii  ^^^  ^,^^  ^^  ^^d 

These  are  «ewed  together  w,ththr^ads^^^^^  ^^^„ 

fibres  of  therootso?  ^P'^^^f^h^^^e  materials  apphed  on 
necessary  by  narrow  W.  °L^t  „^„iung  are  made  water- 
Sie  inside ,  the  joints  '«}  *« /"^f^^^-S  o^^^^  that  adheres 
tight  by  being  covered  *'*  »  ^P^^^'^,^^.^  No  iron  work  of 


i,iip.ByjllimBiiwiwfiJ  uyji.  ■»  |^■  w  »..J,»  " 


■IK  CHINE. 

skins  from  U.c  north-wesl 
laviiration  is  in  many  places 

,e  its  junction  W't'\."*^.7h 
art  ofthis  lake,  or  rather  be- 
Louis,  spread  three  islands, 

n  the  island  of  Montreal,  the 

c  traveller  is  conveyed  m  a 

,,8  viUaee  is  the  place  whence 

for  Uppe^  Canada  arc  em- 

up  the  St.  Lawrence.    Dur- 

aie  constantly  passing  be- 

,  Supper  Canada.    The  set- 

'ts  name  fi-om  a  plan  which 

itintr  through  the  continent  ct 
Sis  cnligcd  in  the  enter- 

^r 'employed  by  the  North, 
e  take  their  departure.  Ot  all 

,rt!-a™-ti"&'"='''y^"^''"' 
erhaps^emostextraordma^'^ 

ceived,  so  inadequate  from  the 

ion.  to  the  puipose  to  whicii 
nd  against  the  \mpetuouB  tor- 

must  be  passed  in  tiie  course  o» 
sceedthUy  feet  in  length,  and 

Toashai-ppointatcachend, 
,rHtcm:t]^elrame  is  composed 
b^ht  wood,  it  is  then  covered 
tree,  cut  into  convenient  shps, 
.  eightli  of  an  inch  in  thickness ; 
th  breads  made  from  the  twisted 
.artrec,  and  strengthened  when 
rf  the  s^me  materials  applied  on 

fragile  planing  are  made  water- 
,;Tfpedes  of  gV  that  adheres 

lerfectiv  hard.  No  iron  work  of 
mS.  enter  into  the  construction 
Sch,  when  complete,  weigh  orfy 
each.    On  being  prepared  tor  tbc 


ST.  lAWnBNCK— rCII  TWADB— VOTAOKUBS. 


181 


vovatce,  they  receive  their  lading,  which,  for  the  convenience 
of  carrying  across  the  portages,  is  made  up  m  packages  ot 
about  three  quarter  ol  a  hundred  weigiit  each,  and  amounts 
.  Zethcr  to  five  tons,  or  a  little  more,  including  provisions 
"and  other  necessaries  for  tlie  men,  of  whom  eight  or  ten  are 
employed  to  each  canoe.  .  r  - ..  *u^ 

They  proceed  up  the  Grand  or  Ottawa  river,  as  far  as  the 
80uth.west  branch,  by  wliich,  and  a  <=hamot  small  lakeMhey 
reach  Lake  Nipmiug;  through  it,  and  down  the  French 
River  into  L(£r  Huron !  along  its  northern  coast,  up  the 
narrows  of  St.  Mary,  into  Lake  Superior,  and  then  by  it» 
northern  side  to  the  Grand  Portage-a  distance  of  ..bout 
eleven  hundred  miles  from  the  place  ot  'i«=P""-'""=.-  '  ^C 
difficulties  encountered  in  Jhis  voyage  Me  not  eas.lyc^^^^^ 
ceived;  the  great  number  of  iiipids  m  t!ie  rivers,  the  ditter- 
ent  portagesLm  lake  to  lake,  which  vary  from  a  few  y^ 
to  therefor  four  miles  in  length,  where  the  canoes  rnust  be 
unladen,  and  with  their  contents  earned  to  tlie  n«t  water, 
occasion  a  succession  of  exertions  and  fat.gucs,  of  which  but 
nitle  idea  can  be  forme.l,  by  judging  it  fl-o.n  the  ordinary 
occupations  of  other  labouring  classes. 

The  men  employed  in  this  aiduous  service  vie  called  voy- 
..Keurt;  tTey  ai-e  ?ob«st,  hardy  and  resolute,  capable  of  en- 
Sg  great  extremes  of  fatigue  and  privation  for  a  long  tame. 

SSfeiice  almost  inexhaustible,  l.i  the  large  lakes. 
Zv  are  freauentlv  daring  enough  to  cross  the  deep  bays, 
:  J„  a  diSc^Tsevei^r  leagvl  in  their  canoe^X^^ 
lenirtheninK  the  route  by  coasting  them.  Yet,  notwithstai^- 
S  thefuks  and  ha.^ships  attending  their  employmen^ 
Zy  pretL  it  to  every  other,  and  are  very  seldon.  mduced 

to  i^l^iquish  it  in  favour  of  a  more  ««*^^t.3br  so  m^ny 
few  dolUrs  thev  receive  as  the  compensauon  for  so  many 
prlSrand  dangers,  are  .generally  'h-pated  With  »  moj 
Leless  indifference  to  their  future  ^^^^f '  »"?„£'* "Jjt^^ 
end,  they  contentedly  renew  the  sama»ene«  of  tods  to  obtwft 

"  The  nTliom  La  Chine  .o  Montreal  is  one  of  the  moj* 
beau  ifil^^Uiarcan  b«  imagined,  the  country  on  either  Im4 
™  ts  a»  the  erobeUishment  of  a  numerous  population, 
Sir.  and  g^  cultivation.  About  five  miles  from  he 
I.Ctheror;KaU>ngaridse  for  more^^^^^^ 
commanding  a  be»«tittU  view  over  the  add*  Wd  me»aow« 


,,.^.^ 


182 


MOTTTIIIAl. 


beneath,  with  the  St.  Lawrenr.c,  studded  with  islands,  wair 
deritiR  amonp  tlieiii.  "  It  i»  a  plcttsant  relief  to  the  eye,  tsred 
with  i\u-  contemplation  of  dieury  foifHta  and  w.de  watery 
wantcs,  when  the  fair  sciffnioi-y  ol  Montreal  suddenly  opens 
before  you.  Uich  and  undulating  lands,  spnnklcd  with  villas, 
and  bomulcd  on  out  hand  by  woodutl  heights,  and  on  the 
othci  by  the  gray  city,  its  tin  roofs  and  sphtis  blazing  in  the 
setting  8U1M  the  vast  river,  chafed  by  hidden  rocks  into 
Hounding  and  foaming  pupids,  and  anon  spreading  his  water* 
into  a  broad  sheet  of  molten  gold,  speckled  with  islands, 
battoimx,  and  shipping ;  the  distant  shore,  with  its  dark  Ime 
of  forest,  and  fur  off,  two  solitary  mountains,  raising  their 
blue  heads  in  the  vcnnil  glories  of  the  horizon,  like  sapphires 
chased  in  rubies.  Along  the  road,  French  faces,  with  all  tlie 
harshness  of  feature  ixnd  good  humour  of  expression  peculiar 
to  the  national  physiognomy,  look  and  gossip  from  door  and 
window,  orchard  and  meadows  a  passing  salutation  easily 
winning  a  smile  and  courteous  obeisance."* 

The  island  of  Montreal  forms  the  seigniory  of  the  same 
name,  and  also  the  county  of  Montreal.  The  greatest  part 
of  it  was  granted,  in  1640,  to  Messrs.  Cliemer  and  Lc  Royer; 
but  whether  disposed  of  by  them,  or  fcrfcited  to  tlie  crown, 
docs  not  appear  from  any  official  record  tliat  has  been  pre- 
served :  it  is  at  present  wholly  the  property  of  the  seminary 
of  St.  Sidpice  at  Montreal. 

The  island  is  divided  into  the  following  nine  parishes.— 
St  Ann,  St.  Genevieve,  Point  Claire,  La  Chine,  Saultau  He- 
CoUet,  St.  Laurent,  Riviere  des  Prairies,  Point  an  Tremble, 
And  Longue  Point.  The  soil  of  tlie  whole,  if  a  few  insigiuh- 
cant  tracts  be  overlooked,  is  scai-cely  excelled  in  any  coun- 
try, and  is  highly  productive  in  grain  of  every  species,  vege- 
tiiles  and  fiuits  of  various  kinds ;  consequently  there  is 
hardly  any  part  of  it  that  is  not  in  the  most  flourishing  state 
of  cultivation,  and  it  may  justly  claim  the  pre-eminence  over 
any  part  of  Lower  Canada.  .... 

The  city  of  Montreal,  in  latitude  45°  3.V  north,  longitude 
73°  37'  west  from  London,  is  placed  on  the  south  side  of  the 
island,  whose  banks  are  here  from  ten  to  fifteen  feet  high 
ttam  the  level  of  the  water.  It  is  built  in  the  form  of  a  pa- 
rallclognun,  extending  from  north  to  south.    A  deep  and 

*  Viewi  of  Soeiety  in  Amcriw,  p<  S75t 


■WW 


i.tg^'.;>^,... 


xoxTntii. — runuc  ■uiLDiNao. 


11$ 


studded  with  islandx,  \«'uii 
aant  relief  to  the  eye,  tired 
foreHtji  itnd  wide  watery 
Mtiiitrcitl  suddenly  opens 
lands,  sprinkled  wiui  villas, 
)oded  lieig^hts,  and  un  the 
fs  and  sphtis  blazing  in  the 
fed  by  hidden  rocks  into 
1  unon  sjireading  his  wutern 
Id,  speckled  with  islands. 
Mil  shore,  with  its  dark  line 
ry  mountains,  raising  their 
:'  the  horizon,  like  sappliircN 
I,  French  faces,  with  uU  the 
nour  of  expression  peculiar 
k  and  gossip  from  door  and 
a  passing  salutation  easily 
>ei»ance."* 

the  seigniory  of  the  same 
ontreal.  The  greatest  part 
uirs.  Cherticr  and  Lc  Royer; 
n,  or  tprfeited  to  tlie  crown, 
d  record  tliat  has  been  pre- 
tie  property  of  tlie  seminary 

e  following  nine  parishes.- — 
laire.  La  Chine,  Sault  au  Re- 
Prairies,  Point  au  Tremble, 
the  whole,  if  a  few  insignift- 
jxiely  excelled  in  any  coun- 
jrain  of  every  species,  vege- 
nds ;  consequently  there  is 
in  the  most  flourishing  state 
:lttijn  the  pre-eminence  over 

ide  45°  3:i'  north,  longitude 
iced  on  the  south  side  of  the 
om  ten  to  fifteen  feet  high 
is  built  in  the  form  of  a  pa- 
irth  to  south.    A  deep  and 

Amcriu,  F>  27{. 


rapid  cuirent  flows  between  'he  shore  and  the  island  of  St. 
Helen  t  a  strong  north-east  ^.ind  is  therefore  necessary  to 
carr)'  vessels  up  to  the  townt  and  when  that  is  wanting,  they 
remain  at  anchor  at  the  lower  end  of  the  stream.  This  in- 
convenience might  have  been  obviated,  had  the  city  been 
huilt  about  a  mile  below  its  present  site,  at  a  place  csJled 
the  Crujm. 

The  population  of  Montreal  is  about  twenty-five  thousand. 
It  is  divided  into  the  Ui)pcr  and  Lower  Towns ;  one,  how- 
ever, is  but  little  elevated  above  the  other.  The  streets  are 
fur  the  most  part  laid  out  in  a  regular  manner,  generally 
rather  narrow,  but  the  new  ones  are  of  convenient  width. 
The  houses  are  mostly  built  of  grayish  stone,  and  the  roofa 
are  covered  with  sheet  iron  or  tin ;  many  of  them  are  larg^, 
handsome,  and  in  a  modern  style,  seldom  however  exceed- 
ing two  stories  in  height. 

In  the  lower  town  is  the  Hotel  Dieti,  founded  by  Madame 
de  Houillon,  in  1644.  It  has  a  superior  and  thirty  ntms,  whose 
principal  occupation  consists  in  administering  relief  to  the 
sick,  who  are  received  into  that  hospital.  A  largfe  room  in 
the  upper  part  of  the  building,  is  appropriated  as  a  ward  for 
female,  and  one  immediately  under  it  for  male  patients.  As 
the  institution  was  intended  for  public  benefit,  the  medicines 
were,  during  the  French  government,  supplied  at  the  ex- 

Eense  of  the  crown.  The  fund  by  which  it  was  supported, 
eing  vested  in  Paris,  was  lost  in  consequence  of  the  revolu- 
tion. Its  present  slender  resoui-ces  are  chiefly  derived  from 
some  property  in  land. 

The  Genernl  Hmnpltal  stands  on  the  banks  of  the  river, 
and  is  separated  from  the  town  by  a  small  rivulet.  It  owes 
its  establishment,  which  was  in  \75ii,  to  a  widow  hidy  named 
Youville.     It  contains  a  superior,  and  nineteen  nuns. 

The  upper  town  contains  the  cathedral,  the  English  church, 
the  convent  of  Recolletu,  that  of  the  sisters  of  NoU-c  Dame, ' 
the  seminary,  the  government -house,  and  the  courts  of  law. 
Tlie  Cathedral  church  is  a  very  spacious  building,  contain- 
ing five  altars,  all  of  which  are  very  richly  decorated.  Almost 
all  the  christenings,  mairiagcs  and  burials  of  the  Roman 
Catholic  inhabitants,  are  performed  in  this  church,  on  which 
occasions,  as  well  as  before  and  during  tlic  masses,  they 
ring  the  bells,  which  arc  five  in  number,  to  the  annoyance  of 
those  who  are  not  fond  of  discordant  sounds.    The  funerals 


.,l    lllpllllll)^ 


.i.iiiii|if«aii| 


IM 


noiir»tkv-*^  lAWiincB- 


carrying  wax-liKhti.  .       ^      „  ,he  river,  at  the 

The  BarraeAd  are  »Brefaniy  »iiua»cn  "  ..         | 

;„d  calculated  to  conta.n  »b™^„'X  J    l^^and  some 
>valU  around  the  town  "«  «  J^^e  LTe    a  c  quite  perfect. 

of  them  ar.  .n  '"'"f  •  »i\''°"aKe  E^ 

The  walls  were  erected  as  »  f  f^""^^,*;"  „  the  year  1736. 

they  have  been  f"""^  TSo^e  *"  «'«»»^°"  °»^'^'=  '"*" 
They  aho  served  a  good  P"'P<^V  indAans  from  all  parts 
f«>s  held  in  Montreal,  to  which  »^: '"S,„r^e  e  thus 
'.^sorted  with  their  furs ,  because  ^^J^^^^^^'^^^^^^^^  have 

enabled  to  shut  them  out  »*  ™Kf^\'/Ji"tStion,  to  which 
attended  their  remaning,  .n  a  stite«        ^„.;  ^^j.^„^^^ 
they  are  much  '^^^icted.     Notwrthstan      K        ^^^^  ^^  ^_ 
however,  Montreal  ^^  ^cjn^*  >    an  e    >.^j^^^^^^ 
,^Ur  troops.     The  greater  —pr  ^^^  ^^.^^^^ 

Msta  of  persons  of  French  fXtracuon,  n 

;;erch«nu  and  the  P^^'^'P'^^P'^P^^deL^n^^^^  ^»'<»» 

tally  EngUsh  ScotcV  im>^.o  the^  descencw        .^,,,^i^„i.. 

indicrimmately  pass  for  ^nR  '«"*"""  .     „^^nmn  and  cua- 
The  French  retain,  .n  a  great  '7«?"'^J/,,'^';^,  ^nd  present 

changes  and  improves.  gt.  lJ»wrence.  the 

From  Montreal  to  Quebec,  «°^"  ".,         .j.,     navigation 
distance  is  »"«  hundred  and  e^htvmdes^l  he  "K^^^^ 

admiration.  The  different  seigniories.  »"  '"  "'^  "'^'  ^^  ^x- 
SCfrovement  that  the  «Sric"lt4^j/4''=  "i^he  "^.ews  Trc 

5Jayfe":!:ndXX^^^^^^^^ 


»m»'"'* 


ItAWItnCE. 

[ny,  «he  corpse  beiiiR  alway.^ 
liunibcr  of  priests  cliaiiting 
[■hite  robeH  and  bluck  caps, 

ituatcd  npar  the  river,  at  the 

!  surroiindrd  by  a  lofty  wall, 

t  three  hundred  men.     'I'he 

leraliy  mouldering,  and  some 

1  the  gates  arc  quite  perfect. 

ence  against  the  Indiana;  and 

ven  so  late  as  the  year  1736. 

oae,  on  occasion  ot  the  large 

h  th-  Indians  from  all  parts 

se  the  inhabitants  were  thus 

•ht,  when  danger  might  have 

state  of  intoxication,  to  which 

otwithstanding  this  defence, 

ilways  an  easy  conquest  to  rc- 

imber  of  the  inhabitants  con- 

xaction,  though  the  eminent 

eople  of  the  town,  arc  gene- 

their  descendants,  all  of  whom 

sh  with  the  French  inhabitant*. 

measure,  the  manners  and  cus- 

of  their  ancestors,  and  present 

itants  of  the  United  States,  and 

led,  the  degree  to  which  they 

and  manners  of  France  is  truly 

where  every  thing  so  rapidly 

down  the  St.  Lawrence,  the 
eighty  miles.  The  navigation 
in  it  had  above;  it  is  conducted 
»nd  the  impediments  in  ascend- 
1  may  be  overcome  with  much 
nt  that  their  cargoes  should  be 
to  transporting  them  in  small 
•ivcr,  the  prospect  is  worthy  of 
jniories.  all  in  the  highest  state 
culture  of  the  country  will  ail- 
and  industry.  The  views  arc 
utiful,  although  tlie  component 


ST.  tAWKIIfCI— POKT  kV  TRtMltl— iOBtl. 


18S 


parts  of  them  do  not  possess  that  degree  of  grandeur  which 
IS  perceivable  below  Quebec.  Numerous  villages,  built 
amiind  a  hitiidsonie  stone  church,  constantly  invite  the  tra- 
veller's attention ;  while  single  houses  and  farms,  at  short 
(listikuces,  appear  to  keep  up  a  regular  chain  of  communi- 
cation. In  tlkct,  whoever  piisscH  from  one  city  to  the  other, 
whether  by  water  or  by  land,  cannot  fail  to  be  highly  grati- 
fied, and  to  meet  with  many  objects  worthy  both  of  observa- 
tion and  reflection. 

If  the  traveller  should  not  be  inclined  to  pursue  his  journey 
farther  along  the  tit.  Lawrence,  he  may  nere  return  south- 
ward  by  a  reguhir  line  of  conveyance  to  Platttburg,  which 
\i  distant  but  sixty-six  miles. 

Continuing  his  course  toward  Quebec,  the  first  place  which 
he  passes  is  /'ort  mi  Tremble,  ten  miles  below  Montreal  j  a 
neat  village,  coiituining  about  fifty  houses,  a  church,  chapel, 
and  parsonage-house.  The  in.im  road  to  Quebec  passes 
through  this  place,  which  always  brings  to  it  a  constant  suc- 
cession of  truNcllers,  for  who.se  reception  there  are  some 
inns,  where  accommodation,  in  all  the  principal  requisites,  is 
to  be  obtained. 

Ten  miles  farther  bring-  us  to  the  town  of  St.  Slulpiee,  on 
the  northern  shore  ?  and  ni  twenty-five  more,  we  reach  fVil- 
liam-lknnj,  or  ^iorel,  built  at  the  niuutli  of  tlie  IU«er  Hichlim. 
This  is  the  point  of  cominunicttion  bevwecn  Lake  Champlain 
and  the  St.  Lawrence,  and  is  of  course  a  station  very  impor- 
tant to  the  countries  on  these  great  waters.  The  fort  was 
intended  as  a  defence  against  the  incursions  of  the  Indians,  and 
received  its  name  of  Sorel  from  a  captain  of  eng^inccrs  who 
superintended  its  construction.  The  present  town  was  begun 
in  1/85,  by  some  loyalists  and  disbanded  soldiers;  and  it 
continues  to  be  the  residence  of  many  old  military  pension- 
ers. Although  the  plan  of  the  town  occupies  about  one 
hundred  and  twenty  acres,  the  number  of  houses  does  not 
much  exceed  one  hundred  and  fifty,  exclusive  of  stores^ 
barracks,  and  government  buildings,  The  form  is  regular, 
and  the  streets  intersect  each  other  at  right  angles,  leaving 
a  central  scjuare,  of  more  tlian  five  hundred  feet  on  a  side. 
The  town  is  built  entirely  of  wood,  and  the  aspect  of  many 
of  the  buildings  is  more  like  that  of  an  Anglo-American  town 
tlian  any  yet  seen  in  Lower  Canada.  The  populktion  is  abiMlt 
fti^Mn  hundred.  The  chuiches  are  of  stone. 


185     LAKt  ST.PETEH Tlllir.I.  RlVinS — HlCBtllC  BAUDS. 

The  River  Sorel,  or  liiMieu,  is  two  hundred  and  fifty  yards 
broad,  opposite  to  the  town;  but  it  presents  the  singular  ex- 
ample of  a  river  much  nurrower  at  its  embouchure  than  at 
its  oriKin.  It  is  more  than  four  tnnes  as  wide  at  St.  John  8 
as  at  SoreJ,  and  contintics  to  widen  all  the  way  up  the  stream 
to  Lake  Champlain.  From  St.  John's,  tliere  is  also  a  ship 
navigation  into  the  lake ,  but  from  the  town  of  Sorel,  vessels 
of  one  hundred  and  fifty  tons  ascend  only  twolve  or  fourteen 

Ju&t  below  Sorel,  the  St.  Lawrence  spreads  into  Lake  St. 
Peter,  another  basin,  and  the  last  in  its  progress  towards  the 
sea.  Like  most  of  the  others,  this  has  a  group  ot  islands, 
covering  about  nine  miles  of  the  western  part;  between  them, 
two  distinct  channels  are  formed:  the  one  to  the  south  being 
the  deepest  and  clearest,  is  consequently  the  best  for  ships. 
The  banks  on  eacli  side  are  very  low,  with  shoals  stretching 
f-om  them  to  a  considerable  distance,  so  that  only  a  narrow 
passage,  whose  genera)  depth  is  from  twelve  to  eighteen 
feet,  IS  left  unobstructed.  .    ,    r.u    j- .  •  <.    r tk« 

The  town  of  Three  Rivers,  the  capital  of  the  district  of  the 
same  name,  is  a  large  place,  being  the  third  in  point  of  size 
in  the  province.  It  is  eighty  miles  below  Montreal ;  at  the 
head  of  the  tide  of  tlie.  St.  Lawrence,  and  at  the  entrance 
of  St.  Maurice  river  into  it.  It  contains  about  three  huiwlred 
and  twenty  houses,  and  two  thousand  five  liimdrcd  inhabit- 
ants :  it  extends  about  one  tliousand  three  hundred  yards 
alone  the  river,  and  was  founded  in  1618.  ,  _p  ^. 

There  is  but  little  variation  in  the  general  aspect  of  the 
river,  until  wc  reacli  the  Uieldieu  liapids,  about  fifty-two 
miles  below.     The  bed  of  the  stream  is  here  so  much  con- 
tracted  or  obstracted  by  huge  masses  of  rock,  as  to  leave 
but  a  very  n.tnow  channel,  wlierein  at  ebb  tide  there  is  so 
KTcat  a  descent,  tliat  much  caution,  and  a  proper  tune  of  the 
ebb,  are  necessary  to  pass  through  it.     At  the  end  ot  the 
tapids,  tliere  is  good  anchorage,  where  vesselsxan  wait  for 
»  convenient  opportunity  to  pass  them.    From  Montreal  thus 
fer.  the  b^ks  are  of  a  very  moderate  elevation^  and  unitorm- 
Iv  k»Nd'V  hut  here  they  become  much  higher,  and  gradually 
,bc^^  in  their  approach  to  Guebcc,  until  they  attain  the 
WMtfhtof  Cape  Diamond,  upon  which  the  city  is  built. 
^Stetee,  the  capital  of  Upper  Canada,  and  one  of  theoldest 
titimm  the  westtm  continent,  contaius  a  population  of  about 


1. 


lulfla'iiini'ltiiniiiiiiifWTliiiiiii  "'i  ""' 


AS — niCHLISU  RAriD8. 

ivo  hundred  and  fifty  yards 
t  presents  the  singular  ex- 
it its  embouchure  than  at 
incs  as  wide  at  St.  John's 
1  all  the  way  up  the  stream 
)hn's,  tliere  is  also  a  ship 
1  the  town  of  Sorel,  vessels 
nd  only  twalve  or  fourteen 

2nce  spreads  into  Lake  St. 
in  its  progress  towards  the 
lis  has  a  group  of  islands, 
estern  part;  between  them, 
the  one  to  the  south  being 
:q\iently  the  best  for  ships, 
low,  with  shoals  stretching 
nee,  so  that  only  a  narrow 
is  from  twelve  to  eighteen 

capital  of  the  district  of  the 
ig  the  third  in  point  of  size 
les  below  Montreal ;  at  the 
i-ience,  and  at  the  entrance 
)ntains  about  three  hundred 
usaiiJ  five  hundred  inhabit- 
usand  three  hundred  yards 
I  in  1618. 

in  the  general  aspect  of  the 
llm  liupids,  about  fifty-two 
tream  is  here  so  much  con- 
nasses  of  rock,  as  to  leave 
erein  at  ebb  tide  there  is  so 
on,  and  a  proper  time  of  the 
iigh  it.     At  the  end  of  the 
;,  where  vessels  can  wait  for 
s  them.    From  Montreal  thus 
erate  elevationj  and  uniform- 
;  much  higher,  and  gradually 
Quebec,  until  they  attain  the 
I  which  the  city  is  built. 
Canada,  and  one  of  the  oldest 
contaius  a  population  of  about 


aUEBEC— THB  CHATEAU. 


187 


twenty  thousand.   It  is  built  on  a  promontory  formed  by  the 
entrance  of  the  river  St.  Charles  mto  the  St.  Lawrence, 
w"uch  is  the  termination  of  a  ridge  of  land.  generaUy  from 
nne  to  two  miles  wide,  that  runs  from  west  to  east.    On 
the  north  side,  it  has  the  bold  promontory  of  Cape  Diamond, 
riJng  almost  perpendicularly  three  hundred  and  fortv-five 
fcrtlbove  the  water,  and  across  it.  at  the  north-ea^  or  lower 
end.  the  city  is  built.     The  fortifications,  extending  across 
the  peninsuli  shut  in  the  ground  on  which  the  "ty  stands, 
the  circuit  of  which  is  about  two  and  a  half  miles.    It  is  di- 
SdedTnTo  two  parts,  the  upper  and  lower.    The  upper  town 
is  situated  on  the  side  of  Cape  Diamond,  which  slopes  to  the 
north,  towards  the  river  St.  Charles.     It  is  separated  from 
Sower  town  by  a  Une  of  steep  rocks,  which  run  from  the 
cane  towards  the  west.     The  lower  town  is  situated  imme- 
Ztely  under  Cape  Diamond,  on  ground  that  may  be  termed 
Sal,  as  formerly  at  flood  tide  the  water  of  the  nver  used 
Twa^  the  very  fcit  of  the  rock.    The  "tweets  mn  from  the 
■inner  side  of  Cape  D  amond,  down  to  the  St.  Charles,  a 
ZancSabouthalfamile:theyareofconsidei-ablebreadtli. 

"he  houses  large  and  commodious,  those  next  the  nver 
have  attached  to  thim  very  extensive  warehouses,  and  vessels 
come  c^9e  to  the  wharves  to  discharge  the.r  cargoes.  The 
communication  between  the  upper  -d  1«;^"  ">*;"« '«  »>y 
a  winding  street,  at  the  top  of  which  is  a  fortified  gate. 

The  upper  town  is  the  seat  of  the  government,  and  the 
principal  residence  of  the  military.    The  pecuhar  situation 
occasions  great  uregularity  and  unevenness  in  the  streete. 
?Many  oithem  aie  narrow.  U  most  of  them  are  weU  paved: 
he  breadth  of  the  principal  ones  is  thirty -two  feet,  others 
onlyStwenty-foilr  to  twenty-seven  feet..  The  houses  are 
generaUy  built  of  stone,  of  veiy  unequal  height,  with  sloping 
roofs,  but  great  improvement  has  of  late  years  taken  p^ace 
in  the  modlof  builAng,  and  many  of  the  houses  are  modera 
n  their  appearance,  and  very  handsome.  There  are  a  number 
of  public  edifices  in  Quebec,  though  none  of  themo  remark^ 
uble  elegance.    The  Ciutk,  or  ChaieaudeS-  Lmts,  is  the 
reskiencrof  the  governor.  It  is  a  plain  buildmg,  of  common 
stone,Ttid  i^  an  open  space,  "'ejiouses  around  whjch 
form  three  sides  of  an  oblong  square.   It  consists  of  two  parts, 
the  old  and  the  new,  which  are  -^Pf^J^d  from  each  other  by 
a  spacious  court.   The  former  sUnds  just  on  the  verge  of  an 


I 


188 


aVIBEC — THE  CHATEAU. 


inaccessible  partoftherock:  behind  .t,  on  the  outeu^e,  there 
™a  long  gallery,  from  which  if  a  pebble  were  dropped,  rt 
would  fall  perpendicularly  for  a  great  distance.   Thw  old  part 
rchiefly  token  up  with  the  public  offices,  and  all  the  apart- 
me\us  in  it  are  siAall  and  ill  contrived ,  but  in  the  new  part, 
wWch  stands  in  front  of  the  other,  facing  the  square,  they 
we  spacious  and  tolerably  weU  finished,  thoueh  none  of  them 
cin  be  called  elegant.   This  part  is  inhabite<rby  the  govern- 
oJ's  family.    The^Chateau  is  built  without  any  regularity  of 
design,  neither  the  old  nor  the  new  part  Iwvmg  an  uniform 
front    It  18  not  a  place  of  stren^h,  as  commonFy  represent- 
ed.    In  the  garden  adjoining  tojt,  is  merely  a  pa^.P^*  *»»• 
along  the  edge  of  the  rock,  with  embrasures,  «>  which  a  few 
3  guns  fre  planted,  commanding  a  part  of  the    ower 
town.     Every  evening  during  summer,  when  the  weather  is 
fine,  one  of  tfie  regiments  of  the  garrison  parades  m  the  open 
place  before  the  Chateau,  and  the  band  plays  for  an  hour  or 
two  at  which  time  the  place  becomes  the  resort  of  numbers 
of  the  most  genteel  people,  and  has  a  very  p»y  appearance. 
The  interior  of  the  castle  is  shown  to  visitors  with  great 
readiness ;  but  there  is  nothing  worthy  of  veiy  pwticular  ob- 
servation.   Some  of  the  rooms  are  lawe  and  handsome,  but 
they  are  inferior  in  elegance  to  those  oT  manv  private  houses. 
The  furniture,  with  a  few  exceptions,  is  far  from  being  splen- 
did:  some  articles  are  rich,  but  many  are  hard  y  wortliy  of 
S»e  distinguished  place  they  occupy.    Among  'ts  cunosities 
is  a  famous  rouncf  table,  with  a  f^ff"  ?•*",«="* '"*^ 
middle.    Tins,  it  seems,  is  occupied  by  the  host,  when  he 
drinks  wine  with  his  friends,  who  are  arranged  round  hira , 
that  there  may  be  no  impediment  to  conviviality,  nor  even 
the  usual  trouble  of  circulating  the  bottle,  there  is  an  mge- 
irious  machine,  made  of  brass,  and  shaped  «>m7^t Jl^^  »; 
sextant,  which  can  at  pleasure  be  attached  to  the  table,  or 
Te  removed.    The  c^tre  embraces  a  pivot,  or.  which  it 
movXand  the  periphery  of  the  cii«le  sustains  tiie  botUe  : 
Se  m^hine  revolves  in  the  plane  of  a  homontol  circle,  in 
XVwords.  on  the  circular  table ,  this  is  effected  merely  by 
touching  a  spring.  The  contrivance  is  certainly  as  important 

"  FrlLTh^gilety  of  the  casUe.  there  is  a  magnificent  view 

V    of  the  river  md  the  surrounding  country.    The  foundaUon 

rfSe  casUe  is  two  hundred f«et  above  the  nverj  and  though 


ing 
hur 

star 


I  .m-Linrirtrihitiii'"  r- '  ■  '^  ■-'  -'-""'»^"<»"»«i">  ■««*>"""■'»"■ 


IHATEAV. 

nd  it,  on  the  outside,  there 
a  pebble  were  dropped,  it 
•eat  distance.   Th.is  old  part 
ic  offices,  and  all  the  apart- 
fived ;  but  in  the  new  part, 
r,  facing  the  square,  they 
ished,  though  none  of  them 
is  inhabited  by  the  govern- 
ilt  without  any  regularipr  of 
lew  part  liaving  an  uniform 
th,  as  commonly  represent- 
t,  is  merely  a  parapet  wall, 
embrasures,  in  which  a  few 
mding  a  part  of  the  lower 
mmer,  when  the  weather  is 
jarrison  parades  in  the  open 
le  band  plays  for  an  hour  or 
lomes  the  resort  of  numbers 

has  a  very  gay  api)earance. 
ihown  to  visitors  with  great 
vorthy  of  very  particular  ob- 
re  large  and  handsome,  but 
Ivose  of  many  private  houses, 
tions,  is  far  from  being  splen- 
t  many  are  hardly  worthy  of 
:upy.  Among  its  curiosities 
a  circular  place  cut  in  the 
upied  by  the  host,  when  he 
tio  are  arranged  round  him ; 
ent  to  conviviality,  nor  even 

the  bottle,  there  is  an  inge- 
md  shaped  somewhat  like  a 

be  attached  to  the  table,  op 
braces  a  pivot,  on  which  it 
le  circle  sustains  the  bottle ; 
me  of  a  horizontal  circle,  in 
le  5  this  is  effected  merely  by 
ance  is  certunly  as  important 

B,  there  is  a  magnificent  view 
ing  country.  The  foundation 
t  above  the  river;  and  though 


IIVEBEC — PtJBlIC  BnilBIICOS. 


189 


thi^  elevation  renders  it  a  cool  and  refreshing  spot  in  tlie 
heats  of  summer,  it  must  make  it  bleak  and  cheerless  in 

'''"rhe  Catholic  Cathedral  is  a  long,  elevated,  and  plain  hwU- 
\ne  of  stone,  with  the  spire  on  one  side  ot  its  front.  I  he 
interior  is  neat  and  spacious ;  and  it  is  capable  of  containing 
four  tiiousand  persons,  being  two  hundred  and  sixteen  feet 
lonir,  and  one  hundred  and  eight  broad.  Its  appearance  is 
ancient  and  venerable,  and  its  walls  are  adorned  with  pictures 

"\\^Koiestant  Cathedral  is  the  handsomest  modem  buUd- 
ine  in  the  city.  It  is  of  stone,  and  its  dimensions  ai-e  one 
hundred  and  thirty-six  feet  long  by  seventy-five  broad.  It 
stands  on  ground  neai-ly  as  high  as  any  in  the  place,  and  is 
seen  at  a  great  distance.       „        „  i      j    _„  „♦„„„ 

Near  this  church  is  the  Cmtrt-TIouse,  a  handsome  stone 
bmlding,  one  hundred  and  thirty-six  feet  long  and  forty-four 
wide.  These  two  buddings  are  constructed  on  the  site  for- 
merly  occupied  by  the  church  and  garden  of  tiie  Recollets, 
or  Franciscan  friars,  which  were  destroyed  by  fire  about 
thirty  years  since.  Considered  as  ornamental  to  the  city  ot 
Quebec,  it  is  to  be  regretted  that  separate  situations  have  not 
been  allotted  to  them;  and  tliat  in  a  country  where  pubhc 
buildings,  capable  of  attracting  notice,  '"'e  rarely  to  be  met 
with,  two  edifices  of  such  consequence  should  have  been 

placed  so  near  to  each  other.  .  ^„*„„t 

The  Hotel  Dieu,  with  its  gardens,  occupies  a  lai^  extent 
of  OTound.  It  was  founded  in  1638,  by  the  Dutchess  d  Ai- 
KuiUon,  who  sent  from  the  Hospital  at  Dieppe,  three  nuns,  for 
the  purpose  of  commencing  this  charitable  and  useful  institu- 
tion.  It  consiste  of  a  superior,  and  twenty-seven  sisters,  whose 
principal  occupation  is  to  assist,  and  to  administer  medjcmes 
and  food  to  invalids  of  both  sexes,  who  may  be  sent  to  the 
hospital,  and  who  are  lodged  in  wards,  where  great  regard 
is  paid  to  cleanliness.  The  principal  building  is  t^iree  huii- 
died  and  eighty-three  feet  long  by  fifty  broad,  and  the  whole 
institution  is  conducted  with  a  humanity,  benevolence,  com- 
fort  and  eood  arrangement,  which  do  infinite  credit  to  llie 
city,  and  to  the  charitable  sisterhood  who  preside  over  it. 

The  Convent  of  the  Ursulinea  is  a  square,  whose  sre  n 
one  hundred  and  twelve  feet ,  the  institution  wm  foumied  in 
1G39.  bv  Madame  de  la  Peltrie,  a  young  widow  of  good  family 


mi 


190 


^rEBSC — PVBUC  BVILMROB' 


in  France.  It  is  possessed  by  a  superior  and  tlnrty-six  nuns, 
wh-)  ai-e  chiefly  engaged  in  the  instruction  of  young  women. 
The  Biskm's  Palace  stands  near  tlie  grand  battery,  in  a 
very  commanding  situation  •,  it  has  been  for  several  yews  oc 
cupied  for  public  offices  and  for  a  library ;  an  annuity  being 
paid  to  the  Catholic  bishop.  Its  chapel  is  converted  into  a 
hall,  in  which  the  provincial  parliament  holds  its  sessions. 

The  monastery,  or  CoUege  of  the  Jesuits,  now  used  for  bar- 
racks, is  tlirce  stories  high,  and  forms  a  parallelogram  two 
hundred  and  twenty-four  feet  long  by  two  hundred  feet  wide. 
It  was  originally  founded  in  1635;  the  society  of  Jesiuts  m 
Canada  at  that  time  formed  a  numerous  body,  and  their  col- 
lege was  considered  as  the  first  institution  on  the  continent 
of  North  America,  for  the  instruction  of  young  men.    The 
advantages  derived  from  it  were  not  hmited  to  the  better 
classes  of  Canadians,  but  were  extended  to  all  whose  mcLna- 
tion  led  them  to  participate  in  them;  and  many  students  came 
thither  from  the  West  Indies.  From  the  period  of  tlie  expul- 
sion  of  the  Jesuits  from  the  states  of  Europe,  and  the  con- 
sequent  abolition  of  their  order  on  that  continent,  this  estab- 
lishment,  although  protected  by  the  British  government,  be- 
T^M  to  decline.     The  test  member  of  that  fraternity 
di^d  about  twenty  yea«  since,  and  the  buildings,  as  well  as 
lands,  which  form  an  extensive  domain,  devolved  to  the  crown. 
The  landbd  property  was  designed  by  the  sovereign  as  a 
recompense  L  the  services  of  the  late  lord  Amherst,  who 
commanded  the  troops  in  North  America,  at  the  time  of  the 
conquest  of  Canada,  and  who  completed  «'e 'eduction  of  that 
produce,  under  the  British  government.  The  claim  to  these 
estates  has  however  been  relinquislied  by  his  successor,  for 
a  pension.   The  revenue  arising  from  them,  has  been  appro- 
piSated  by  the  Legislature  of  Lower  Canada,  to  the  purpose 
If  establishing  in  Qie  different  parishes,  schools  for  tl»e  edu- 
cation of  chi&ren.    The  Jesuite'  coUege  is  now  converted 
into  a  commodious  barrack  for  the  troops. 

The  Seminary,  a  building  of  some  extent,  forming  three 
sides  of  a  square,  open  towards  the  north-west,  contains  a 
variety  of  Vpartments,  suited  for  the  accommocktion  of  a 
certHin  number  of  ecclesiastics,  and  of  youn^  students,  who 
are  of  the  Roman  Catholic  religion.  Thw  uistitution  owes  its 
foundation  to  M.  de  Petre,  who,  in  1663,  obtomed  from  tlve 
king  of  France  letters  patent  for  that  purpose.   Tythes  were 


iniMiiMiiiiigaiiii>aaimii«>iiiiii.iw* 


BviutiiroB. 

luperior  and  thirty-six  nuns, 
nstniction  of  young  women, 
ear  the  grand  battery,  in  a 
ts  been  for  several  years  oc- 
a  library  5  an  annuity  being 
a  chapel  is  converted  into  a 
lament  holds  its  sessions. 
he  Jesuits,  now  used  for  bar- 
forms  a  parallelogram  two 
ig  by  two  hundred  feet  wide. 
55 ;  the  society  of  Jesuits  in 
imerous  body,  and  their  col- 
institution  on  the  continent 
iction  of  young  men.    The 
re  not  limited  to  the  better 
xtended  to  all  whose  inclina- 
em;  and  many  students  came 
rom  the  period  of  tlie  expul- 
tes  of  Europe,  and  the  con- 
on  that  continent,  this  estab- 
'  the  British  government,  be- 
ist  member  of  that  fraternity 
and  the  buildings,  as  well  as 
omain,  devolved  to  the  crown, 
gned  by  the  sovereign  as  a 
the  late  lord  Amherst,  who 
1  America,  at  the  time  of  the 
impleted  the  reduction  of  that 
remment.  The  claim  to  these 
iquished  by  his  successor,  for 
g  from  them,  has  been  appro- 
.ower  Canada,  to  the  purpose 
parishes,  schools  for  tlie  edu- 
its'  college  is  now  converted 
the  troops. 

f  some  extent,  forming  three 
Is  the  north-west,  contiuns  a 
for  tile  accommodation  of  a 
I,  and  of  young  students,  who 
rion.  This  institution  owes  its 
o,  in  1663,  obuined  from  the 
ar  that  purpose.   Tytheswere 


aUEBtC— PWDllC  BCILDINGS— FOBTIFICATIONS.         101 

enjoined  to  be  paid  by  the  inhabitants,  to  the  directors  of  the 
seminary,  for  its  support;  and  a  thirteenth  in  addition  to  what 
was  already  the  riglit  of  the  church  was  levied.   This  regula- 
tion being  found  too  oppressive,  was  altered  to  a  twenty--sixth 
part  of  the  produce,  to  be  paid  in  grain ;  from  which  tax, 
newly  cleared  lands  were  exempted  for  a  space  of  five  yeai-s. 
The  members  of  this  seminary  are  composed    f  a  superior, 
thrc  directors  and  six  or  seven  masters,  who  ars  appointed 
to  instruct  young  men  in  the  different  branches  of  education 
professed  by  each.     Since  the  decline  and  extinction  of  Uie 
order  of  Jesuits,  the  seminary,  which  was  at  first  exclusively 
designed  for  tiie  education  of  priests,  and,  excepting  tlie  coJ- 
lege  of  Montreal,  is  the  dhly  public  establishment  of  the  kind 
ill  the  province,  has  been  opened  to  all  young  men  of  the 
Cutliolic  faith,  although  they  may  not  be  destined  for  the 
sacerdotal  ftinctioii.    The  north-east  aspect  ot  this  building 
is  agreeable  in  summer,  having  under  it  a  spacious  garden, 
which  extends  nearly  to  the  precipice  on  tiie  east,  and  over- 
looks the  lowewjiiwn.     It  is  built  of  stone,  forming  three 
sides  of  a  square,  two  bundled  and  nineteen  feet  long  and 
one  hundred  and  twenty  broad. 

The  New  Juil  is  a  handsome  structure  of  stone,  standing 
on  very  elevated  ground ;  it  is  one  bundled  and  sixty  feet 
long  by  sixty-eight  broad,  and  tliree  stories  high ;  the  cost  ot 
il  exceeded  fifteen  thousand  pounds. 

The  Artillery  Barracks  were  liuilt  by  tlie  French  m  17a0. 
They  extend  five  hundred  and  twenty-seven  feet  by  fort), 
and  contain  accommodations  for  tlie  artiller>'  troops  of  the 
garrison,  work-shops,  store-houses,  &c.  and  evcr>'  variety  ot 
small  arms  for  twenty  Uiousand  men,  which  are  always  kept 
fit  for  immediate  use,  and  are  fancifully  arranged. 

Next  to  the  public  buildings  of  Quebec,  the  most  mteresl- 
ing  featui-e  is  its  Fwtifieatiom.  The  lower  town  of  course 
is  not  included  in  these ;  its  situation  is  such  as  to  render  ils 
defence  impracticable,  and  thei-e  is  no  militaiy  work  wiUuu 
it  except  a  small  battery.  But  the  upper  town  presents  to  a 
traveller,  unused  to  military  works,  a  scene  which  he  can 
scaicely  conceive ;  seated  on  the  summit  of  tlie  rock,  its 
precipice  on  the  south  and  east  woidd  seem  to  make  caution 
almost  useless,  but  art  has  superadded  her  defences,  and  ren- 
dered  it  impregnable.  A  complete  wall  of  the  heaviest  hewn 
stone,  constructed  with  elegance,  as  well  as  strength,  com- 


192 


J92  anSBEC— l<>IITinCATIO!.«. 

oletely  encircles  the  town,  and  is  furm^hed  with  strong  nmsy 

to  render  escalade  ve«y  d'^cu^^  ano  a  o  Abraham, 

less,  in  ^»»«=,^t"CWftT£?tSckrand  equally  high 
they  appear  to  be  torty  »•'"">•..  'k  are  surmounted 
Even  the  >ofty,precip.ceB  of  naked  rocKM^^^^^^^ 

^Ith  a  stone  l^-^^^tTS^ctZZe.  ^n  genen>l. 
are  crowned  with  towers  ana  musketry,  and  pro- 

the  curtanis  of  the  wall  »«  ;^°P.,      towards  the  assailants, 
iecting  bastions  present  their  artillifyto^  ^^^  ^.^^^^^^ 

in  every  direction,  and  of  ^'^'"^f'^^'Z^, ..  says  Mr.  Silli- 
..  Wfien  we  visited  the  plains  of  Abr«  g^^^^^  ^,, 

man,  »  we  drove  out  and  '"J^y.J.l'^and  nearly  as  high ;  this 
wall  appeared  to  be  fifty  feet  Uiick,  ana  ne^^         6^^  ^^^ 

was  the>dgment  we  formed.^^^^^^  ^„^  ^ 

say,  without  n;«^?«;«r"f;Jtr  waS,  and  another  ditch,  both 
there  is  an  extenor,  b«t  low"  w«^  ^^^  ^^ 

of  which  must  be  ^^aled.  before  the  ma  ^^  ^^^ 

proached.  A  s™"^  Pa^y  *  J%he  M^  to  the  gate 
Uile  mounting  this  extenor  w Jl.  ^^;^,\„j  ^^kes  severJ 
is  bounded  on  both  sides  by  ah^ghj"^.  .^^  ^-,,^^^1  ^t 
turns  in  zigzag.  At  eveiy  turn,  ^^^«^  P  ^it^h.  and  in 
the  approaches,  and  g«"™A°°^ik can  L  approached,  , 
evei7  possible  direcuon,  Wiethe  waus  |^, highest  | 

great  guns  are  ready  to  c«t  ^?*"  J^""'  ^j  ^  is  a  mould  artih- 
Jartof  the  citadel  "  B""^'^:,^  S' le,  and  mounted  with 
?ially  raised,  h  gher  th»^eve^  thm^  ^.e,      ^^^^     ^^  , 

cannon,  nointing  ^o^'S^  f%C  fell  at  Queenston  during 
named  ahcr  G^n^"^!  ^rocje^J^^^^^^ 

the  late  war,  about  the  t^^n^ J*" J'""  jhig  commands  every 
Generals  Wilkinson  and  lUmp^^^^  ^ 

part  of  the  works  on  that  «f  ^'.*"V  to  operate,  in  the 
&s  the  general  «bjecte  of  de^ce   t      p^^^^^  ^ 

last  resort,  on  an  ^^^-^y 'J^oSSmck  with  the  formida- 

«  We  were  ho^^::?  V  ^I  ."^  1  ^des  to  render  an  attack 
ble  preparations,  which  seem  on  an  «dte»  to  ^^^  ^^,^ 

rnJi:r£^^^a»S?{^^^^ 


,fi 


IFICATIOSIS' 

,  furnished  with  strong  massy 
ditches.  .    .    .  . , 

h,  in  different  parts,  in  height 
wever,  they  are  high  enough 
,  and  a  breach  almost  hope- 
•xt  to  tlie  plwns  of  Abraham, 
feet  tliick,  and  equally  high, 
naked  rock  are  surmounted 
inon;  and  the  highest  points 
istinct  batteries.  In  general, 
oped  for  musketry,  and  pro- 
rtillary  towards  the  assailwits, 
r8e8oastorakethcdit(^>es. 
,8  of  Abraham,"  says  Mr.  S.lh- 
the  gate  St.  Louis,  where  die 
hick,  and  nearly  as  lugh ;  this 
,  without  inquiry-t  need  no 
deep  ditch  succeeds,  and  then 
•  w^l,  and  another  ditch,  both 
fore  the  main  wall  can  be  ap- 
would  be  dreadfully  exposed, 
wall.  The  avenue  to  the  gate 
a  high  wall,  and  makes  severi^ 

urn,  cannon  P"'"). '»''^«=*^y,  f^ 
illy,  down  even-  ditch,  and  in 
re  the  walls  can  be  approached, 
awn  the  assailants.  The  highest 
batteiy,  which  is  a  mould  artih- 
%iing  else,  and  mounted  with 

7e  plams  of  Abraham.  I  w^ 
,  who  fell  at  Queenston  during 
aiat  Montreal  was  tlireatened  by 
mpton.  This  commands  every 
?andisintended,  I  presume, 

,  of  defence,  to  operate,  in  the 
o  may  scale  aU  the  other  walK 

forcibly  sU-uck  with  the  fonn.^- 
n  on  all  sides  to  render  an  attack 
^e^terprise.  Within  tliew^l 
rumished  with  every  implement 

oXpi^  •«»•"«»  tMCb 
*nnon.bails  ««  everywhere  to  be 


dCEBEC — FOKTIFICATIOSS — ENVIB0W8. 


193 


seen,  and  I  presume  there  are  some  hundreds  of  heavy 
cannon  mounted  on  the  walls,  and  in  Uie  various  defences. 
About  forty  acres  of  ground,  within  Cape  Diamond,  are  re- 
served for  military  works.  Beyond  the  walls,  on  the  plains 
of  Abraham,  are  the  four  Martello  towers;  they  are  solidly  con- 
structed of  stone,  and  appear  to  be  forty  feet  high,  and  at  the 
base  have  probably  a  diameter  not  much  inferior;  as  they  have 
cannon  on  their  tops,  they  of  course  sweep  the  whole  plain, 
and  effectually  command  it ;  the  particular  object  of  the  con- 
struction was  to  prevent  an  enemy  from  occupying  the  high 
ground  on  the  plains  of  Abraham.  These  towers  are  very 
strong  on  the  side  most  remote  from  the  town,  and  weaker 
on  the  side  next  to  it,  that  they  may  be  battered  from  it,  should 
an  enemy  obtaun  possession  of  them. 

"  On  the  whole,  as  long  as  the  river  is  in  possession  of  those 
who  defend  the  town,  and  as  long  as  the  latter  is  suiBciently 
furnished  with  men,  and  other  means  necessary  to  render  its 
fortifications  efficient,  there  appears  little  hope  <*  ^KinS  '* 
at  all,  and  certainly  not  without  such  an  expense  of  blood,  as 
it  is  very  painful  to  contemplate.  An  officer  of  the  garrison 
informed  us,  that  it  took  him  one  hour  and  a  half,  merely  to 
visit  all  the  sentinels  on  duty,  upon  the  various  stations  on 
the  walls;  this  appears  to  evince,  that  tlie  walls  cannot  be 
much  less  than  tiiree  miles  in  circuit ;  and  the  same  military 
man  gave  it  as  his  opinion,  that  it  would  require  at  least 
ten  thotisand  men  for  a  complete  gamson." 

The  environs  of  Quebec  include  many  objects  which  are 
worthy  of  a  travellei-'s  notice ;  and  from  the  summit  of  the 
citadel,  a  circuit  of  ten  miles  will  embrace  places  which  are 
interesting  from  historical  associations  and  natural  curiosities. 
To  the  north  we  see  at  our  feet  the  River  St.  Charles,  spread- 
ing widely  as  it  enters  the  St.  Lawrence;  along  its  shores  are 
wharves  and  warehouses,  and  the  lower  town  is  fast  encroach- 
ing upon  it ;  after  winding  along  for  some  distance  to  the 
westward,  it  turns  to  the  north,  its  banks  well  cultivated,  and 
here  and  there  adorned  with  villages,  till  it  finds  its  source  in 
the  same  highlands  from  which  the  larger  nver  of  Jacquea 
Cartier  also  flows.  .  t     u 

Among  these  villages,  the  principal  one  is  Jeune  larette, 
nine  miles  north-west  of  Quebec,  commanding,  by  its  elevat- 
ed position,  an  extensive  view  of  the  river  St.  Lawrence,  ot 
Quebec  and  the  intermediate  countiy,  of  the  southern  coast, 
R 


mi 


\*, 


194  JK"""  10H«TTE— CHABtBlOtJRO. 

States.  The  vUkpe.  which  conta^^up^^^^^^^  ^^ 

inhabitants,  '^'^''^'''^  fy^~J!;\^^e,,r^ncc.  The  chapel 
wood  and  stone,  »»«!  ,'^*«  *  P'^!,^^,^^^*  to  a  consider- 
i»  small  but  neat?  and  as  tlie  parish  *^"^  f"^.i,_  o^^-atest 
rbHsUnce  around,  the  Canadians,  who  fom.  the  preat^^^^^ 

to  ""PH";  "^.■'•"S'l'^'.f  owle.  K.11.  O.CT  „  strap  »rd  ii- 
the  rushing  waters,    ine  ^*V'"J        .  -^^  g  oomy 

extensive  prospect.  „„rfu -„cf  Hie  northern  shore  of 


CRARLSBOORO. 

rate  Canada  from  the  Unite.) 
aina  upwards  of  two  hundred 
fifty  houses,  constructed  ot 
tty  appearance.  The  chapel 
.arish  extends  to  a  consider- 
tdians,  who  form  the  greatest 
rocurcd  a  church  to  be  erect. 
)out  a  <iuarter  of  a  mile  from 
i»d,  with  scrupulous  observ- 
eir  devotions.  They  hve  to- 
iterr\ipted  harmony  and  tran- 
reat  influence  over  them  i  and 
ileRTee,  the  manners  of  savage 
,  in  whose  vicinity  they  reside. 
1  in  the  vicinity  of  Lake  Hu- 
wm  Quebec.  It  was  once  the 
any  tribe  that  inhabited  those 
Iroquois ;  who  however  found 
t  extirpate  it,  by  pretending  to 
urons  too  blindly  relied  on  the 
ind  they  seized  an  opportumty 

larlcs  rolls  over  a  steep  and  ii- 
if  thirty  feet,  forming  a  beauti- 
1  passing  a  mill  which  is  under 
extremely  narrow  ;  and  for  the 
led  by  woody  banks,  on  which 
ut  through  Uic  trees,  disclosing 
idity  of  the  stream,  opposed  by 
f  wliite  foam  upon  it«  gloom) 
uimurii.g  sounds.  The  water- 
,  above  it,  tlie  mill,  the  bndgc, 
iiUs,  present  an  ugrceable  laiul- 

i  the  east,  we  find  tlie  village  of 
St  settle ments  in  the  neighboiu- 
m  its  lofty  position,  a  rich  and 

lorth-cast,  Uie  northern  shore  of 
self,  adorned  with  villages  as  to 
rhe  first  four  miles,  to  Beauport, 
il  meadows,  neatly  divided  mto 


BEll-PORT — BIVER  MOSTMOREWei. 


195 


xmall  enclos»u«»,  by  stakes  driven  into  the  ground,  and  se- 
cured  at  top  by  a  rail,  fastened  with  withes ;  the  meadows 
are  covered  with  thriving  cattle  ;  they  are  rich  in  deep  vcr- 
dure,  and  would  adorn  the  banks  of  the  Connecticut  or  the 
Delaware  Houses  are  scattered  here  and  there,  upon  the 
meadows  i  and  when  we  begin  to  ascend  the  rising  ground, 
we  enter  the  extensive  village  of  Bemiport.  ... 

This  village,  consisting  of  sixty  or  seventy  houses,  is  pnnci- 
nallv  built  on  one  street,  and  extends  quite  to  the  nver 
Montmorenci;  it  presents  a  beautifiil  and  bnlhant  appear- 
ance from  the  bay  of  Quebec.  The  fams  and  gardens  of  the 
village  are  all  in  a  flourishing  state,  and  the  orchards,  and  oc- 
casional clumps  of  trees,  combine  to  render  it  one  of  the 
pleasantest  roads  in  the  environs  of  the  citjr  This  vdlage  is 
the  residence  of  many  families  of  respectability.  The  houses 
are  jrcnerally  of  stone,  covered  with  a  cement  and  white  wash- 
ed, on  the  roof  as  weU  as  the  walls,  which  gives  them  a  neat 
appearance,  and  makes  them  look  very  bnlhant,  even  at  • 
considerable  distance,  commonly  they  are  of  one  storv,  some- 
times of  two,  and  inside  they  appear  very  comforUble.  The 
windows,  as  is  generally  the  fact  in  French  house^  are  di- 
vided, up  and  down,  in  the  middle,  and  swing  hke  doors  on 
hinires.  There  is  in  this  village,  a  large  and  showy  churoh, 
with  three  steeples,  and  if  a  traveller  has  the  cunosity  to 
enter  it,  he  wUl  be  sure  of  finding  some  solitary  mdividuaUi 
at  their  private  devotions,  crossing  themselves  with  holy  wa- 
ter,  and  silently  moving  their  lips.  It  contains  a  number  ot 
pictures,  and  iU  ceihng  is  ornamented  with  golden  roses. 

The  river  Montmormd,  which  we  now  reach,  is  a  stream 
not  very  large,  rising  to  the  north,  in  the  Cote  de  Beaupre, 
and  receives  its  name  from  a  former  viceroy.  It  sweeps 
along  in  many  places  over  rocky  precipices— the  banks  are 
clothed  with  trees,  which,  together  with  the  effect  produced 
by  the  foaming  currents,  and  the  scattered  masses  of  stone, 
compose  a  scene  wild  and  picturesque.  After  thus  exhibit- 
ing  a  grateful  variety  throughout  its  course,  tlie  nver  is  pre- 
cipitated in  an  almost  perpendicular  direction,  over  a  rock 
of  the  height  of  two  hundred  and  forty-six  feet,  falhng,  where 
it  touches  it,  in  white  clouds  of  rolling  foam,  and  underneath, 
Mhere  it  is  propelled  without  intemiption,  in  numerous 
flakes,  Ukc  wool  or  cotton,  which  aie  gmduaUy  protracted 


196  r*lt  «f  MO,TMOMXfI-eilATti«   «1CH». 

in  their  de«.ent,  until  they  are  received  into  the  boiling, 
profound  abyw  below.  ,„,^i,„tea  Fall  of  Montmormci, 
^  Thi.  <=*t»"^;^Xt^NtaS«^~^iS'ence.  The  effect 
p^.rhap.  wc^ld  only  to  Nia^ra  in      b  ^^^j^^^  ^ 

};i„de.|cribably be.uUtu^,U>e r,ver  bk.^^      ^^^.  ^^   ,jg,,^ 

Buspended  in  the  air  in  a  <»n«e^  "'  -  i  beauty,  only  re- 
r«y.  like  the  thin  veil  "»""!£  J^h  surface  irf  the  tor- 
vU  with  more  '«ft""'"*!'^h  wffin  S  P«»ents  for  ever 
rent,  and  the  ,'*'"*'°''' "'^J^it  aw^Vg»ori«""«'«"^- 
on  the  fleecv  cloudy  >w  *»»«y  "X, ndrc<  feet.  The  basin  ii 
The  bre«ltA  of  *e  M  »  «"^^"7 J^^^^^^  ,ute.  lying 
bounded  by  steep  cliffs,  '^'^^^J\^lest  sides  are  sub- 
in  incUned  strata.  >«'»»'^^/".  ^^.f.'S  fSpninf?,  with  the  hori- 
divided  ■^^'<>^::^Z^''^t^^::^J^Ltmn«  between 

s.Sf'rwS?.-''^-^"^^^^^^^^^ 

nVSrrToVnorth.^Wo^^^^^^^ 
venerable  rviinsoi  CA"''-"  ^'  J^^'^^^nciscan  monastery, 
ing  fiom  the  St.  ^^^^^^J^^^xfl  encamped  on  the  east- 
wfien  the  armv  uiulcr  General  WoUe  encamp  ^^.^  .^ 

«m  bank  of  t6e  Montmorenc  •    As  the  mon*  ^^         ^ 

fluence  among,  the  '"hab|^n^ '»  *^^;',*'^?^^^  ^^^^^^  „e. 

•upply  <»f  P^'^X^a  detSSenttomke  them  prisoners, 
cessary  to  send  thither  » **«**"'""7";.,u;_  their  mansion,  that 
xlJ^had  »ofortified.thenMelves  w'U^m -heir^         ^^^ 

field  pieces  were  required  tocom^emem  ^^^.^^  ^^ 

house  was  destroyed  by  fi^.  .^f  Jif»„  adjoining  tower, 
cept  a  part  of  the  waUs.  »«*  t^emins  «  an  J  ^_6^  ^^^^^ 
By  an  rnKsription  »bove  the  door,  it  app^  .^    j^^j 

bilt  upwai^  of  a  century  ago.   The  pam^^^  ^v^  ^\ 

on  a  bank  immediately  behmd  the  cnaie,     ^^^^  ^^^ 

mire..  The  «iene  *»»I^»' *^\f  .^  ^  •<•  «  »t  once  the 
bWd  together,  is  one  «'f.f!f,,^renks  clothed  with  foli- 
wins  of  5ie  monastery,  ^f.^.'^V'^^'S  white  cottages,  over 
•^^••r?»f?^mElnJ«^J  chll^"  mountai.^  whose 

SJiSit^WerwH^ 
JrSXXuTa^nr.;  erdirectlyatthefo.] 


— «RATEAtl   miCB«». 

■e  received  into  the  boiUng, 

:brate.l  Fall  of  Mmtm^ntci, 
i  in  magnificence.  The  effect 
ver,  like  a  white  ribbon,  seems 
et  of  biUowy  foam  s  the  Ught 
1  the  form  of  beauty,  only  re- 
iirht  smooth  surface  of  the  tflf- 
jlthin  arch,  presents  for  ever 
loat  away,  its  glorious  coloun. 
e  hundred  feet.    The  »>asm  » 
Hjsed  of  grey  lime  slate,  ly^ng 
Ke  east  and  west  sides  are  sub. 

layers,  forming,  with  the  hon- 
g^Cand  containing  between 

^e  a  la  calumet.    MouUennK 

xposure  to  the  air,  and  to  the  ^ 

ace  for  vcgeUUon  remains  upon  ^ 

it,  beyond  Montmorenci,  are  ^e 
.Wseated  on  a  rocky  chff  m- 
It  was  a  Franciscan  monastery, 
J  Wolfe  encamped  on  the  east- 
"  As  the  mon\cs  used  their  in. 
^ti  in  their  vicinity,  to  impede  a 
English  army,  itwas  deemed  ne- 
,chmcnttomake.thempnsone« 

selves  within  their  mansion,  that 
,  compel  them  to  surrender.    1  he 
. .  and  nothing  now  remains,  ex-  i 
1  the  ruins  of  an  adjoining  tower, 
e  door,  it  appears  to  have  been 
«o.   The  pirfsh  church  is  placed 
rndtheCliateau,andhastwo 
hU  objects  present,  when  con. 
rreat  beauty ;  we  n.-e  at  once  the 
Church,  banks  clothed  with  fob- 
iedwith  white  cottages  ove 

id  the  chain  of  mountains  whose 
r  with  exalted  majesty.  . 

view,  as  we  turn  more  to  the  south. 
S,  appears  directly  at  the  fool  I 


POIKT   ttVl — CHADDIBBB  FAtlS. 


i9r 


ot  Cane  Diamond,  and  as  we  look  down  it,  the  beauuful  is  e 
of  oTans  spreatlH  in  its  centre.     Iti.lng  from  the  mer.  in 
"ome  parts  w"th  steep  and  womly  banks,  in  others  with  more 
I"c^Uc^^ent,  it  presents  to  the  eye  an  agreeable  object.  It. 
^earcstToint  is  sU  miles  north-east  of  Quebec.    The  Jail  of 
Montmorenci  discloses  itself  from  this  island,  amidst  a  rich 
,„T  eiXnting  combination  of  features.    The  central  part 
Sotlledwithtrees,andtheground.slopesfromi^^^^^^^ 
side,  while  few  eminences  occur  to  mterrupt  the  view.    At 
?„.owcr  extremity  of  the  island,  there  are  situa  ions  no  le« 
boU  than  picturesque.    The  northern  shore  is  mterspersed 
^"  h   mmcnsc  masJes  of  detached  limestone  rock,  and  the 
.0  thXis  clothed  with  u.ctothe  borders  of  the  great 
S  from  either  are  seen  Cape  'lou-ment,  and  the  isles  and 
mmii  tains  named  ks  KbouknmU<,  which  pierce  the  clouds 
wh  their  pointed  summits.     The  soil  of  the  '"•and  »  in  ge. 
nrral  fertile,  aflbrding  more  produce  Uian  is  necessary  lor 
the  consumption  of  its  iTihabitantJi.  „  .v.  s»  i  aw 

Counting  round  to  the  south,  and  crossing  the  St  Law- 
rpnce  the  first  object  that  attracts  our  notice  is  the  bold 
nmm^ntmy  of  PoiU  Uvi,  rising  from  the  river  direcUy  op- 
^ostHolTcauport,  and  about  a  mile .  due  east  from  Cape 
Cond.  It  s  veiy  lofty,  but  not  quite  so  high  as  the  for- 
t^^srand  wL  the  spot  on  wl.icl.  General  VVoUe  had  directed 
batti-ries  to  be  placed  during  the  siege. 

Proceeding  up  the  south  shore  of  th«  river,  opposite  to 
the  city,  we  piss  the  small  stream  of  Echfmin,  at  whose 
mouth  we  several  mills ,  and  about  eight  miles  above,  reach 
the  Chaudiere,  a  large  river  flowing  trom  the  south.    On  it, 
four  inUes  above  its  entrance  into  the  St  Lawrence,  are  the 
S;  which  are  well  worth  a  visit:  their  breadth  at    he 
summit  is  about  one  hundred  and  twenty  yard.s    and  in  the 
sS7of  the  year  the  waters  flow  abundantly,  swoln  by 
the  ncrease  which  tliey  receive  from  the  dissolving  snows 
In  ecountry  ti^ugl/whichthey  run.  and  from  tributary 
stream^  which  at  this  season  arc  likewise  augmented  by 
?he  same  causes.    The  waters  descend  from  a  height  of  one 
hundred  and  twenty  feet,  and  being  separated  by  rocks. 
foZthree  distinct  cataracts,  the  largest  of  which  is  on  the 
v^tem  side,  and  they  unite  in  Uie  basin  beneath,  their  broken 
Td  agitated  waves.'  The  wUd  diversity  displayed  on  the 
bmk^of  the  rtrwm,  and  the  foliage  of  the  overhangmg 
b3 


IM 


r*fl  IIOCOB— »iM.k«i— ^"f '»  •■'""^' 


woodi.  the  brilliancy  of  coloun  richly  contnutcd,  the  rapKiit  \- 
of  motion,  the  effulgent  briBhtne»H  of  the  cataractn,  the  <le.«i> 
andwleinn  iound  which  they  emit,  and  the  variouii  cascade* 
further  down  the  river,  unite  in  rendering  thw  aucli  a  plcus- 
itw  exhibition  of  natural  objccU  as  few  icencs  can  mirpass. 

CroMinK  the  St.  Lawrence,  we  find,  nearly  op|io«ite,  on 
iU  northern  shore,  the  promontory  of"  Crt^jefloii*''.  eiffht  mile, 
^ove  Cape  Dia-.nond.    It  is  a  very  loftj;  bank,  sudden  jr  de- 


clininir  to  a  valley,  through  which  a  small  riv 


IT, 


cuninir  w  avauuy,  luivvntu  "•...-..  -  -...—- ,  ^ 

a  lake  situated  among  the  mountam»  on  the  north,  runs  in  o 
the  8t  Lawrence.  K  ilate-.tonc,  of  a  reddish  colour,  easily 
mouldering  into  thin  »traU,  is  found  at  the  .urtace,  on  the 

summit  of  the  bank.  ,    „     ■         .  ,„  ,.„„u 

Proceeding  down  the  river  towanls  Qucl.ei;,  wo  reach 
Silkry,  three  miles  above  it,  where  are  the  rui.w  ot  a  irehgi- 
ous  institution,  established  in  1637  for  the  conversion  and 
instruction  of  natives  of  the  country.  ii  the  viciiiity,  Uio 
Algonquins  once  had  a  village.  Several  of  their  tumuli  or 
burvini  places  are  still  discoverable  in  the  woods  (  and  hie- 
rogWhics,  cut  on  the  trees,  remain  in  some  situations  yet 

A  mile  below  SiUery  is  Wolfe's  Cove,  the  spot  where  that 
celebrated  ireneral  disembarked  his  army,  previous  to  the 
batUe  on  the  plains  above.  The  bank  ot  the  nver  »  here 
extremely  abrupt  and  precipitous,  rising  to  the  elevation  ol 
two  hundred  feet ;  and  on  its  summit  is  a  fine  level  surtacc, 
forming  the  Heights  of  Abraham,  rising  nearly  to  the  same 
hciirht  as  Cape  Diamond,  and  forming  the  only  point  from 
which  the  fortress  could  be  attacked  with  any  prospect  ol 

success.  .I,    ,  11      L 

Before  leaving  Quebec,  we  may  gratify  the  traveUer  by  a 
few  historical  reminiscences.  Neariy  a  century  had  elapsed 
from  the  period  at  which  Jacques  Cartier  explored  the  St. 
Lawrence,  before  any  other  intercourse  witli  Canada  was 
c«  ed  on,  than  that  of  the  hunters  and  traders  who  visited 
it  to  obtain  furs.  In  the  beginning  of  the  seventeenth  nm- 
tun-,  however,  Samuel  de  Champlain,  geographer  to  tne 
kinsr  of  France,  a  man  of  enterprise  and  talent,  actuated  by 
liberal  sentiments,  and  by  patnoUc  more  Uian  bjr  intereited 
wews,  after  having  sm-veyed  the  borders  of  the  nvcr  lor  tne 
choice  of  a  situation  presenting  the  greatest  conremences 
for  » settlement,  gave  the  preference  to  an  elevated  pKHnon. 


— woi,ri»  rori:. 

chly  contrMted,  the  Mpuiit\- 
:im  of  the  catftTOctn,  the  deop 
lit,  and  the  varioiw  cascwlr* 
rendering  this  »uch  a  plcus- 
as  few  icenes  can  mirpats. 
ve  find,  nearly  op|io«ite,  on 
J  of  Cape  Ewifff,  eiffht  milc-t 
ery  lofty  bank,  sudaenly  dc 
h  a  small  river,  the  outlet  of 
tain*  on  the  north,  runs  into 
;,  of  a  reddish  colour,  easily 
bund  at  the  surface,  on  the 

towanls  Quol)ei;,  wc  reach 
lere  are  the  ruins  of  a  ireli|i^- 
1637  for  the  conversion  and 
Buntry.  In  the  vicinity,  tlio 
,  Several  of  their  tumuli  or 
rablc  in  the  woods  \  and  hie- 
inain  in  some  situations  yet 

Ys  Cove,  the  spot  where  that 
!d  his  army,  previous  to  the 
he  bank  of  the  river  is  here 
lus,  rising  to  the  elevation  of 
mmmit  is  a  fine  level  surface, 
tm,  rising  nearly  to  the  gam's 
1  forming  the  only  point  from 
ttackcd  with  any  prospect  of 

may  pfratify  the  traveller  by  a 
Nearly  a  century  had  elapsed 
lues  Cartier  tixplored  the  St. 
intercourse  with  Canada  was 
inters  and  traders  who  visited 
ming  of  the  seventeenth  «en- 
hamplain,  geographer  to  the 
irprise  and  talent,  actuated  by 
;notic  more  tlian  by  intereited 
he  borders  of  the  river  for  the 
ng  the  greatest  coaTemencea 
ference  to  an  elevated  pnKnoa' 


ItrClIC— ■ISTOHf' 


m 


forv  between  the  St.  Lawrence  and  the  smaU  river  St.Charlei. 
nV>«Hrrted,that  some  of  hi.  attcndanU  havmg  pronounced. 
0.S  view  of  this  point  of  land  the  words  "  Uuel  bee," 
ihuniiilain  bestowed  that  name  on  his  projected  town,  fly 
others  it  has  been  said,  that  the  place  .(enved  lU  name  from 
"iuebeio,"  an  Indian  word.  ^llJ"'[y  "K- '."  i^e  l«ngu;g«  of 
tl..  Algonquins,  'narrow.'   .   ere  being  just  at  Uuebec  a 

*  ';'ralt:rhe'3d"o7  July.  1608,  ttot  Champhin  founded 
..iitown  on  the  site  of  an  Indian  v  Hag.,  -die'  HUjco"** 
■ind  it  rcnuuned  undisturbed  a«  »  French  colon,  until  lt>/\f, 
then  it  >^takei  by  the  English,  by  whom  however  it  wa. 

Ir^dThree  years  after  In  im.  it  .  .«  nuule  a  royal  go- 
v^rnment,^»d  became  a  r.„.  ,lar  and  importal.t  colony.  In 
rGW.8"r  William  Phipp*.  with  a  great  armament  from  Do^ 

oTattocked,  cannoniled,  and  a.Ml.d  an  army  bc^^^^^^^^ 

wa   repulsed  with  great  »<>«»"'»  ^»K!-t««'?  I.^ij,  Sir  Ho- 
uttempt  was  again  made  by  an  Ei.g hsh  fleet  u«l"  9^"° 
vcnden  Walker,  who  was  wrecked  in  the  Ht.  Lawrence, 
o^nr.eVen.rf  hi.  largest  ships  and  three  thousand  men, 
S  Genel^  Nicholson,  who  was  anproaching  with  an  army 
bv  the  way  of  Montreal,  was  obliged  to  retreat. 
^n  1759  it  WM  airain  attacked  by  the  English ,  and  in  tlus 
aitempt  ?hey  wer^Cre  successful.     It  was  taken,  but  at  a 
de!r  cost-tL  hfc  of  the  gallant  Wolfe.  The  llriUsh  gxivern- 
menu^vinrcarried  on  tL  war  with  France,  on  the  Amen- 
TancoSnenVfoTa  longtime  without  any  decisive  success. 
leSSed  at  length  to  adopt  a  plan  n'o%«^f"'l*l  »g 
viirorous.    It  waa  concerted  to  attack  the  French  at  their 
ud  stronghold,  at  once ,  tlat  General  Wolfe,  who  had 
J?eTnently  Sisti..gtiijhed  h™*lf  at  the  sjege  of  L«„«. 
bourg,  should  proceed  up  the  viver  8*.  !;*««»««.  r^™^» 
hodvof  eiriit  thoiuand  men.  and  a  stout  fleet  from  England, 
aSbesieSthedwof  Quebec ,  that  Genend  Amherst,  com- 
S^der  in  chief  rf  the  British  force,  in  North  Amenca. 
ZSd  wto  .n  army  of  twelve  ^"^  rhllJ^Siidn    and^  P~- 
derogaand  Cxiwn  Pomt.  cros.  Lake  C»»^y^»""'  •"  rf^^e 
ceSSur  bv  the  way  of  Richlieu  river  to  the  bank,  of  the 
St    iMKeioin  General  Wolfe  in  hiv  attempt  upon 
ti  S  rfCawSir^  dut  Brigadiei-Geaeral  Pndeaui^ 
lith^ffilm^rrdnforced  by  a^body  of  pmmcials  and 


200 


«,VE&£C — HlSTOm. 


friendly  Indians  under  Sir  WilU.m  Johnston,  .hould  inve.t 
the  important  fo^rew  ofN-aga^  p^j^^ 

In  pursuance  of  *«  pl*".  Ticonderoga  aji 

ed  the  island  of  0'-»«»"^'  ^^"^."i^Ss  for  the  security 

northern  bank  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  "     ^      ^    ^j^    i^tter. 
Charies  and  Montmorcnc,.  ^^e""  f  *  exten*n|j  ^^ 

They  had  also  some  art.Uenr  ^^^^^^J^^^l"^  Monkton 

the  opposite,  shove,  from  «:*»'''»  »Xve  them  He  passed 
was  sent  with  four  battahons^odr^c  th^em^^  ^^^^ 

the  river  on  the  n'S^t  of  the  2m  ^na  >«*'  ^,  troops 
day  to  the  Point,  whence  '^«-,*%V"oct  onthisocca- 
to^retire,  and  possessed  ^'^If  «f  ^'"^^  Pf  ^^i^i^hes  with 
sion.  the  =^vanced  parties  had  two  or  thees^^^^^ 

the  Canadians  and  Indians,  *>"'  '"Y^  Quebec,  with  sis- 
The  French  soon  ^ft^^PJ^T^eTwlZnton,  bit  fell  into 
teen  hundred  men,  to  a"ack  Genetal  MonKto  ,  ^^ 

confusion,  fi^^  on  one  ^ t^^^^^^^ 

^te"^:^";?oirdet£:dV£g^^^^^ 

sures.  and  to  attack  J'^.^^X^irXtdtt^e  where 
position  of  great  strength.   ""J/VS^'^^t  ^^  Jouth  of  the 
the  attack  should  be  "»«!«' w?"*=^*^")^ers^^ 
Montmorenci.  thirteen  com^s^ 


'■-  ...^ij»ta8ft»;ig.«!gft--- 


■BISTOKT. 

ilUam  Johnston,  should  invest 

T^nderoga  and  Crown  Point 
erst,  and  aftera  battle  under 

riairara  in  triumph.  The  wma- 
saUcd  up  the  river  St  Law- 
any  interruption,  or  perceiving 
penis,  with  which  it  had  been 

was  attended.  Having  reach- 
leneral  Wolfe  landed  his  forces 
rected  works  for  the  security 

The  Fren'li  were  encampeU, 
A  men,  under  the  Marquis  de 
erienced  commander,  along  the 
wrence,  between  the  "vers  °t. 
heir  left  extencUng  to  the  latter. 
y  and  a  force  at  Po'"*  J;*'*'' "" 
lich  Brigadier-General  Monkton 
jns  to  i&ive  them.     He  passed 
tie  29th,  and  marched  the  next 
he  obliged  the  enemy's  troops 
nseif  of  that  post :  on  this  occa- 
dad  two  or  three  skirmishes  with 
.  with  little  loss  on  either  side. 
Ud  over  from  ft"«bec,  with  sa- 
k  General  Monkton,  but  fell  into 
ther,  and  retreated  bac^^  V»5 
rerely  cannonaded  and  bombardea 
but  although  his  fire  was  quite 
town,  and  very  injurious  to  the 
made  no  serious  impression  on  us 
•e  nearly  as  tenable  as  ever, 
led  at  length  to  adopt  bolder  mea- 
lemy,  stationed  as  they  were  m  a 

Having  selected  the  place  where 
le,  which  was  at  the  mouth  of  the 
npanies  of  m-enadiers  were  landed 
oY  July,  under  Generals  Townsend 
rders.  Immediately  on  caching  the 
on  the  beach?  but  insteaa  of  doing 
1,  from  the  noise  and  hvjry  of  thetf 


BATTU  or  WOHTMOBBKCI. 


201 


landinir.  or  from  an  incautious  ardour,  they  rushed  impetu- 
oS  tow"'i»  *e  enemy's  intrenchments  in  the  utmost  di^ 
SSLonfusion,  without  waitingfor  the  comswhichi^re 

towstsun  them  and  join  in  the  attack.  In  this  state,  they 
le^  met  by  a  severi  and  steady  fire  from  the  enemy's  m- 
rrirchmenS  by  which  they  we're  thrown  into  still  greater 
coSn,  and  which  obliged  them  at  length  to  shelter  them. 
Sbehind  a  redoubt,  Qiat  the  French  had  abandoned  on 
SaSSThisrepulse  destroyed  the  plan  which  Gene- 
S  w5Fe^  formed ,  and  m  night  was  coming:  on,  and  Ae 
Se  beginnmg  to  make,  he  had  no  alternative  but  to  retire 
to  his  camp  across  the  river.  ,  „.t.:„K  i»o 

ThiuTnded  the  batUe  of  Montmorency  one  wtodihw 
slway*  been  considered  as  rash,  and  which  the  .gaUw't^hitf 
Elf  excuaed.  only  on  the  ground  of  a  desire  to  act  in 
Sraiity  tothe  intention,  of  his  eovenunent,  «¥"»<« 
Ae  coSe  of  his  troops.   The  result,  however,  caused  hm 
exti^^X^cation :  his  soul  was  sensitive  as  it  was  brave: 
he  weTtaewtite  capricious  character  of  his  nation,  clamor, 
ous^ven  to  persecudon  against  those  who  miscarried  m  their 
u^S?gJ^out  Sding  whether  that  -n^cwnage 
"rwe  from  Mcident  or  fault,  while  success  was  app]wded 
w^tTwUdestenthusiasm,  and witi. as htUe reason.  Among 
rtiose  who  shared  his  confidence,  he  was  often  observed  to 
S-  he  was  often  heard  to  complain,  and  evei^  m  the  tma- 
^rte  of  Ws  chairrin.  he  declared,  that  he  would  never  return 
So^^ccT^  be  exp^  as  other  unfortunate  com- 
manders  had  been,  to  the  censure  and  reproach  of  an  igno- 
wS  ^trfS  populace.     This  tumuH  of  mind,  a^ded 
rthTbyfetigue  L  had  undergone,  pioduced.a  fever 
^nddvsS-.&which  for  some  time  he  was  t,otelly  disabled. 

iSKcS^ess,  however,  his  daring  and  mtrepid jmnd 
supMrted  to  him  a  plan,  the  seeming  nnpossibihty  of  whidi 
SpTexcited  m^  strongly  his  &termined  valour :-thig 

SS  at^ck  the  enemy  on  ?he  Pl'i'"  ^f  J)^  "S^s 
ciW.  The  rituation  of  that  place,  and  ^e  abrupt  P««'P'««« 
bv  which  it  is  guarded,  we  have  already  described,  and  » 
K  Wea  ha^  tK^tious  Montcalm  that  ™ch  a  spot  could 
ever  become  the  scene  of  conflict,  that  he  had  orJy  a  lew 
JZfa  stationed  there.  Breaking  up  the  camp  at  Montm^ 
S.ncL  the  besiceinjr  army  were  conveyed  up  the  nver,  ana 
Encamped  on  tSI  Sfuthe^  shore,  some  distance  above  ftue- 


t 


Art 


mz 


«,V£BBC — HI8T0BT. 


bee.  General  Montcalm  despatched  a  corps  of  obscnation 
after  them,  consisting  of  one  thousand  five  hundrwl  men, 
undfer  General  Bougainville,  biit  still  maintained  his  staUon 
with  the  main  army  at  Bcauport.  „•  j„;„t.»    pp 

On  the  12th  of  September,  one  hour  after  midnight,  ge- 
neral Wolfe,  with  his  army,  leaving  the  ships,  embarked  in 
boats,  and  silently  dropped  down  with  the  cuiTent,  intending 
to  land  a  league  above  Cape  Diamond,  and  thus  gain  the 
heights  of  Abraham.     As  they  passed  along,  an  unexpected 
obstacle  had  nearly  defeated'all  their  plans.    The  l->ench 
had  posted  sentinels  along  the  shore,  to  challenge  boata  and 
vessels,  and  give  the  alarm  when  necessaiy.  A»  *hp  <««*  ^oat 
passed,  one  of  them  accordingly  cried  out,  "Qui  vit>"  (Who 
Soes  ttiere?)    It  fortunately  happened  that  there  was  in  it 
rSiptain  who  had  served  in  Holland,  and  was  famihar  with 
the  French  language  and  military  customs-he  P«"nptly  re-, 
Sied  in  the  prop«  word.  "La  France!"  The  next  quesUon 
^as  much  mor^  embarrassing,  for  the  sentinel  demanded, 
"A  quel  regiment'"  (To  what  regiment?)    The  captain, 
who  happened  to  know  the  name  of  one  of  the  regiments 
which  was  up  the  river  with  BougalnviUe,  promptly  rejoin- 
ed,  "DelaReine."  (The  Qucen^s.)    The  soldier  immedi- 
ately repUed,  "  Passe."  for  he  concluded  at  once,  t^*  ^* 
was  a  French  convoy  of  provisions,  which,  as  the  English 
had  learned,  was  expected  to  pass  down  «ie  nverto  Quebec. 
The  other  sentinels  were  deceived  in  a  similar  manner ;  but 
one.  less  credulous  than  the  rest,  running  down  to  the  water  s 
edge,  called  out,  "  Pourquoi  est  ce  que  vous  ne  parlez  plus 
hiwt>»  (Why  don't  you  speak  louder?)   The  same  captain, 
wiU.  perfect  self-command,  replied,  "  Tai  to.,  nous  serons 
entendues!"  (Hush,  we  shall  be  overheai-d  and  discovered!) 
The  sentrv',  satisfied  with  this  caution,  retired. 

A  little  farther  on.  they  made  another  hair-breadth  escape. 
In  the  early  part  of  the  evening,  two  French  deserters  were 
carried  on  board  a  ship  of  war.  commanded  by  Captain  Smith, 
and  lying  at  anchor  near  the  northern  shore.  They  told  him 
that  Uie  gaiTison  of  Quebec  expected  that  night  to  receive  a 
convoy  of  provisions,  to  be  sent  down  the  nver  m  boats  from 
the  detachment  above,  commanded  by  M.  de  Bougainville. 
These  deserters,  standing  on  deck,  and  perceivnng  the  Eng- 
lish boftts  with  the  troops  gliding  down  the  nver  in  the  dark, 
began  to  shout  and  make  a  noise,  declaring  that  they  were 


iVBMtf' .IjJ  ^ 


ISTOBT. 


DIATH  or  WOHE. 


203 


tched  a  corps  of  obscnation 
housand  five  hundrwl  men, 
It  still  maintained  his  station 
t. 

»nc  hour  after  midnight,  Ge- 
ving  the  ships,  embarked  in 
n  with  the  cuiTcnt,  intending 
)iamond,  and  thus  gain  the 
passed  along,  an  unexpected 
11  their  plans.    The  French 
shore,  to  challenge  boats  and 
n  necessary.  As  the  first  boat 
yr  cried  out, «  Qui  vit?"  (Who 
mpened  that  there  was  in  it 
loUand,  and  was  familiar  wth 
iry  customs — he  promptly  re-, 
France!"   The  next  question 
;  for  the  sentinel  demanded, 
rt  regiment  ?)    The  captain, 
ame  of  one  of  the  regiments 
ougainville,  promptly  rejoin- 
;en's.)    The  soldier  immedi- 
B  concluded  at  once,  that  this 
isions,  which,  as  the  English 
)ass  down  the  river  to  Quebec, 
ived  in  a  similar  manner ;  but 
it,  running  down  to  the  water's 
:st  ce  que  vous  ne  parlez  plus 
louder>)   The  same  captwn, 
'eplied,  "  Tai  toi,  nous  serons 
je  overheai-d  and  discovered!) 
caution,  retired. 
e  another  hair-breadth  escape. 
»g,  two  French  deserters  were 
commanded  by  Captain  Smitli, 
orthern  shore.    They  told  him 
cpected  that  night  to  receive  a 
it  down  the  river  in  boats  from 
anded  by  M.  de  Bougainville, 
ieck,  and  perceiving  the  Eng- 
mg  down  the  river  in  the  dark, 
oise,  declaring  that  they  were 


navt  of  the  expected  convoy.  Captwn  Smi*.  who  was  ig- 
K  of  GeneWl  Wolfe's  design,  bel^vmg  the.r  f^^^^ 
had  actually  given  orders  to  point  the  guns  at  the  British 
t^p^i  wlJn^he  general,  percemng  «  c»'«™«f  «XK 
rowed  alongside  in  person,  and  prevented  tlie  «;«:|^»^««' 
which  would  have  alirmed  the  town,  and  entirely  frustrated 

*''HS''f«rt«n»tely  escaped  these  difficulties,  the  boat^ 
rfided  cenUy  along ,  but,  owing  to  the  rapidity  of  the  tide 

KeCLss  of  the  night.  tLy  P-- ^^^Se  b'eSw 
had  been  fixed  on,  and  the  troops  were  landed  a  little  below, 
J^e  spot  wiSch  as  we  have  motioned,  still  bears  the  naine 
of  Wolfe's  Cove.     The  gallant  gene.*l  immediately  sprang 

onshore,  and  was  followed  in  <'l'^"<=«/y  fi  a3;esTSd 
runred  precipices,  full  of  projccUons  of  rocks,  and  *  eesana 
Ss  (Sowing  everywhere  among  the  cl.l  s  into  which  the 
S  wrbrof  en,  presented  a  most  fo^'^«l^"?^^PP^»;^^^ 
nnd  General  Wolfe,  tamiliarly  speaking  to  an  otticer  «  «  9to<^ 
near  him.  stud,  "I  don't  believe  ^''^^  «  j'^^.P^^^.J^^^ 
Retting  up,  l>ut  you  must  do  .your  endeavo.u-.  There  was 
f^ty  a^naS;>w  patb,  Icadinir  obliquely  up  the  h.  .  «nd  f.«n 
this^vasintren4ed,anddcti.ndedbyac«ptuln•sguard.  These 

difficulties  did  not  abate  the  hopes  o»  the  geneml,  or  Uie  ar- 
dour of  tiie  troops.  Tl.c  light  infantry  under  Colonel  Howe. 
a^"nghold ofsluM.ps and  bougli.  of  Uc.s,  P"ll<--d themselves 
uoTlodscdthe  guards,  and  cleared  the  path.  1  he  rest  of 
Z  soE  sunnouuling  cve.y  difficulty,  gained  the  top  of 
the  hilt  and  as  fast  >*.  thoy  a:«;endcd,  formed  tl.cmselves,  so 
tliat  thev  were  all  in  order  of  battle  at  day-break. 

Monlcalm,  when  he  heard  that  the  Eughsh  l';f  »»penJ«J 
the  hill,  and  were  fovn.cd  on  the  lugl.  gi-ound  f  the  ^ack  of 
the  town,  seal  celv  credited  the  intelligence,  and  still  beheved 
i  a  feint  to  induce  him  to  abandon  that  strong  P»*t.  **"«^ 
hud  been  the  object  of  all  the  real  attem{>t.  that  Jad  beea 
made  since  the  beginning  of  tht  campaign.  But  he  was 
""o^and  fataUy  for\ini,  undeceived.  He  saw  cleariyti.^ 
the  English  fleet  and  army  were  in  such  a  situation,  that  the 
upper  5nd  lower  towuo  might  be  attacked  m  conceit,  and 
"hauio^ng  but  a  battle  could  prevent  it.  Accordingly,  he 
determined  to  emfuge  hi- enemy  without  delay,  ="'d  H»^t«.^ 
Ueauport,  crossed  liie  river  St.  Charles,  andfurinea  his  Uoopt 
oppoite  to  those  of  General  Wolfe.    . 


204 


^VKBCC— 'IIIITORr. 


Led  on  by  such  coimnanders,  the  battle,  « it  was  etidcr^ 
it  nf^t  be,  w«  contested  on  both  sides  with  unepmp  ed 
b»vS  and  skill.    About  nine  o'clock  in  the  mommg,  the 
i3^vanced  to  the  charge,  with  &^»t  order  and  mac.^ 
ty,  though  their  fire  was  irregular  and  'neffcrtual.    On  the 
contrary:  the  British  forces  reserved  their  shot  until  the 
^eSad  approached  within  forty  yards  ot  their  line:  they 
tt[en  poured  ^n  a  terrible  discharge,  and  continued  the  fire 
wTth  Lch  deliberation  and  spirit,  as  couW  not  fail  to  pro- 
dTe  a  very  considemble  tffect.  General  Wolfe  wa.  station, 
ed  on  th^right,  at  the  head  of  his  favounte  regiment  and 
a  cZs  of  S«««liers,  .There  the  attack  was  mort  warm. 
^Tst^  wnspicuJus  in  the  front  of  the  Une,  he  had  been 
^ed  at  by  the  enemy's  marksmen,  and  received  a  shot  m 
tiie  wrist,  ^hich  however,  did  not  oblige  him  to  quit  the 
field      Havinir  wrapped  a  handkerchief  round  his  hand,  he 
continuK^inThl^orders  without  the  lei«temoUon,  and 
Svanced  afthe^ead  of  t^e. grenadiers,  with  thjrbayoneU 
fixed,  when  another  ball  pierced  the  breast  of  the  young 
hero.    It  was  not  till  that  moment,  that  he  9«»"n'««d  to  ^^ 
carried  into  the  rear  of  the  line ,  he  was  no  longer  able  to 
S,  and  ?eined  his  head  upon  the  shoulder  of  a  heutenan^ 
Tho  Lt  down  for  the  purpose ,  when,  bemg  «««"«d  by  the 
distant  sound  of"theyfly,they  fly!'' he  eagerly  Mke4"^^^^^^ 
fly  ?"  and  being  told  it  was  the  French,  he  "=?»««!,  "then  I 
die  happy."    He  asked  to  be  sustained  on  his  feet,  that  he 
might  Snce  more  behold  the  field,  but  his  eyes  were  akeady 
TwEng  in  death,  his  vision  was  gone,  and  he  expured  on 

^'Tmde  stone  marks  the  place  where  the  hero  drew  W. 
last  breath  •  and  every  wandering  ttiiveller  is  anxious  to  bear 
atay^lSt^ent!  J?>ich  may  remind  him  of  the  emotions 
tliat^filled  his  breast,  as  he  lingered  p..  tlus  scene  of  long  pasl 
Clory.  The  phUanthropist  and  phdosopher  may  pity  or  de- 
spis;  the  feelings  which  arc  excited  wh^"  we  contempla  e 
the  death  of  a  gallant  warrior,  on  the  field  of  battle,  and  in 
tJe  moment  of%icto,y.  but  t»»ey  are  feedings  imptented^n 
our  nature,  whichcannot  be  repressed;  the  memory  of  his 
^loitsbfondly  dwelt  on,  long  '^ter  the  soWier  has  mod- 
de^  into  dust 'and  perhaps  every  manly  bowm  has  knowi 

the  moment  when  it  swelled  with  the;"'""  •!j*'\«£;XM^f 
ham,  that,  to  press  some  well  fought  and  hard  won  field  of 


RIITOKT. 

I,  the  battle,  a«  it  was  eridcnl 
both  sides  with  unexampled 
le  o'clock  in  the  monung,  the 
e,  with  great  older  and  vivaci- 
jular  and  ineflTectual.    On  the 
reserved  thew  shot  until  the 
\  forty  yards  of  their  line:  they 
charge,  and  continued  the  fire 
pint,  a»  couW  not  fwl  to  pro- 
it.  General  Wolfe  was  station- 
l  of  his  favourite  regiment  and 
;  the  attack  was  most  warm, 
e  front  of  the  line,  he  had  been 
ksmen,  and  received  a  shot  in 
id  not  oblige  him  to  quit  the 
ndkerchief  round  his  hand,  he 
ivithout  the  least  emotion ;  and 
rrenadiers,  with  their  bayonets 
erced  the  breast  of  the  young 
>ment,  that  he  submitted  to  be 
line !  he  was  no  longer  able  to 
jon  the  shoulder  of  a  lieutenant, 
e ;  when,  being  aroused  by  the 
ey  fly ! "  he  eagerly  asked,  **  who 
he  French,  he  replied,  "then,  I 
be  sustained  on  his  feet,  that  he 
field,  but  his  eyes  were  abeady 
n  was  gone,  and  he  expired  on 

place  where  the  hero  drew  Wi* 
ering  traveller  is  anxious  to  bear 
ay  remind  him  of  the  emotions 
ngered  on  tlijs  scene  of  long  past 
and  plillosopher  may  pity  or  de- 
e  excited  when  we  contemplate 
or,  on  the  field  of  battle,  and  in 
t  tl»ey  are  feelings  implanted  in 
le  repressed?  the  memory  of  his 
long  after  the  soldier  has  moul- 
ts every  manly  bosom  has  known 
I  with  the  wish  of  the  gallant  Gr«- 
rell  fought  and  hard  won  field  of 


DKiTH  OF   MOSTCALM. 


305 


i.attle.  and  to  die  with  the  shout  of  victory  in  our  ears,  would 
be  worth  dying  for— would  be  worth  having  lived  for. 

In  the  plaudiU  of  the  victorious  hero,  let  us  not  forget  Ins 
noble  antagonist.  Montcalm  was  mortally  wounded  »t  the 
head  of  his  troops.  He  survived  long  enough  to  wiite  a  let- 
ter,  with  hii  own  hand,  to  the  Englisli  general,  recommend- 
ing  the  French  prisonere  to  his  humanity ;  and,  when  in- 
formed that  his  wound  was  moital,  he  exprcMcd  great  satis- 
faction that  he  should  ntk  live  to  see  the  fidl  of  Quebec. 
.Montcalm's  second  in  command.  General  Scnezcrgus,  also 
died  of  his  wounds.  ,  .     ,.  i  _    r 

The  victory  was  of  course  followed  by  the  surrender  ot 
Quebec,  and  soon  after  by  the  subjugation  of  the  entnc  pro- 
vince :  it  thus  becomes  an  important  feature  m  the  history  ot 
America ;  as  it  terminated  a  long  course  of  bloody  wars,  aiul 
even  contributed,  in  no  small  degree,  to  the  general  pacifi- 
caUon  of  Europe.    In  the  following  spnng.  Monsieur  Lev., 
with  a  considerable  army,  leaving  his  encampment  at  Mont- 
real, proceeded  down  to  Quebec,  in  order  to  attempt  its  re- 
covenr  from  the  English.   General  Murray,  who  comnwnded 
ill  the  city,  on  his  approach  marched  out  to  meet  hrni?  anU 
on  the  28th  of  April,  1760.  a  bloody  batt  e  occurred,  three 
miles  above  Quebec,  at  Sillety ;  the  English  army,  very  much 
inferior  in  numbers  to  the  French,  was  severely  defeated, 
with  the  loss  of  one  thousand  men ;  and  the  I  rench,  it  is  said, 
suffered  still  more.  The  EnitUsh  retreated  into  the  town ,  ui^- 
on  which  the  French  immediately  invested  it,  and  very  possi- 
hlv  would  have  reduced  it,  but  for  the  arrival  of  an  bnglish 
squadron,  with  reinforcements,  when  they  abandoned  the 
sieee,  and  retired  up  the  river.  ,^     ,       r 

NoUiine  interesting  occurred  in  the  history  of  Quebec,  from 
this  peri^,  until  the  time  of  oui-  revolutionary  war,  when 
we  tave  again  to  record  the  death  of  a  hero  beneath  its  walls. 
In  the  latter  p^irt  of  the  year  1775,  the  provincial  Congress 
determined  no  longer  to  act  on  the  defensive  against  Uic 
British,  but  to  cany  the  war  into  the  Canadas.  1  here  were 
many  circumstances  which  pointed  out  tiie  propnety  ot  such 
a  course.  Geneial  Carleton,  a  man  of  great  energy  and  en- 
terprise, had  been  sent  out  with  extraordinary  powers,  such 
as  no  Kovemor  before  hiin  had  ever  been  mtnisted  with.  It 
was  iMOwn  that  he  was  exerting  aU  his  efforts  to  excite  the 
Canadians  and  Indians,  and  stimulate  them  to  arms  against 
S 


206  *BIB1C — HI»TOB». 

the  colonies.    The  dispositions  of  the  people  of  Canada  were 
well  known  sUU  to  be  French  at  heart,  and  even  somewhat 
Se     U  was  known,  besides,  that  they  cherished  a  sullen 
dts^ontcnt  on  account  of  the  Quebec  Act,  J«*t  passed  by 
tl^BS  Parliament,  which,  though  favourable  to  the.r 
reLion  replaced  them  in  their  ancient  dependence  towards 
Jhe  nobles!  whom  they  detested.  In  addition  to  these  advan- 
taees,  which  the  moment  offered,  the  province  of  Canudu 
wL^iXmished  with  troops  of  the  line:  they  having  all 
bein  S  to  Boston.    And  above  all.  Congress  had  been 
hiformed   that,  in  the  following  spring,  the  government  was 
to  S  a  erind  effort  from  this  quarter,  that  numerous 
forcM,  armsfand  munitions,  would  be  poured  into  it,  in 
oXr  to  auapkthe colonies  intheback:  «7P«»^^' ^J^J' 
if  not  seasonably  prevented,  m.gh    produce  fe*^  «=»"^^ 
auences.    In  addition  to  this,  Ticonderoga  and  Crown  Point 
were  bo*  in  Uie  possession  of  the  Americans,  and  the  EngUsh 
^prshuTup  in  Boston,  and  occupied  wth  their  own  de- 
S,  were  in  no  situation  to  carry  succours  into  a  part  so  re- 
mote from  the  provinces  of  the  confederation. 

AUThese  favourable  circumstances  co-operating,  it  was 
defern^iied  to  sen,'  an  army  into  Canada,  and  Genemls  Mont- 
SSS  Schuyler,  with  three  thousand  men,  were  direct- 
Id  to  proceed  on  the  enterprise.  The  latter,  however,  owing 

to  £K  was  detained  aj  Albany ,  ''f  „t'-^-"^- ^""^^"hl 
of  the  expedition  devolved  on  General  Montgomenr.  The 
first  obioct  of  attack  was  St.  John,  on  the  river  Sorel.  which 
w"sSrmoned  by  two  regiment^  and  well  suppbed  with 
rmmEn.  stores  and  arWlery.  After  a  siege  of  hve  weeks 
Te  place  st^endered  at  discretion  to  the  Americans.  They 
luoCk  ChambU,  a  small  fort  in  the  "«'&  '^ouriiood,  and 
mashed  on  to  Montreal,  of  which,  being  ""^f  "f.f/.f  «^' 
eomeiy  took  possession,  without  resistance.  In  aU  his  miU- 
SrSeratio^  however,  in  all  that  he  wrote  and  spoke. 
S  in  all  his^tions,  this  noble  officer  behaved  w.Ui  an  ur- 
banity and  nobleness  of  spirit,  which  captivated  the  affections 
of  foes  as  well  as  friends.  At  Montreal,  a  place  tliat  could 
demnd  of  rig^^^^^^  he  published  a  voluntary  mam- 

•  festo  in  whic^  he  declared,  that  the  Continental  army  hav- 
£g  ;  Jenerous  disdain  of  every  act  of  0PP'^<=««««  »»i  ^"^ 
knee,  and  liaving  come  for  the  express  purpose  of  giving 
Ky  Ind  securV,  he  tlierefore  pledged  his  honour,  to 


IISTOBr. 

of  the  people  of  Canada  werf 
it  heart,  and  even  somewhat 

that  they  cherished  a  sullen 
Quebec  Act,  just  passed  by 
1,  though  favourable  to  their 
r  ancient  dependence  towards 
1.  In  addition  to  these  advan- 
red,  the  province  of  Canada 
of  the  line :  they  having  all 
above  all.  Congress  had  been 
g  spring,  the  government  was 

this  quarter ;  that  numerous 
would  be  poured  into  it,  in 
the  back:  an  operation,  which, 

might  produce  fatal  conse- 
Ticonderoga  and  Crown  Point 
the  Americans;  and  the  English 
I  occupied  with  their  own  de- 
jarry  succours  into  a  part  so  re- 
B  confederation, 
mstances  co-operating,  it  was 
to  Canada;  and  Generals  Mont- 
ree  thousand  men,  were  direct- 
»e.  The  latter,  however,  owing 
ilbany ;  and  the  entire  conduct 
m  General  Montgomeiy.    The 
John,  on  the  river  Sorel,  which 
nents,  and  well  supplied  with 
ry.  After  a  siege  of  five  weeks 
rction  to  the  Americans.    They 
urt  in  the  neighbourhood,  and 
hich,  being  undefended,  Mont- 
lout  resistance.     In  all  his  miU- 

all  that  he  wrote  and  spoke, 
ble  officer  behaved  witli  an  ur- 
,  which  captivated  the  aftections 
it  Montreal,  a  place  tliat  could 
he  published  a  voluntary  mam- 

that  the  Continental  army  hav- 
ivery  act  of  oppression  and  vio- 
the  express  purpose  of  giving 
:refore  pledged  his  honour,  to 


STFSOITIOH  OV  MOSTOOMIRT. 

mainfciin  in  the  pe.iceable  possession  of  their  property  of 
every  kind,  the  individuals  and  religious  communities  of  the 
c.tv  He  cnKaeed  to  secure  to  all  the  mhabitanU  the  free 
tmc  of  tTielr  religion ;  hoped  that  the  cml  and  religious 
riX  of  all  the  Canadians  would  be  estabbshed  upon  the 
most  permanent  footing  by  a  provincial  ""]?"*>  *"^P'^' 
mWd  that  courts  of  justice  should  be  speedily  established. 
IJZtlie  most  libcra'l  plan,  confomwbly  to  the  British  con- 

'^T  Montreal,  Montgomery-  was  enabled  to  supply  hU 
troops  with  clothing  and  militaiy  stoi-es ,  but  sUll  far  from 
uTeir  homes,  and  in  an  enemy's  country  and  a  severe  climate, 
they  murmured  at  their  hardships,  and  even  in  many  instan- 
ces became  anxious  to  return ;  by  these  means,  the  wmy,  al- 
readv  small,  and  greatly  reduced  by  the  garrisons  left  in  the 
dSrenTtowns,  w^as  diminished  to  four  hundred  men,  wrth 
which  the  dauntless  general  determined  to  pursue  his  course 
to  Quebec.  His  elastic  genius  arose  the  stronger  with  each 
successive  obstacle,  and  he  seems  in  a  degree  to  have  im- 
Darted  it  to  his  litUe  army.  Their  march  *" '»  ^'nt"- 
through  bad  roads  and  a  severe  climate !  beneath  the  fall  of 
the  fi«t  snows,  and  therefore  made  under  great  hardships; 
these,  however,  they  encountered  with  undaunted  resolu- 
tion, and  arrived  witli  incredible  expedition  at  Quebec 

In  the  meantime,  the  American  government  had  deter™": 
ed  to  support  Montgomery  from  another  quwter.  Colonel 
Arnold,  who  successfully  conducted  this  bold  undertaking, 
acquired  from  it  the  name  of  the  American  Hannibal  He 
was  detached,  with  a  thousand  men,  from  Cambr.dffc,  to 
Jeneti^te  into  Canada,  by  ascending  the  mer  Kennebeck. 
and  descending  by  the  Clumdiere,  to  the  nyer  St.  Lawrence. 
Great  were  thf  difeeulties  these  t..,ops  had  to  encounter  in 
marchinr  by  an  unexplored  route,  three  hundred  mdes, 
UirSh^n  ^uninhabited  country.  They  were  often  com- 
pelled.  by  cataracts  or  other  impediments,  to  land,  and  to 
haul  thei/batteaux  «P«Pid  streams  and  over  Wis  of  m^«^ 
Nor  was  their  march  V  land  more  ehgible  than  this  pas^ge 
bv  water.    They  had  deep  swamps,  thick  woods,  difficult 

mSns,  anKragey  Ap'<^t  ^''^''^'^fy ^fJ^^ 
At  some  places  they  had  to  cut  their  way,  for  miles  together, 
throws,  &  so  Aick,  that  their  progress  was  only  tour  o^ 
fi»r.SiiesTday.    The  consUnt  fatigue  caused  many  to  fall 


208 


((UIBSC— BISTORT. 


Il> 


«ck.  Oncthird  of  the  number  which  set  out.  was,  from 
want  of  necessaries,  obUged  to  return;  while  the  rest  pro- 
ceeded  wUh  Sated  fo%tude  and  constancy.  ^  Prov.»«om 
™w  at  Su  so  scarce,  that  some  of  the  men  eat  their  dogs, 
fl^ouKScVbrecches,  and  shoes.  Ha^-ing  spent  thirty- 
^f„.  ^  t^veHdni  a  hideous  wilderness,  without  ever 
L"ein?KhSrrhi'*ey  *t  length  reached  the  inhabit- 
Td  yy SaSniiere'they  were  weU  recejyed,  and 

Jjery?  JKuie  3d  of  December  eflfectedajuncuon  with  i 

h;orh\?rvrbdb« -the  town,  the  Americ«»  gene«J  ] 
wi«te  a  letter  to  the  British  governor,  recommending  an 
Kei'tet^nder.  to  preveSTthe  dre«lful  con»equ^ce, 
rf"  stomt  but  the  firmness  of  the  governor  could  notbe 
J  T;»A«  hv  threats  or  danffers-     The  Americans  soon  i 

eijrht  hundred  were  miUtia,  and  four  hundred  and  fifty  sea- 
min  bdowrinir  to  the  king's  frigates  or  merchant  ships  in  the 
a^  xKst  wereWii^s.  regulars^  ""'itXht 
^miwants  The  American  army  consisted  of  about  eight 
huXd  men  i  some  having  been  left  at  Montreal,  and  new 
i^Sof  Coirdeuchrtent,  as  has  been  related,  having 

'^r^S^n^SK^oprogn^.w.sn^emth^^,  Uiei 

i^lhiTKcearinSa'S^e'^S^^^^^^ 

th«e  who  wew  attacked  with  it  should  wear  a  spngof  hem- 


'^W-g'  ?P 


BISTOKT. 

ler  which  set  out,  was,  from 
[o  return ;  while  the  rest  pro- 
le and  constancy.     Provisions 
lome  of  the  men  eat  their  dogs, 
I  shoes.    Having  spent  thirty- 
eoua  wilderness,  without  ever 
r  at  length  reached  the  inhabit- 
they  were  well  received,  and 
cessary  for  their  comfort.    The 
mazement,  when  they  saw  this 
le  wilderness.  It  had  never  en- 
t  was  possible  for  human  beings 
ds.    Having  reached  tlie  shore 
1  awaited  the  arrival  of  Mont-  ^ 
cember  effected  a  junction  with  | 

\e  town,  the  American  general 
\i  governor,  recommending  an 
vent  the  dreadful  consequences 
I  6[  the  governor  could  not  be 
dangers.     The  Americans  soon  ! 
dment,  with  five  small  mortars, 
In  a  few  days,  General  Mont- 
battery,  at  the  dwtance  of  seven  j 
Is }  but  his  metal  was  too  bght  to 
garrison  of  Quebec,  at  this  time, ; 
indred  and  twenty  men,  ot  which 
,  and  four  hundred  and  fifty  sea. 
s  frigates  or  merchant  ships  m  the 
uffines,  regulars,  or  newly  raised 
t  army  consisted  of  about  eight 
g  been  left  at  Montreal,  and  neat 
Aent,  as  has  been  reUted,  having  j 

jgress  was  made  in  the  siege ;  the 
»ld  to  incredible  hardships ;  the 
y,  incumbered  the  earth  5  and  the  \ 
that  it  was  bevond  human  nature 
eld.  To  rende'r  their  position  sUU 
ox  broke  out  in  tiie  <»mp  :  *•' 
the  solders.  It  waa  ordered,  that 
wth  it  should  wear  a  spng  of  hem 


ATTACK  OV  MOSTOOMEBT. 


309 


lock  upon  their  hats,  that  the  others  misfht  know  and  avoid 
th^em     These  circumstances  persuaded  Montgomery,  that 
wiTout  a  bold  and  immediate  effort,  he  must  "-enounce  the 
Tdeaof  satisfving  public  expectation,  and  witness  the  eclipse 
of  Wsown  gfory    Accordingly,  having  determined  to  attempt 
S^eWult,  he  convoked  a  council  of  war,  and  acquainted 
Se,n^?h  his  project.    Without  denying  tiiat  it  was  of  diffi- 
ciSrexecution,  he  maintained  that  it  was  pos«b  c.  and  that 
vXur  and  pn^dence  would  triumph  over  all  obstacles.     A^l 
lere  in  favour  of  his  proposition.    His  plan  was  to  mak*^  fo« 
pohus  of  attack ;  two  feinU  against  the  waUs  of  the  "pper 
Cn.  one  at  St.  John's  gate,  and  the  oUier  near  tiie  Citadel; 
and  two  real  assaults,  each  from  the  lower  town,  but  on  op- 
Site  sides.    One  of  these  attacks  was  to  be  led  by  himself. 
Snde?  Cape  Diamond,  Uie  other  by  Colonel  Arnold,  around 

bv  the  river  St.  Charles.  .„i„„i, 

%  ebstdayoftheyear  1775.  between  four  and  five  o  clock 
in  the  moniing,  in  the  midst  of  a  heavy  stonn  of  «"«*•  t^e 
four  columns  put  themselves  in  motion,  in  the  best  order,  each 
Ss  Ihe  Joint  assigned.     It  is  said  tijat  Captam  Fn«er. 
of  the  Irish  emigrants,  in  going  his  round,  Perceived  the  fu- 
gees  which  the  Americans  fired  to  frive  tlie  signal  j  and  that 
immediately,  without  waiting  for  further  commands,  he  orfer- 
^^hfdrun;  to  beat,  and  roused  the  F«-n»°"  .t°  «™f-   ^J^ 
columns  assigned  to  execute  the  feint^  impeded  by  snow  and 
otiier  obstacles,  were  not  in  time  to  effect  tiieir  purpo^-  But 
Montgomery,  at  tiie  head  of  his  party,  composed  chiefly  of 
NewTork  men,  advanced  upon  the  bank  of  the  nver.  march- 
ing  by  the  way  denominateS  Anse  de  Mer,  under  Cape  Dia- 
mond^ Here  he  encountered  a  first  barrier,  at »  pl*cc  caUed 
Polasse,  which  was  defended  by  a  battery  ot  a  few  P'^ces  of 
cannon ,  further  on,  at  the  distance  of  two  hundred  paces 
irom  this,  stood  a  redoubt,  furnished  with  a  auffic.ent  guard. 
The  soldiers  that  composed  it,  being  tiie  greater  part  Cana- 
dians, on  seeing  the  enemy  approac\  were  seized  with  ter- 
roMhrew  do«^  tiieir  arms  and  fled.    The  battery  itself  was 
abandoned ,  and  if  tiie  Americans  could  have  advanced  with 
sufficient  expedition,  they  would  certoin^y  J^e  been  mastew 
of  it:  but  iJi  turning  Cape  Diamond,  Ae  f«»t  °f^^»L^ 
batiied  by  tiie  waters  of  tfce  river,  tiiey  found  tiie  road  "ter- 
mpted  by  enormous  masses  of  snow.   Montgomery,  witii  his 
own  hands,  ende»vour«d  to  open  a  patii  for  his  troops,  who 
s2 


810 


ftUSBBC— HMTOIir. 


could  only  Mow  him  man  by  man:  and  he  wu  .compelled  to 
w,at  wWle  they  aU  asMmbled.  At  length,  havnig  collected 
Zut  two  hunkd.  whom  he  encoura,ted  w«th  !»«  vo^ce  and 
example,  he  moved  courageously  and  ~P><"X  *?*■"» J^^ 
bS  In  the  meantime,  a  cannonier  who  had  retreated 
ft^  (he  battery,  on  weing  the  enemy  hJt.  returned  to  lus 
no.(L  aS  UkinK  a  match,  which  happened  to  be  rtiU  bum- 
C  fiS  aSSLn  dwrSsd  with  gmpe^ot,  the  American 
we?eSJ^^Sp«c«rThi.  «ngte  and  almort  accidental 
Tj^fo^wXlKxtinguiahed  the  hope,  they  had  conceived. 
Stwmenr?M  weU  iScaptaini  Macphcrwn  and  Cheeaman, 
bShfoun?™"  of  ringulSr  merit,  and  dear  to  the  general, 

"^WI^fieL"  ?;enr;ere  occurin,  at  thi.  poin^  Colonel 
ArToUL  at  tkw  head  of  about  three  hundred  and  fifty  men, 
™d  thrcSjh  sTRoaue*.  and  approached  on  h«sjf e  nea 
iiw^  jrun  bStteiy,  without  being  discovered.  Thii  he  at- 
tacWnd.  thoirfi  it  was  weU  defended.  ««?ed  it ,  birt 
S^nridlJrable  U  In  the  attack,  however,  he  ^ceived 
a  wound  which  made  it  necesMuy  to  cany  him  off  the  hcia 
of  tatUe.  lU.p«tyneverthelc«r  continued  the  aawult.  «id 
nuaWM  on  made  tliemselve.  maiter.  of  a  «5cond  barrier:  hei« 
?£ K^  «utained  the  force  of  the  whole  garrison, 
forthwc  holTbut  finding  them^slves  hemmed  in  and  w. J- 

S^thrpea  either  of  «icc^  reUef.  Z'f'^VtSi^^m- 
to  numW  and  the  advantageoua  situation  of  their  adversa- 

"*The  sDot  on  which  Montgomery  feU  U  still  pointed  out, 
aJS^  |1^  arid  noblenli.of  spirit  ar«  ^«me^^^^^ 
While  in  his  own  coun  Jy  the  intelligence  of  his  death  was 
^'i^eJTwiih  fedini,-  '%that  of  W  any  o^er  num 
could  have  excited,  K  was  his  remarkable  lot  to  wce're  at 
Steime  moment  fhnn  itaenemio.  th^:f•r2f'*,*"^°S.X 
«  ThVmnrt  Doweifu\  sneakers  in  the  British  Parbament,  dis- 
pSrd'S/^l^^c'ffpnusing  hU  virtde.  «d  Umie^^ 
Kk  fate  A  mk  orator,  and  veteran  feUow^ldier  ot  hia  in 
SL  S^n^ir"  shedabundwice  of  tears.  w^J^he  ^ 
^  on  their  past  friendship,  and  participation  « J^^f 
SXt  sLon  o/eTterpriae  and  renown.  anJ  even  the  minis- 
tet  extidled  his  glories." 

Sunt  hlcetiam  sua  praenualauct 
lunt  lacrym*  reruffl,  et  mcntem  mortaba  Ungunt. 


■UTOBT. 

nan:  and  he  was  compelled  to 
At  length,  having  collected 
>ncouraKed  with  hia  voice  and 
uHly  and  rapidly  towards  the 
cannonier  who  had  retreated 
e  enemy  hah,  returned  to  his 
jh  happened  to  be  atill  bum- 
th  gmpe^ot  1  the  Americans 
I  single  and  almost  accidental 
the  hopes  they  had  conceived. 
ns  Macpherson  and  Chcesman, 
lent,  and  dear  to  the  general, 

ceuring  at  this  point.  Colonel 
three  hundred  and  fifty  men, 
id  approached  on  his  ride  near 
eing  discovered.  Thij  he  at- 
irell  defended,  carried  it;  but 
I  attack,  however,  he  received 
gsary  to  cany  him  off  the  field 
iless  continued  the  assault,  and 
nasters  of  a  second  barrier :  here 
le  force  of  the  whole  garrison, 
emselves  hemmed  in,  and  with- 
elief,  or  retreat,  yielded  at  last 
;eous  situation  of  their  adversa- 

omery  feU  U  still  pointed  out, 
ss  of  spirit  are  still  remembered, 
e  intelligence  of  his  death  was 
that  of  scarcely  any  other  man 
s  remarkable  lot  to  receive  at 
lemies  tiie  warmest  eulopums. 
» in  the  British  Parliament,  dis- 
uung  his  virtdes  and  lamentmg 
i  veteran  fellow-solder  of  his  m 
ndance  of  tears,  whilst  he  expa- 
ip,  and  participation  of  service 
nd  renowoj  and  even  the  nuiua- 

iia  praenua  laucU 
mcntem  mottaSa  tangunt. 


nczBtc— aisToar. 


Sit 


Since  this  fatal  conflict,  Quebec  has  not  been  visited  by 
an  opposing  army,  and  may  the  ilay  be  long  distant,  when 
such  heroes  as  Montgomery  and  Wolfe  shaU  agam  expire  be- 
n(>ath  its  walls ! 


t 


■•»l»"¥"»"ff^p" 


n.! 


IIOtTB   muM    MOtmtJH   TCI    lliAHT. 


i 


MONTREAL  TO  ALBANY. 

M.       M. 
MoHTIIKlt  to  g 

LaVrairic '  g  j^ 

Half.Way  House .  g  22 

9t.  Jol'"'" '.'.".  10  32 

ItrP-^ranaente-rt^c  united  State.  11  43 

plattsbiiitc .    .    18      88 

DurJinpftcin I    ...    14    102 

Kssex .    .    10    112 

North-West  Hay ]    .    .     10    122 

j'rown  Point .15    137 

Ticonderoga !    ".    23     160 

AVhitehall .     12    172 

Tort  Anne    -    -    » 4    176 

KiniTHbury '.'.'.'.-      5    181 

Sandy  Hill    "    "    •,  * 

Cross  Northern  Canal  ^    193 

Fort  Edward 3     186 

Cross  Moss  Kill ^      3     189 

Fort  Miller \     jqq 

Cross  Hudson  River 4    194 

Fish  Creek '       j     195 

Saratoffa  -    - '.'.'..      6    201 

Bemiss*  Heights    -    -    ■    -  ^    .^^j^ 

Stillwater     -    ■--•;'.•.::      4    209 
Anthony's  Kill  -    -    ■    •  g    317 

Waterford g    219 

Lansiiigburg 4    223 

Troy '.'.'.'.      6    229 

AtBAJTT 


mm 


irntjn  TCI  ii*k»t. 


»T.  t*l»«MtI— fBAMitl— «T. 


joas  •• 


m 


From  M»NTB»Ai  to  Albart. 

OS  leaving  Montiial  for  St.  John'ii,  we  may  croM  over 
nthcr  to  La  Prairie,  wliich  is  the  most  umial,  or  to  Lrni^unl, 
tile  »horti  >»  paasagc.  Hy  l.ntli  romU,  ti.e  journey  i»  an  iriter- 
estinir  one  of  about  twinty  miles,  tlu-ouKli  a  perfectly  level 
country,  fertile,  well  cultivated,  coMSKlcrably  populoun,  and 
«  ui  d  with  very  neat  and  comfortaUlc  white  houuci,  con- 
II  v;tpd  in  ircneral  of  hi;wn  lojjx.  The  hams,  frfijuently  ol 
a  larire  «i»c,  arc  usually  built  in  the  same  manner ;  but  the 
want  ot  |,c.od  frame-work  i»  veiy  obvious  in  their  IrequenUy 
Ji»turt«-''  ippearancc.  .     ,      •        o  — i    »4. 

On  1  road  from  J>onpieil,  wc  reach  the  nver  Sorcl,  at 
the  low,,  of  St.  Jo»eph,  or  ChamhU,  where  it  spreacU  .nto  a 
considerable  basin,  adorned  with  Htveral  i.!cU,  and  rusbci 
over  a  rocky  bottom,  so  as  to  form  a  pretty  though  not  im- 
petuous  rapid.  These  rocks  are  a  tlat  secondary  limestone, 
covered  by  slate.  Just  above  the  village,  is  an  interesung; 
remnant  of  the  old  French  dominion.  It  is  a  snuare  (ort  ot , 
stone,  probably  forty  feet  hiRh,  and  two  hundred  fceton  the 
(rroiind,  alonir  each  side :  it  ha.s  square  towers,  projecting 
from  each  of  ita  angles,  so  that  every  approach  to  it  couia 
be  completely  enfiladed  by  three  tiers  oi  cannon. 

The  French  militiiry  works  in  these  provinces  are  liighly 
respectable,  considerin)?  the  immaturity  of  the  countiy  when 
they  were  erected,  and  the  length  uf  time  tliat  has  elabi^d 
since  most  of  them  were  constmcted.  The  [0^,  "f.  F«=''''*P' 
it  miirht  be  more  properly  termed  the  castle,  ot  Chamwe, 
has  tTie  date  of  1711.  cut  in  the  stone  near  Uie  P«rtcu'™- 
This  fortress  was  taken,  as  we  have  mentioned,  m  I77a,  oy 
General  Montgomery,  on  his  march  to  Quebec. 

Leaving  Chambl^,  we  pass  on  the  nght,  the  ground  virhcre 
the  lance  encampment  was  formed  during  the  Uwt  war,  tnw 
being  a  great  militaiy  station.  The  road  then  courses  alon? 
the  shore  of  the  river  for  twelve  miles,  to  St.  John  a.  ine 
country  is  beautiful  and  fertile,  the  population  numerouj, 
and  the  whole  ride  interesting.  The  cottages  appear  nea^ 
comfortable  and  warm ;  almost  every  moment,  you  meet 
cheerful  looking  peasants,  driving  their  htUe  carts  f  cAo-- 
^'tttsj  drawn  by  horses  of«UminuUvc  size,  the  men  generally 


i!U       WW  AIJX  NOIX— BOIISS'8  POIST— PUTrsBuao. 

stondinjrup  in  the  cart,  with  their  lighted  pipes  in  their 
Shsf  »nd  red  or  blue  sashes,  and  Ug  corneal  wooUen 

•=Tt  i  jSS  the"':;eUer  Ukes  the  steam-boat.  in  which 
he  Dro^eds  up  the  river.  In  ten  miles,  he  reaches  Afe  «« 
Sroirriow  i"Ld  of  about  ninety  acres,  interesting  only  as 
Egimpoi^t  in  time  of  war/ The  l«'ge  barracks^  the 
nuXro? officers  the  imposing  appearance  "f '•^'"P*^ "'.^^ 
camwn  and  the  bustle  of  militarj'  acUvity,  are  strangely 
coSed  witl.  the  dark  and  gloomy  forests  wh.ch  are  spread 

"°Eletn  miles  above  Isle  aux  Noix  ^ng  us  to  ^' 
Point,  the  confluence  of  the  river  Sorel  ^v.th  L«fte  CW 
plain' md  the  boundary  between  Canada  and  the  United 
States.    On  this  promontory  is  a  Urge  and  beautrful  fort, 
fSted  bTour  Jemment,\nd  designed  to  conunand^e 
communication  between  the  nver  and  lake.    The  c°n>m* 
Bto^^who  were  appointed  to  ascertain  the  boundary  line 
bX^n  the  United  States  and  Canada  (setUed  by  t^aty  U> 
run  in  latitude  45°.  from  the  rtate  of  Maine  to  «»«  9t;Law. 
rence)  J»ve  found,  by  an  astronomical  survey,  that  this  fort 
was  a  few  poles  on  the  British  side  of  the  bne. 
^i^Z^  is  now  up  the  lake,  for  twenty-seven  mdes,  to 
PlattebSrrOur  right  i  formed  by  the  shore  of  New-Yor^ 
nmcS  little  els?  than  wUd  mountams,  clothed  with  native 
ES-  on  Ae  left,  we  occasionaDy  see  the  shores  of  Ver. 
S?  Md  aV^er  times,  it  is  bounded  by  the  larp  isknds 
Sh  dusterTthe  noiSiem  part  of  the  lake,  the  isle  o 
ISX^^orth  Hero  ^X^d  the  South  Hero.    P"«i"S«^^ 

Cumberland  Head,  a  bold  P™«»''nt»5y.  ^"•"P"^,^"!?!""*' 
of  secondary  limestone,  we  enter  the  bay  of  Platteburg. 

PWiZi,  the  capital  of  Clinton  county,  «  «'t»«ted  at  tfic 
mwaST^.nac  rfver,  in  north  latitude  **"  f'/J^^  ^f. 
"^longitude  from  the  city  of  New-York ,  one  hundred  and 
Xiinfmilea  north  of  Albany ,  ninety  north  of  Wh« 
one  hundred  and  twenty  east  of  Ogdensburg,  by  «»« joa^ 
and  ninety-Beven  in  a  rfght  line ,  and  thirteen  north  of  Port 
KVnt  Itisanincorpoilted  post  village,  and  contains  up- 
7^  of  three  hundred  houses,  a  bank.  «««  «^bu^»'' ♦'l^^ 
courtJiouse  and  jail,  an  academy,  and  a  number  of  store* 
and  manu&ctories. 


rMiii^mt  t.m.'ft».>.!  i»-..'.iii»i«»'n*  ' 


--•■>;^rijiwfWi'!i!j.»)i»J^i%'W''Wf''W''''' 


POIST — PLlTTSBUae. 

their  lighted  pipes  in  their 
es,  and  long  conical  woollen 

»kes  the  steam-boat,  in  which 
ten  miles,  he  reaches  /««  ««* 
nety  acres,  interesting  only  as 
ir.  The  large  barracks,  the 
ig  appearance  of  i-amparts  and 
lilitai^'  activity,  are  strangely 
loomy  forests  which  are  spread 

ux  Noix  bring  us  to  Bmas't 
river  Sorel  with  Lake  Cham- 
ween  Canada  and  the  United 
is  a  large  and  beautiful  fort, 
and  designed  to  command  the 
river  and  lake.    The  commis- 

0  asccrtsun  the  boundary  line 
d  Canada  (settled  by  treaty  to 
rtate  of  Mwne  to  the  St.  Law- 
ronomic4d  survey,  that  this  foit 

1  fflde  of  the  line. 

lake,  for  twenty-seven  miles,  to 
led  by  the  shore  of  New-York, 
I  mountains,  clothed  with  native 
uuonally  see  the  shores  of  Ver- 
IS  bounded  by  the  large  islands 
1  part  of  the  lake,  the  isle  of 
:ie  South  Hem.    Passing  round 
m'^ntory,  composed  of  flat  Strata 
mer  the  bay  of  Plattsburg. 
Minton  county,  is  situated  at  the 
north  latitude  44°  4^,  and  35^ 
[)f  New-York;  one  hundred  and 
my;  ninety  north  of  Whitehall; 
It  of  Ogdensburg,  by  the  roads, 
ine  ;  and  thirteen  north  of  Port 
post  village,  and  contains  up- 
uses,  a  bank,  one  church,  the 
ademy,  and  a  number  of  stores 


PI.ATti«VRO. 


215 


Ihis  littie  town,  and  its  pleasant  bay,  present  a  scene 
which  must  ever  be  viewed  by  an  American  with  the  rtrong- 
Mt  feelings  of  delight-that  <*  a  double  conflict,  m  which  a 
bSveaTwell-appointed  enemy  was  defeated  at  the  same 
moment  on  land  and  water,  by  a  small  force,  undisc'plui^i, 
unprepared,  and  hastily  collected.  In  1814.  the  Bnt«h  de- 
tcrmined  to  invade  the  countiy,  on  the  same  plan  by  which 
BuiKoyne  had  attemptedit  about  forty  years  before.  Sir 
Geofge  Prevost.  with  a  large  force,  was  to  march  along  the- 
shore  and  seize  Plattsburg,  while  a  flotiUa,  ^under  the  com- 
mand  of  Captain  Downie,  consisting  of  several  vessels,  mount- 
Lninety-Ave  guns,  and  having  on  board  upwards  of  one 
thousand  men,  sailed  up  the  kke  to  coH>nerate  with  him. 

When  it  w^  known  at  the  vUlage  tW  the  enemy  had 
crossed  the  frontier,  tiie  place  was  almost  without  defence. 
The  scattered  mUitia  of  the  vicinity  were  iinmediately  sum- 
moned, and  all  hastened  to  throw  up  fortifacations,  and  to 
pS  a  fleet  to  engage  U.at  of  the  enemy..  The  exertions 
male  during  this  anxious  period  are  almost  incredible,  night 
and  day,  the  axe  and  the  hammer  were  at  work,  and  every 
one  threw  aside  all  business  but  that  of  preparing  to  receive 
the  enemy.  As  soon  as  the  report  of  the  invasion  spread 
tlirough  the  countiy,  the  peasantry,  with  their  «««»  of^jf 
implements,  poured  down  from  the  mountains  and  forerts. 
Sr  to  joik  the  little  band  of  soldiers  who  had  already  ^1- 
kctcd  at  the  town-every  employment  v/»b  deserted,  every 
age  was  disregarded— the  moment  demanded  exertion,  and 

it  wxs  not  wanting. 

From  the  gray  sire,  whose  trembling  hand 

Could  scarcely  buckle  on  his  brand. 

To  the  riiw  boy,  whose  shaft  and  bow 

Were  yet  scarce  terror  to  the  crow, 

Each  valley,  each  seqiicster'd  glen, 

Muster'd  its  little  horde  of  men. 

That  met,  as  torrents  from  the  height 

In  highland  dale  theur  streams  unite; 

Still  gathering,  as  they  pour  along, 

A  voice  more  loud,  a  tide  more  strong. 
The  fleet  was  equipped  with  equal  rapidity,  and  moored 
inlhne^ro-llAaJrready  to  i^ceive  .the  enemy    It  coj^ 
sistodof  afew  vessels,  mounting  only  eighty.«ix  guns,  and 


316 


BATTlt   0»   MATTSBrmO. 


Hi 


innned  bv  ewht  hundred  men,  with  the  gJknt  M'Donough 
KSSd  *  Such  was  the  harte  of  P«P»«J«>\***  °^ 
^  AevSi  which  then  entered  into  action  had  been  built 
a^tatSwed  in  *e  space  of  a  fortnight:  eirfiteen  day. 
«»viX  to  the  engagement,  the  timber  of  Wbich  it  w« 
TnlZrtS  Si  beSr^ctualiy  growing  in  the  foreirt  upon 

*^  xSt'J'ct^i^n  the  momihg  of  the  Uth  September 

nine  eniraired  our  flotiJla  at  anchor  m  the  bay  ««  the  town. 
fiX  wSS^nt  of  an  easy  triumph,  but  the  g«l^t  ^^ 
Sh;  in  the  short  spac/  of  two  hours,  compelled  the  large 
vSto  ^ke  their  coloui-8,  whilst  the  galleys  saved  tliem- 
S?bY  Eht    This  glorious  achievement  was  in  full  view 
STe  workl  «>at  had'ieen  hastily  thrown  up  on  the  sho« 
fy  fhe  ZScan  forces,  who  had  Urns  the  sat,s  aeUon  ofj.t 
«.«:«» the  victorv     The  British  army  was  also  so  posted 
SnThfs^ffiheighU.  that  it  co,jld  not  but  behold  t^ 
interwtinK  Btruggle  for  domuuon  on  the  lake.    At  the  same 
hoSn«Mffi^e  fleets  engaged,  the  en«ny  opened  the. 
bSes  on  our  forts,  throwing^mndreds  of  "helU  balls  an 
rodMt.;  and  attempted  at  the  same  time  to  cross  the  Saramc 
Stiteel  Cerent  pWt^  to  assault  the  works :  at  the  upper 
fciA^evwere  met  by  the  militia  and  wlunteers.  and  a^t« 
JSaSd^S^wei;  driven  back  with  conside«ble  loB 
SBtd.  wounded  and  prisoners.    The  enemy's  fee  w« 
MtSned  with  eflect  from  the  American  batteries ,  and  b 
SS!ti»ey  h«l  silenced  seven  which  had  been  erected  by 
SeBrititf.,  and  saw th«r columns  reUnng  to  then- camp^ 
bLvond^  reach  of  their  juna.    Thus  beaten  by  land  and 
SS^rthTgwenior^enenS  witlidrew  his  artillery.  «id  raiKd 
SS«!  "^t  nine^dock  at  night,  he  -cntofr  h«  hean 
Wg^.  and  under  cover  of  the  darkness  retreated  with  h» 
wSU  Mmy  towards  Canada.  »«"mg  h.s  wmindcd  on  the 
field,  together  with  a  vast  quantity  of  bread,  flow  and  bee^ 
!&Thad  not  time  to  dUoy,  besides  bomb^elK  shrt, 
flSuI;  and  ammunition  of  aU  lands,  which  remained  at  tht 
batteries,  and  ky  concealed  m  the  ponda  and  rivers. 

FSTpUttsbiry  we  cros.  the  lake,  in  a  «outh.east  d««. 
tion.  eighteen  milea,  to  Buriingt«m,m  Vermont.  In  tte 
^aUie^ve  leave  on  the  right  the  littie  iriands  of  St.  Mtckl 
SSTmoMT,  »nd  on  the  left  CoUhtsltr  PntU,  a  long  penin- 1 


u!y;-/",i"i 


P1*TT»BCB0. 

;n,  with  the  gallant  M'Donough 
haste  of  preparation,  that  ont 

tered  into  acUon  had  been  built 
of  a  fortnight :  eighteen  dajri 

It,  the  timber  of  wnicb  it  wm 

dly  growing  in  the  foreat  upon 

noming  of  the  11th  September, 
issed  Cumberland  Head,  and  at 
anchor  in  the  bay  off  the  town, 
Tiumph,  but  the  gallant  M  Do- 
P  two  hours,  compelled  the  large 
i-s,  whdst  the  galleys  saved  tliem- 
ous  achievement  was  in  full  view 
n  hastily  thrown  up  on  the  shore 
lo  had  tluis  the  satisfaction  of  wit- 
British  army  was  also  so  posted 
I,  that  it  coiUd  not  but  behold  the 
minion  on  the  lake.  At  the  same 
ugaged,  the  enemy  opened  then 
wing  hundreds  of  shells,  balls  and 
the  same  time  to  cross  the  Saranac 

0  assault  tlie  works :  at  the  upper 
le  militia  ami  wlunteers,  and  ajtet 
riven  back  with  considerable  loss 
prisoners.    The  enemy's  fire  wm 
n  the  American  batteries  5  and  by 
seven  which  had  been  erected  by 
r  columns  retiring  to  their  camps, 
:  guns.    Thus  beaten  by  land  and 
nd  witiidrew  his  artillery,  and  raised 
ck  at  night,  he  sent  off  his  hean 
r  of  the  darkness  retreated  with  to 
nada,  leaving  his  wounded  on  the 
t  quantity  of  bread,  flour  and  beef, 
» destroy,  berides  bomb^ells,  shot, 
)f  all  lunds,  which  remwned  at  the 
led  in  the  ponds  and  rivers. 

stoM  the  lake,  in  a  south-east  d^^c^ 

1  Burlington,  in  Vermont    In  the 

;  right  the  littte  islands  of  St.  MtOel  ] 
e  left  Cbfcfterfer  Point,  a  long  penin- 


BonwireTON— vsMonT  cmTimsiT*— <ssss.       21f 

siiia  of  marshy  groun.^  f»TX*?akf^  We'Ill'^  faStc 
river  and  extending  far  into  the  lake.  We  aiso  P»»  "^ 
snot  at  which  the  stcam-boat  Hhcenix  was  burned,  a  few  vears 
Xce7w*  en  the  captain  andcrew  displayed  so  much  prudence 

'^i:::!K/Sportofentry,andthecHpitalofChit^^^ 
romiT  Vermont,  lying  on  the  margin  of  the  lake,  and  M- 
e2g  bacT  mJy  a  mile.  Its  population  «  about  two 
th^nd  two  hundred.  It  contains  a  court-house,  a  jad,  a 
b»T  two  printing-offices,  an  academy,  a  "n«ver«rty.  and 
two  haXme  Congregational  meetine-houses,  oneof  whi«A 
•  «  fi^S  buildmir  A  mile  and  a  half  from  the  centre  of 
The  vma^Ver^i.  knottier  village,  of  about  thirty  houses. 
It  the  fX  of  Ornwi  River.  These  falls  afford  convenience 
?or«ten?.vemS«cturing establishment!.  Thistown«rf 
™^  commeicial  imporUnce  than  any  other  m  Vermont. 
TSTut  teTslwps,  from  seventy  to  one  hundred  tom^  whwh 
JSte  Ae  iXare  owned  here.  Two  weekly  newspapers 

Thet'lii' S^N'tU  was  incorporated  in  im.  THJc 
college  eTfice  is  a  spacious  and  elegant  bnck  building,  four 
S  Wgh,  one  hundred  and  sixty  feet  long,  «venty^ve 
wrinthe  ientnd  part,  and  forty-ftye  on  the  wm«,  c«>to^- 
b?  a  chapel,  seven  rooms  for  public  uses,  and  »«{*»»' 
rtudente^  It  is  finely  situated,  on  the  east  of  the  village,  one 
S  dlnKm  Jke  ChampUin,  on  ««  "l^'^XIwi 
inv  to  raotain  Partridge,  of  two  hundred  and  forty-hve  teet 

about  Uiirty  Uiousand  acre.,  cX  which  only  about  six  thousand 

four  hundred  are  as  yet  leased.  ^_^ 

From  BurlinKton,  it  is  fourteen  miles  to  i[,«wr,  a  viM«e 

onTSeTshire  of  the  lake,  coning  .^oat^«J^ 

houses,  and  pleaswitly  seated  «»  *«  ""f*'"  2eiSl,^KS» 
TlieTounty  Jf  the  same  name,  which  hat  ^'<»»J^ 
the  wester;i:.shoj..  is  celeb^jed  .^^^^^^ 

TvSllur  of  itlunSS  Stothe^Seightof  twelr. 
T 


,,  iijuMiimiiwr'"wgB>wp 


iJl8  iFlIT  BOCK— CBOWW  POIICT. 

hundred  feet ;  but  the  flat  and  smooth  champains  along  Uie 
lake,  and  its  deep  valleys,  give  it  an  iiapcct  of  mixed  scenery, 
wild,  grand,  and  sublimely  pictuiesque.  The  forest  trees 
are  (^a  lofty  growth,  embracing  white  and  black  oak,  white 
and  yellow  pine,  maple,  beecli,  walnut,  butternut,  birch, 
ash,  elm,  basswood,  cherry,  fir,  spruce,  hemlock,  &c.  The 
woods  afford  a  great  \-ariety  of  wild  game,  and  the  waters 
are  richly  stored  with  fish.  The  country  is  abundantly  sup- 
plied with  springs  and  .ivulets  of  pure  and  wholesome  water, 
n  generally  very  healthy,  and  has  also  a  large  number  of 
mill-streams,  falls,  rapids,  and  natural  sites  for  hydraulic 
works.  The  iron  ores  of  this  region  are  of  uncommon  ricJi- 
ness,  yielding  iron  of  the  very  best  quality,  though  hitherto 
wrought  under  many  disadvantages,  incident  to  small  busi- 
ness m  a  country  comparatively  new,  and  wanting  capital. 
Asbestos  is  found  in  the  township  of  Moriah,  and  supposed 
indications  of  mineral  coal,  while  an  ore  has  been  discoverfd 
in  the  northern  part,  yielding  a  little  copper.  Emery  and 
tabular  spar  are  wud  to  have  been  also  discovered  in  tbib 
county. 

There  is  a  ferry  from  Essex  across  the  lake  to  Charlottt 
villi^,  in  Vermont.  Soon  after  leaving  it,  we  pass  the  cele- 
brated S^lii  JRtiek,  course  along  through  the  Narrout,  and 
in  twenty  miles  reach  Croum  Point. 

This  celebrated  fortress  is  seated  on  the  northern  extremi- 
ty of  a  long  peninsuL.,  formed  by  a  bay  nmning  up  on  the 
western  shore  of  tlie  lake,  above  which  it  is  elevated  about 
fifty  feet.  It  was  first  erected  by  the  Itench  in  1731,  and 
etUed  Fort  St.  Frederick,  and  afterwards,  with  T^condevogp^ 
became  the  theatre  of  many  military  exploits.  The  wall* 
were  of  wood  and  earth,  twenty-two  feet  thick,  and  sixteen 
hi^.  It  was  about  uxteen  hundred  yards  square,  and  sur- 
rounded by  a  deep  and  broad  ditch,  cut  in  a  solid  granite 
rock,  with  immense  labour.  On  tlie  north  is  a  double  row 
of  strong  stone  barracks,  still  standing,  though  somewhat 
in  decay,  and  large  cnougtito  contiun  two  thousand  troops. 
On  the  nortliem  side,  are  a  gate,  a  strong  drawbridge,  and  a 
covered  way  to  the  water  of  the  lake.  The  whole  are  now 
in  ruins ;  and  the  outworks,  which  were  extensive,  are  little 
else  than  heaps  of  rubbish,  barely  sufficient  to  revive  remem- 
bnince. 


Fr 
miles 
next 
Ame 
wall! 
of  tl 
built 
the 
It  is 
said, 
der-t 
the! 
of  g 
it  is 
occi 
f.oir 
nin< 
IM 
is  si 
it;  II 
witi 
tani 

ires 
tori 
to( 
cla 
pat 
tur 
wh 
del 
Fr 
dri 
dit 
of 
de 
ed 

de 

Al 
sa 
m 


rw  POINT. 

looth  champaina  along  Uie 
n  iispcct  of  mixed  »cenejy, 
lesque.  The  forest  trees 
hite  and  black  oak,  white 
walnut,  butternut,  birch, 
ivuce,  hemlock,  &c.  The 
iM  game,  and  the  waters 
country  is  abundantly  sup- 
(ure  and  wholesome  water, 
a  also  a  large  number  of 
latural  sites  for  hydraulic 
un  are  of  uncommon  ricli- 
rt  quaUty,  though  hitherto 
es,  incident  to  small  busi- 
new,  and  wanting  capital, 
of  Moriah,  and  supposed 
m  ore  has  been  discovered 
little  copper.  Emery  and 
en  also  discovered  in  this 

ross  the  lake  to  Charlotte 
s.iving  it,  we  pass  the  cele- 
through  the  Narrou-a,  and 

•a. 

d  on  the  northern  extremi- 
I  a  bay  nmning  up  on  tlie 
which  it  is  elevated  about 
y  the  IVench  in  1731,  and 
erwards,  with  Ticondevoga, 
litaty  exploits.  The  walls 
■two  feet  thick,  and  sixteen 
red  yards  square,  and  sur- 
tch,  cut  in  a  solid  granite 
1  tltc  north  is  a  double  row 
jtnding,  though  somewhat 
mtain  two  thousand  troops, 
a  strong  drawbridge,  and  a 
lake.  The  whole  are  now 
ih  were  extensive,  are  little 
r  suflicient  to  revive  temem- 


TIC05UKBUUii. 


319 


From  Crown  Point  to  Tieonderoga,  is  a  distance  of  twelve 
miles,  through  a  very  narrow  sti:.ii.     This,  once  pemaP* 
next  to  quebcc  the  most  celebi-atcd  fortified  post  m  North 
America,  is  now  onlv  a  mass  of  rums,  though  many  of  the 
walls  are  sufficiently  enti.-e  to  exhibit  proofs  of  the  excellence 
of  their  constniction,  and  of  the  plan  of  the  worfa.     It  WM 
built  by  the  French,  in  1755,  on  a  po.nt  ot  land  formed  by 
the  junction  of  Lake  Geoi-ge  outlet  with  Luke  Champtam. 
It  isabove  tide-water  one  iwndred  and  nmety^ix  feet.    It  is 
Slid,  that  its  name  is  derived  from  the  Indian  word  Che^- 
deZea,  signifying  noisy,  probably  in  allusion  to  the  water: 
S^Tenchfhowever,  c Jle<i  it  Fort  Carrillon.    It  was  a  place 
of  great  strength,  both  by  nature  and  art.     On  three  sides 
If  if  surroundfd  by  water,  about  half  of  the  other  suie« 
occupied  by  a  deep  swamp,  and  the  line  of  defence  was 
completed  W  the  French,  by  the  erection  of  a  breastwork 
nine  feet  high,  on  the  only  assailable  g>^«nd. 

Mo«nt  Defiance,  immediately  on  the  outlet  of  Lake  George, 
is  six  hundred  feet  above  Uie  fort,  and  completely  commands 
it;  and  Mount  Independence,  often  mentioned  m  connection 
«^th  it,  is  on  tiie  east  side  of  the  lake,  about  two  miles  dis- 

^'"as  we  pass  by  the  mouldering  ruins  of  the  numerous  for- 
xresses  which  are  scattered  over  iliis  distnct   a  thoiisand  hi!^ 
torical  recollections  break  in  upon  our  thought^  and  combine 
to  fix  our  attention  upon  spots  that  have  already  become  the 
classic  antiquities  of  our  country.     They  ^^  ^^  ff  *^«.  "^^ 
part  erected  by  the  French,  in  the  c^rly  part  of  U.e  last  cen- 
tun-,  and  from  them  issued  those  ferocious  incursions,  in 
wSch,  joining  with  the  savage  Indians,  they  attacked  the 
defenceiss  border  settlements  of  the   Bnt.sh  provinces, 
i^m  these  causes,  it  became  an  object  of  vital  'nterejrt  to 
,Wve  the  French  from  these  stn.i.Kl'oW*;  »™1  ''f '^^  «*P^: 
ditions  were  planned  or  un.levtHkcn  with  that  object.    I  hat 
of  Sir  William  Johnston,  in  1755,  tliou(th  the  enemy  were 
defei'Jand  the  commumlerin  chief  kil'ed,  was  not  attend- 
ed, as' will  be  recollected,  with  success  in  its  '"am  object. 

in  1758,  another  cNpcdition  was  undertaken  against  Ticon- 
deroga  and  Ci-own  Point.  On  the  5th  of  Jidy,  Genenjl 
Abererombie  embarked  on  Lake  George  with  sixteen  ihoa- 
sand  troops,  landed  at  its  foot  without  opposition,  and  com. 
mcnccd  fcs  march  towards  the  fortress.    As  the  countiy 


n 


220 


TICONPSKOOA. 


through  which  their  march  lay  is  tUfficalt  and  woody,  an.I 
the  guides  who  conducted  them  were  extremely  unskilhi , 
(he  teoops  became  bewildered,  the  columns  broke,  and  fell 
in  upon  one  another.  In  this  situation  they  were  attjickcd 
by  the  French,  and  a  party  was  defeated,  with  the  loss  ot 
ttoee  hundred  killed,  and  one  hundred  and  fifty  prisoners. 
At  the  first  fire.  Lord  Howe,  tlie  pride  and  hope  of  the 
army,  fell  mortally  wounded.  The  first  to  encounter  dm- 
*er,  to  endure  hunger,  to  support  fatimie;  rigid  in  his 
diacipUne,  but  easy  m  bis  manners,  his  officers  and  soldiers 
readUy  obeyed  the  commander,  because  they  loved  the 
niaiK  and  now,  at  the  moment  when  such  abUities  and 
mch  an  example  wfre  most  wanted,  was  fatally  lost  a  We 
which  wa»  long  enough  for  his  honour,  but  not  for  his 

Nc^ithitanding  this  loss  however.  General  Abercrombie 
proceeded  and  took  l>ost  near  Ticonderoga.  Under  the 
impieinon  of  false  intelligence,  an  assault  was  resolved  upon, 
and  took  place  on  the  8th  of  July  5  but  the  French  were  so 
well  covered  by  an  abattis,  and  a  breastwork  eight  feet  higli, 
that  the  British  troops  were  unable  to  carry  the  works.  After 
an  unavailing  contest  of  four  hours,  and  the  loss  of  one  thou- 
antd  eight  hundt«d  of  the  awiwUnts,  a  retreat  was  ordered. 
Abeicivmbie  teUnquished  for  the  present  all  designs  against 
Ticonderoga,  and  on  the  evening  of  the  following  day  re- 
turned to  his  camp  at  the  southern  end  of  Lake  George. 
Such  is  the  uncertainty  of  miUtary  operations !  Four  days 
beibre,  the  finest  army  that  had  then  been  assembled  in 
America  embarked  on  Lake  George,  with  all  the  fplendour 
of  military  parade:  the  morning  had  been  remarkablv  bright 
and  beautiful,  and  the  fleet  moved  witli  exact  regulanty  to 
the  Bound  of  maitial  music—the  ensigns  waved  and  glittered 
in  the  sun-beams,  and  the  anticipation  of  expected  tnuiimh 
shone  in  evety  eye.  They  now  returned,  defeated  and  dis- 
heartened—the  noblest  of  then-  leaders  killed  in  a  petty 
skirmiah,  the  object  of  their  hopes  unaccomplished,  and  all 
the  visions  of  anticipated  gloi-y>  which  liad  ammated  so  many 
breasts,  destroyed  perhaps  for  ever. 

The  campaign  of  the  succeeding  year,  though  not  com- 
menced with  the  sanguine  prospects  of  the  last,  was  attend- 
ed  with  more  success.  In  the  plan  for  the  operations  of  1759, 
«6  we  have  before  mentioned,  it  was  determined  that  General 


OBi. 

is  tlifficaU  and  woody,  and 
1  were  extremely  unskilfiil, 
;he  columns  broke,  and  fell 
ituation  they  were  attacked 
s  defeated,  with  tlie  loss  of 
hundred  and  fifty  prisoners, 
tlie  pride  and  hope  of  the 
The  first  to  encounter  daii- 
pport  fatigjie ;  rigid  in  his 
lers,  his  officers  and  soldiers 
r,  because  they  loved  the 
it  when  such  abilities  and 
inted,  was  fatally  lost  a  life 
lis  honour,  but  not  for  his 

vever.  General  Abercrombie 
p  Ticonderoga.  Under  the 
an  assault  was  resolved  upon, 
ily  i  but  the  French  were  so 
a  breastwork  eight  feet  higli, 
ble  to  carry  the  works.  After 
lu^  and  the  loss  of  one  thou- 
lants,  a  retreat  was  ordered, 
le  present  all  designs  t^iist 
ling  of  the  following  day  re- 
oithem  end  of  Lake  George. 
Btary  operations !  Four  days 
lad  then  been  assembled  m 
eorge,  with  all  the  splendour 
f  had  been  remarkably  bright 
oved  witli  exact  regularity  to 
;  ensigns  waved  and  glittered 
:ipation  of  expected  triumph 
ft  returned,  defeated  and  dis- 
xr  leaders  killed  in  a  petty 
>pes  unaccomplished,  and  all 
which  lud  animated  so  many 
;ver. 

:ding  year,  though  not  ccm- 
ipects  of  the  last,  was  attend- 
lan  for  the  operations  of  1759, 
t  was  determined  that  General 


TICORSIIIOGl.  221 

Amherst  should  march  from  the  provinces,  and  attack  these 
fortresses.  He  proceeded  accordingly,  but,  contrary  to  what 
might  have  been  expected,  he  found  that  the  French  had 
■ibandoned  Ticonderoga  and  Crown  Point,  and  retreated  into 
Canada.  He  immediately  took  possession  of  them ;  and  at 
the  treaty  of  peace,  they  were,  with  the  rest  of  the  French 
possessions  in  this  part  of  America,  finally  ceded  to  Great 

Britain.  •    u    r  _* 

Nearly  twenty  years  had  passed  away,  and  the  tortresscs 
of  Ticonderoga  and  Crown  Point  were  ahnost  forgotten, 
when  a  conflict  of  a  different  kind  arose,  and  made  them  the 
scenes  of  new  exploits.  They  were  the  first  posts  which 
were  carried  by  the  continental  arms,  in  tlie  war  of  indepen- 
dence. On  the  10th  of  May,  1775,  Colonel  Ethan  Allen,  at 
the  head  of  a  small  troop  of  volunteers,  whom  he  had  col- 
lected  chiefly  among  the  mountains  of  Vermont,  and  not 
much  exceeding  two  hundred  in  number,  surprised  the  garri- 
son of  Ticonderoga  in  the  dead  of  night,  and  summoned  it 
to  surrender.  "  In  whose  name  ?"  asked  the  astonished  and 
inuated  commander  I  "In  the  name  of  Uie  great  Jehovah 
and  the  Continental  Congress!"  repUed  the  inUepid  patriot. 
The  captui-e  of  Crown  I'oint  soon  followed ;  and  without  the 
loss  of  a  man,  our  gallant  countrymen  obt^ned  possession  of 
these  keys  of  the  north.  They  found  in  the  forU  upwards 
of  two  hundred  pieces  of  cannon,  besides  some  mortars,  how- 
lUei's,  and  a  quantity  of  various  stores,  wliich  were  to  them 
liiffhly  valuable.  They  also  captured  two  vessels,  which 
irave  them  the  command  of  Lake  ChampLun,  and  materials 
inepaied  at  Ticonderoga  for  building  and  eqiupping  othMS. 
The  Americans  retained  possession  of  these  posts  till  July, 
\777,  when  they  were  evacuated  on  llie  approach  ot  General 
Burgoyne  mth  tlie  BriUsh  army.  .  .  .       ' 

At  M  early  period  of  the  revolution,  the  British  ministers 
had  formed  the  plan  of  opening  a  way  to  New-York,  by 
means  of  an  army  which  should  descend  from  the  lakes  to 
the  banks  of  the  Hudson,  and  uiute  in  tlie  vicuuty  of  Albany, 
with  the  whole  or  a  part  of  that  commanded  by  General 
Howe.  All  intercourse  would  thus  have  been  cut  ott  b^ 
tween  the  eastern  and  western  provinces,  and  it  was  beUeved 
that  the  triumph  of  the  Britisl  -ms  from  that  moment  could 
no  longer  be  doubtful. 

*  t2 


323 


■  tROOTXB's  BXFSDITION. 


An  army  amounting  to  about  ten  thousand  men  was  ar. 
coidingiy  assembled  at  the  river  Bouquet,  on  the  west  side 
of  LaJce  Champlain,  the  command  of  wliich  was  intnisted  to 
Ljeutenant-General  Burgoyne,  an  officer  whose  ability  w»s 
unquestioned,  and  whosr  spirit  of  enterprise,  and  thirst  for 
inibtary  glory,  however  rivalled,  could  not  possibly  be  ex- 
ceeded.   He  was  assisted  by  Brigadier-Generals  Frazer,  Pow- 
el  and  Hamilton,  all  distinguished  oflliccni,  with  the  Brunt- 
wkk  Major-General  Baron  Reidesel  and  Bri^pdier-General 
Specht.     The  army  was  in  every  respect  in  uie  best  condi- 
tion  that  could  possibly  be  expected  or  wished,  the  troops 
being  in  the  highest  spirits,  admirably  disciplined,  and  un- 
commonly healthy.     The  general  published  a  proclamation, 
in  which  he  denounced  in  the  severest  terms  the  rebellions 
coloiuats;  invoked  upon  tijem  all  the  harshest  cruelties  of  In- 
^n  warfare;  displayed,  in  full,  lofty  and  expressive  language, 
the  force  of  that  great  power  which  was  now  spread  by  sea 
and  land,  to  embrace  or  to  crush  every  part  of  America;  and 
denounced,  arrayed  in  their  most  tenihc  forms,  all  the  cala- 
mities of  war  against  those  who  persevered  in  tlieir  hostility. 
Having  completed  his  preliminary  arrangcmenta,  (General 
Burgoyne  commenced  bis  march.  At  Crown  Point,  which  had 
been  evacuated,  he  stoppcil  u  short  time,  for  the  establisii- 
ment  of  magazines,  an  hospital,  and  other  nccessaij'  services, 
and  then  priKeeded  witli  all  his  troops  to  invest  Ticon- 
deroga.    The  right  wing  took  the  western  shore,  the  left 
advanced  upon  the  eastern,  and  the  centre  was  embarked 
upon  the  lake  itaetf.    The  reduction  of  this  post,  without 
wnicb  it  was  impossible  for  the  invading  army  to  advance  a 
■tep  beyond  it,  was  of  course  the  first  object  of  its  operations. 
The  Americans  reposed  great  hopes  in  this  fortress,  consi- 
dering it  as  the  banier  against  invasion  from  the  north.     Its 
defence  was  intrusted  to  General  St.  Clair,  with  a  gan-ison  ot' 
thiee  thousand  men,  one-thirtl  of  whom  were  militia  from 
the  northern  provinces :  but  they  were  badly  equipped,  and 
WOTM  armed,  particularly  in  the  article  of  bavoneta,  a  weapon 
ao  eMuntial  to  the  defence  of  the  lines,  not  having  one  to  ten 
of  their  number.     On  the  2d  of  July,  the  foit  was  invested 
by  the  British ;  and  they  were  not  long  in  observing  the  im- 
^octanoe  of  erecting  a  battery  on  Mount  Defiance :  with  ii^- 
nits  labour,  therefore,  cannon  were  draMed  to  ita  summit, 
and  on  the  5th  every  thing  waa  prepared  Tor  a  general  aaiault. 


ixriDiTioir. 

ut  ten  thousand  men  was  ar 
er  Bouquet,  on  the  west  side 
and  of  which  was  intnisted  to 

an  officer  whose  abiKty  was 
It  of  enterprise,  and  thirst  for 
d,  could  not  possibly  be  ex- 
iffadier-GenenJs  Fnuter,  Pow- 
shed  officers,  with  the  Hnms- 
eidesel  and  Brigadier-General 
ery  respect  in  9»e  best  condi- 
ipected  or  wished,  the  troops 
idmirably  disciplined,  and  un- 
eral  published  a  proclamation, 
!  severest  terms  the  rcbellioiw 
all  the  harshest  cruelties  of  In- 
,  lofty  and  expressive  knmiage, 

which  was  now  spread  by  sea 
ish  every  part  of  America;  and 
nost  terrihc  forms,  all  the  cala- 

10  persevered  in  their  hostility, 
iminary  arrangement^  General 
•ch.  At  Crown  Point,  which  had 
u  short  time,  for  the  establisli- 
li,  and  other  necessary  services, 

11  his  troops  to  invest  Ticon- 
sk  the  western  shore,  the  left 
md  the  centre  was  embarked 
reduction  of  this  post,  without 
he  invadinff  army  to  advance  u 
the  first  object  of  its  operations, 
at  hopes  in  this  fortress,  consi- 
it  invasion  from  the  north.  Its 
eral  St.  Clair,  with  a  ^irison  ot' 
rd  of  whom  were  militia  from 
they  were  badly  equipped,  and 
he  article  of  bftvoneti,  a  weapon 
'  the  lines,  not  having  one  to  ten 
d  of  July,  the  fort  was  invested 
re  not  long  in  observing  the  im- 
^  on  Mount  Defiance :  with  infi- 
m  were  dragged  to  its  summit, 
13  preparediOT  a  general  aaiault. 


avtccATiOM  or  Tieoii»«KO«*. 


r^ 


Under  these  circumstances,  a  hasty  consuhation  was  held  by 
the  American  officers :  it  wa.  represented  that  their  whole 
effective  number  was  not  sufficient  to  man  one-half  ot  the 
works,  that  the  enemy's  batteries  were  ready  to  open,  and 
that  nothing  could  save  the  garrison  but  an  immediate  eva- 
cuation  of  the  post.  This  aetermination  was  unammpudy 
amed  to  by  Ae  councU,  and  the  place  waa  accorAngly 
deserted  on  that  night  The  baggage,  arUUenr  and  ijores, 
were  embarked  with  a  strong  detachment  on  board  of  two 
iwmlred  batteaux,  and  despatched,  under  convoy  of  five 
armed  Kalleys,  up  the  South  nvcr,  on  their  way  to  Skenes. 
borough.  The  main  army  took  iU  route  by  CasUetown,  to 
reach  the  same  place  by  land.  .^„  .  _/.  »k    »™- 

As  soon  as  the  British  discovered  the  retreat  of  the  Ame- 
ricans.  they  commenced  the  pursuit.  General  Frazer,  at  the 
head  of  a  strong  body  of  grenadiers  and  light  troops,  fol- 
lowed them  with  great  rapidity  by  land,  upon  the  nght 
bank  of  Wood  creek.  General  Keidcsel,  behind  him,  eager- 
Iv  advanced  with  his  Bninswickers,  cither  to  support  the 
Knirlish,  or  to  act  separately,  as  occasion  might  require. 
fieneral  Burgoyne  determined  to  pursue  them  by  water. 
Uv  tliree  o'clock  in  the  afternoon,  the  vaa  of  the  BnUsh 
«|ua.lron,  composed  of  gun-boats,  came  up  wiA  and  attack- 
cd  the  American  gaUeys,  near  Skenesborough  fidls.  I  wo  of 
iliem  8urrendere<l,  and  three  of  them  wereljlown  up.  1  he 
Americans  now  abandoned  all  hopes  of  successful  defence; 
havinir  set  fire  to  their  works,  mills  and  batteaux,  and  other- 
wise  destroyed  what  they  were  unable  to  burn,  they  escaped 
as  well  as  they  could  up  Wood  creek,  without  halting  till 
thcv  reached  Fort  Anne.  .         ,    .»      .. 

the  corps  which  had  set  out  by  land  was  m  no  better  situ- 
ation.  The  vanguard,  conducted  by  St  Ctair,  had  amved  at 
CasUetown,  thirty  miles  disUnt  from  Ticonderoffa,  and  twelve 
from  Skenesborough.  The  rear,  ««P"»^fVrK  ^^ 
Fmncis  and  Warner,  had  rested,  on  the  night  of  the  6th,  at 
Hubbardston,  six  mil«  »»««»*  Caatktown.towwdaTicon- 
deroea.  At  five  o'clock  in  the  mommg  of  the  7th,  the 
BngSrti  column  under  General  Fraaer  made  ita  appearance, 
wd  a  batUe  immediately  ensued.  It  waa  long  and  aanguina- 
TVi  the  Americana,  being  commanded  by  «limt  office, 
Sehaved  with>«lt  spirit  and  finmie«,  but  the  Engbjhd* 
played  equal  obstinacy.    At  this  cntacai  moment,  Graciil 


:t 


334 


BATTtB  Of  m;il*«B«TO!r— WHlTlBAlt. 


Reidescl  arrived  »t  the  head  of  hi«  column,  compo«ed  of  some 
light  tioopt  »nd  grenadiers,  and  immediately  took  part  in 
the  action.  The  Americans,  overpowered  by  numbers,  fled 
on  all  sides,  leaving  their  brave  commander,  with  many  other 
officers,  and  upwards  of  two  hundred  soldiers,  dead  on  the 
Held.  General  8t  Clair,  upon  intelligence  of  this<Uscomnture 
and  that  of  the  disaster  at  Skcnesborough,  which  was  brought 
to  him  at  the  same  time  by  an  officer  of  one  of  the  gaUnrs, 
apprehending  that  he  should  be  interrupted  if  he  proceeded 
towards  Fort  Anne,  collected  the  fugitives  and  marched  to 
Port  Edwarti,  in  order  to  unite  with  General  Schuyler. 

From  Ticonderoga  to  Skcnesborough  or  Whitehall  is 
twenty-three  miles.  The  greater  part  of  the  way,  indeed,  the 
lake  is  nothing  more  than  a  narrow  slugglish  river,  without 
apparent  motion,  among  high  rocky  and  mounUinous  ridges, 
between  whose  feet  and  the  lake,  there  is  pnerally  a  con- 
sidenble  extent  of  low,  wet,  marshy  ground,  of  a  most  un- 
promising appearance,  for  any  purpose  but  to  produce  fever 
and  ague.  The  channel  is,  for  miles,  so  narrow,  that  the 
8team3>oat  can  scarcely  put  about  in  it,  and  there  seems 
hardly  room  for  the  passage  of  the  little  sloops,  which  are 
frequently  met  coming  from  Whitehall.  At  the  very  head 
of  this  natural  canal,  lie  the  wrecks  of  the  flotiUas  of  M'Do- 
nough  and  Downie,  now,  by  the  catastrophe  of  battle,  united 

into  one.  . .  ,  .  .•.    .    . , 

The  most  interesting  object  on  the  paange,  is  the  double 
barrier  of  mountains  extending  along  on  either  hand.  It  seems 
as  if  the  lake  had  been  poured  into  the  onljr  natural  basin,  of 
any  magnitude,  which  exists  in  this  mountainous  region,  and 
as  if  itsboundaries  were  irrevocably  fixed,  by  the  impassable 
barriera  of  rocks  and  Alpine  land.  The  mountains,  par- 
ticularly  on  the  eastern  side,  presenting  to  the  eye  their  na- 
ked precipitous  cliffs,  composed  of  the  edges  ol"  the  strata, 
are  gneiss  at  Whitehall  and  limestone  toward*  Ticonderoga. 
From  LAke  George  to  Lake  Champlain,  they  are  primitive. 
At  Whitehall,  the  rocks  have  a  very  beautifiil  stratification  -, 
the  hilla  appear  as  if  cracked  in  two,  and  one  part  being  re- 
moved, we  have  a  fine  vertical  section « both  their  horizontal 
and  perpendicular  diviaon^  resemble  a  regular  piece  of  ma- 
soiiry,  and  this  is  the  prevwling  fiwt  all  along  the  lake. 

The  village  of  VvhUduM  contains  about  one  hundred 
houKs ;  it  is  situated  on  a  low  piece  of  ground,  at  the  head 


VOHT   AlfMt— BAEBIl'*  lALU. 


su 


IITOH— WRiniAlt. 

Ilis  column,  compowd  of  acme 
tnd  immediately  took  put  in 
verpowercd  by  number*,  fled 
!  commander,  with  many  other 
undred  loldien,  dead  on  the 
ntelligence  of  thii  diKomftture 
eaborough,  which  wasbrou({ht 
officer  of  one  of  the  gallevi. 
le  interrupted  if  he  proceeded 
the  fugitives  and  marched  to 
;  with  General  Schuyler, 
meaborough  or  Whitehall  is 
er  part  of  the  wxy,  indeed,  the 
UTow  dUKglish  river,  without 
rocky  and  mountainous  ridges, 
lake,  there  is  generally  a  con- 
marshy  ground,  of  a  roost  un- 
r  purpose  but  to  produce  fever 
for  miles,  so  narrow,  that  the 
about  in  it,  and  there  seems 
of  the  little  sloops,  which  are 
Whitehall.    At  the  very  head 
rrecks  of  the  flotiUas  of  M'Do- 
lie  catastrophe  of  battle,  united 

±  on  the  passage,  is  the  double 
ridong  on  either  hand.  Itseero.s 
1  into  the  onljr  natural  basin,  of 
m  this  mountainous  region,  and 
ocably  fixed,  by  the  impassable 
:  land.  The  mountains,  par- 
presenting  to  the  eye  their  na- 
med of  the  edges  of  the  strata, 
imestone  towamls  Ticonderoga. 
Champlain,  they  are  primitive, 
s  a  veiy  beautiful  stratification ; 
.  in  two,  and  one  part  being  re- 
il  section ;  both  their  horizontal 
«semble  a  regular  piece  of  ma- 
ng  fitct  all  along  the  lake. 
I  contuns  about  one  hundred 
ft  piece  of  ground,  at  the  head 


of  the  navigation  of  Lake  Champlain.  Steam  navigation  on 
tills  lake,  and  the  opening  of  the  Northern  canal,  have  given 
it  a  «i>id  increase  of  business.  Many  good  biiiWings  are 
erected,  and  it  seems  likely  to  become  a  trading  place  of  no 
mean  importance.    The  canal  enters  the  lake  at  the  village. 

From  Whitehall  to  Fort  Anne,  twelve  miles,  the  roail  pass- 
e,  in  a  south-west  direction,  with  the  Champlain  canal  on 
the  left  hand  all  the  way  i  for  the  last  seven  miles  it  is  formed 
along  the  bed  of  iVood  Creek.  The  rocks  which  are  seen 
on  the  road  are  immense  strata  of  gneiss,  often  so  full  ot 
garnets,  tliat  at  a  distoncc  the  ledges  appear  spotted  with 
red  and  brown.  „       , 

Just  before  we  enter  the  village  of  Fhrt  Anne,  is  a  narrow 
pass  between  some  high  rocks  and  Wood  creek,  where,  on 
the  8th  of  July  1777,  the  ninth  British  regiment,  belonging  to 
General  Burgoyne's  army,  sustained  a  heavy  los^  by  a  con- 
flict  with  the  Americans  under  Colonel  Long.  Afler  the  sur- 
render  of  Ticonderoga,  General  Burgoyne  endeavoured  to 
keep  up  the  alarm,  by  spreading  his  parties  over  the  coun- 
try.  With  this  view.  Colonel  Hill,  at  the  head  of  the  ninth 
reitiment,  was  despatched  after  Colonel  Long,  who,  with  four 
or  five  hundred  men,  principally  the  invalids  and  convalcs- 
cents  of  the  army,  had  taken  post  at  Fort  Anne,  and  was  di- 
rected by  General  Schuyler  to  defend  it.  Colonel  Long,  with 
bis  party,  did  not  wait  an  atuck  ftom  the  enemy,  but  boldly 
advanced  to  meet  them.  For  two  hours  they  continued  the 
attack,  with  great  gallantry,  when  at  length  the  Bntisli  hav- 
ing received  a  reinforcement  of  Indians,  and  our  ammuraUon 
beinff  expended.  Colonel  Long  was  forced  to  retreat. 

From  Fort  Anne  to  Sandy  Hill,  the  next  stage,  is  nine 
miles,  passing  through  the  litUe  village  of  Kingaburu.  Sandy 
Witfisa  vill^  containing  about  four  hundred  mhabitairts, 
seated  on  the  margin  of  the  Hudson,  immediateljr  above  Jfa. 
kef's  fhlb,  on  a  high  precipitous  bank,  and  enjo>'9  a  pure 
air,  with  a  delightful  prospect  of  variegated  sceneiy.  The 
head  of  these  Mh  commences  just  at  the  great  bend  of  tho 
river,  where  it  turns  souUi,  and  the  whole  descent  is  scveii- 
ty-six  feet,  within  sixty  rods.  There  is  no  perpendicular 
cataroct,  but  the  water  winds  in  various  uregular  serpentine 
courses,  evidently  worn  in  the  rock,  and  descends  with  vast 
ranidity.  Here,  as  also  at  Glenn's  Falls,  are  mills  erected, 
wliich  give  fe  pleasing  variety  to  the  whole  .scenery.    Iho 


22t 


»0«T  1BW4»»— MIM  M'cniA. 


tiaiuition  and  tccoiKUiy  fonrntioni  are  «''»»«*^» JX 
iion  at  thi.  p\Mce.  8Uty  rocki  compowi  the  wnUof  the 
river,  and  are^M^en  Wing  beneath  the  water,  ""d  wh« jj* 

of  white  calcarcoiu  apar,  which,  in  (preat  munbens  '"tv"^ 
the  black  aUte  rocka.  and  give  them  *}^'^^^fV^^: 
rendered  more  brilliant  by  the  ref«ctive  effect  "f  "•«*?»»'' 
through  which  they  are  Ken.  8e«ral  ?«"«>«».»«/«  ^«*" 
Sitated  over  tfee  fall^  and  met  with  inaunt  death.  Two 

Sien  were  in  a  boat,  above  the  ««  "^."^Llw  3.. 
litUc  too  far,  were  drawn  irretrievably  int..  the  »P««»r»«^ 
•a  the  boat  passed  over  the  dam.  one  of  the  men  caugftt  upon 
it,  and  irtood  braced,  tUl  a  pUi.k.  tecured  by  a  rope.  ^" 
floated  down  to  him,  and  he  waa  thua  estncated  from  iw 
dangerous  aituation  i  but  hi»  companion  went  ovf  j^^^^*"^ 
and  wa.  lost.  Another  ma...  in  a  In^t,  waa  imneUed  into  tte 
current,  and  finding  hia  caae  hopeleaa,  cJmly  shipped  hu 
oars,  and  submitted  to  his  fate.  u..j^„  „4 

At  8andy  Hill,  the  traveUer  may  cwM  the  Hudson  and 
proceed  by  a  direct  route  to  Saratoga  Spnngt,  and  tbence  to 
Albany.  The  usual  road  however  conunues  along  toe  ewt- 
em  shore  of  the  river,  and  in  two  mUes  bnngs  tM  to'"!*' ''f 
t.^4  i  vdlage  with  ibout  two  hundred  antTftfty  mhab.tanto 
and  considerable  trade.  ,.  , 

Not  far  from  the  /.Uage,  the  traveller  will  see  a  little 
spring,  which  flows  limpTi  and  coo  from  a  bank  near  th« 
road*de,  wliile  above  it  rises  an  old  tree,  whose  branch*. 


have 
years. 


neariy  all  been  torn  away  by  the  tempesU  of  many 
years.     On  iU  bark  he  wiU  see  the  words  '•  J*h«  M  Cbm 
1777"— and  he  will  not  pass  it  without  drouping  a  tear  »» 
he  contempUte.  the  un&mefy  fate  «f  y«>:jt»»fid  »»*«»'""''t 
Her  trairic  tale  is  short  and  simple.   The  daughter  «*  *  «; 
spectabTe  man  who  resided  in  ^e  neighbourhood,  she  had 
unfortunately  yielded  her  affectiona  to  an  officer  in  the  Bn^ 
ish  army.  As  fienend  Burgoyne  pursued  hu  jn««h  f^™  «™ 
north,  the  Americans  retreated  before  it  and  left  Fort  VAwuA. 
With  the  imprudence  of  her  sex  and  ajje,  increased  perhapi 
by  the  hope  of  thus  more  easily  meetin^r  her  over,  "he  bn- 
jret«d  behind  her  countrymen,  and  «"»"«»«*  at  the  fort.    In 
Sie  meantime,  the  young  soldier,  anxious  to  behold  his  d«. 
tined  bride,  but  probably  unable  to  leave  »"»  ««P»  »»Jf  * 
moment,  despatched,  and  it  waa  «n  act  of  unpardonable  rash- 1 


to 

jirc 

Ice 


tha 

fe« 
by 


fil 

I  hi 


— mil  M*cmBA. 

AtioM  »rc  iaid  to  fonn  a  June 
k»  compote  the  b»nk«  of  the 
eath  the  water  t  ami  when  the 
sight  is  preaented  by  the  veira 
ch,  in  KTcat  munbera,  interaect 
c  them  a  tcMelated  appcarmnce, 
e  refractire  effect  of  the  water, 
I.    Several  peraona  have  been 
d  met  with  intUnt  death.  Two 
the  miU-dam,  and  ventuiing* 
trievably  intw  the  rapid  water*  i 
im,  one  of  the  men  caught  upon 
plank,  secured  by  a  rope,  wu 
i;  waa  thus  extricated  from  hn 
companion  went  over  the  dam, 
in  a  boat,  waa  impelled  Into  the 
«  bopeleai,  calmly  shipped  his 

■te.  ,  . 

Her  may  crosa  the  Hudson  and 

Saratoga  Springs,  and  thence  to 

jwcver  commues  along  the  ewt- 

I  two  miles  brings  us  to  Fort  Ed- 
wo  hundred  and  fifty  inhabitanto 

!,  the  traveller  will  see  a  litUe 
and  cool  from  a  bank  near  the 

ises  an  old  tree,  whose  branches 
away  by  the  tempetU  of  many 

II  see  the  words  "Jaii«  M'Caa* 
AS  it  without  dropping  a  tear  st 
nely  fate  of  youthful  loveliness. 
1  ample.   The  daughter  of  *  »«; 
d  in  tne  neighbourhood,  she  had  I 
tffections  to  an  officer  in  the  Bnt'  1 
royne  pursued  his  march  from  the  | 
!ted  before  it  and  left  Fort  Edward.  I 
er  sex  and  age,  ii.creased  perhapi 

ea«ly  meeting  her  lover,  she  ton- 
ncn,  and  remained  at  the  fort  In 
soklier,  anxioua  to  behold  hia  de»- 

unable  to  leave  his  corps  at  the 
it  was  an  act  of  unpardonable  rash- 


Mist  m'crbi.  92T 

ncu,  a  party  of  Indians,  in  whom  he  belieml  implicit  reli- 
ance might  be  placed,  to  bear  her  to  the  British  camp.  Why 
he  (lid  not  go  fur  her  himself,  or  whv  at  least  he  did  not  tc- 
conipany  his  savagr  emissaries,  is  unknown  i  tlie  fatal  event 
too  sadly  proved  now  vainly  he  had  reposed  his  confidence. 
Sorelv  against  the  wishes  and  remonstrances  of  her  friends, 
did  the  unthinking  girl  commit  herself  to  the  care  of  these 
fiends,  and  mounting  hor  horiM.-,  nhe  rode  by  their  side  until 
they  arrived  at  this  little  Hpring,  where  they  halted  for  a  mo- 
ment to  drink.     As  they  were  resting  here,  another  party  of 
Indians  arrived.  Diflcrcnt  accounts  are  given  of  their  object; 
by  some  it  is  said,  timt  they  were  despatched  by  tlie  impa- 
tient lover  to  hasten  the  former  party,  with  whom  they  im- 
mediately quarrelled  for  the  office  uf  conducting  the  maiden 
to  tlie  camp  i  by  others,  and  perhaps  with  more  probability, 
we  are  tola,  that  they  were  a  band  of  ferocious  savages,  who 
had  been  overrunning  the  surrounding  country,  and  deter- 
mined to  seize  the  prev  which  now  oncred,  for  tliemsclves. 
Whichever  may  have  been  the  case,  scarcely  had  they  met 
u'licn  a  bloody  conflict  arose,  the  innocent  girl  perished  bv 
the  tomahawk  of  one  of  these  inhuman  monsters  {  and,  with 
the  very  acm^  of  horror,  when  the  expecting  lover  nished 
to  meet  the  expected  object  of  liis  afllction,  the  murdcrew 
presented  him  with  her  scalp.     He  survived  but  to  indulge 
Icclings  tliat  no  time  could  assiiage,  and  at  length  died  bc- 
iieatli  their  influence.  The  recital  of  this  deed  of  atrocity  filled 
every  breast,  as  well  in  Europe  as  America,  with  horror,  and 
j  lias  stimped  a  lasting  infamy  upon  those  who  called  to  their 
I  aid  these  uncivilized  barbarians,  and  who  affected  to  believe 
that  the  laws  of  their  couiiti^  prohibited  their  punishment. 
1     About  a  mile  and  a  half  above  the  village  of  Fort  E<lwanl,  a 
feeder  is  carried  from  the  Hudson  river,  lialf  a  mile  in  length, 
by  means  of  a  dam  across  that  stream,  nine  hundred  titet 
lnntr,and  twenty-seven  feet  of  average  height,  which  tlirows 
bick  an  ample  supply  of  water  for  the  summit-level  above 
described,  of  twelve  miles :  at  Fort  Edward  there  are  three 
locks,  which  let  down  the  canal  thirty  feet,  into  the  Hudson, 
I  in  which  the  navigation  is  thence  continued  to  Fort  MiUer, 
ght  n^es,  by  means  of  a  dam  at  the  head  of  Fort  MiUer 
1  falls. 

In  desAibing  the  advance  of  General  Burgoyne,  we  left 
I  him  at  Whitehall,  (torn  whence  he  effected  his  passage  to  Fort 


228 


bcrbotiib's  ixrentTioH. 


rll£  by  Fort  Anne,  he  demoli.hcd  bndgeN  and  by  every 
:^r  SJn.  in  his  power  «  impededh«  march.  d.atA 
British  army  did  not  amve  at  Fort  Edward,  on  the  Muown, 

^'cSthafter  below  Fort  MiUer.  the  n»d  leads  u. 
alongTleS^rn  shore,  through  Saratoga  co«nt>-.ampa^ 
He  village*  of  Fish  Creek,  %mUoga  and  Bemm'  Heighh, 
»"«een  S  to  SliUwaier.  There  is  noth.ng  to  require  par- 

stiEned  in  .Las  an.l  nfen,  was  advancing  to  meet  l«m, 
O^Ihe  18th  thefronts  of  tlie  two  armies  were  almost  m  co»- 
Sct^nriiiSe  sE-mishing  ensued,  but  witi»out  causmg  . 

^*Onlrf!Cgly.  about  twelve  o'clock,  the  f«;st  ba«ie 
^^I^TTE  called  IWeman'i,  tWin,  a  short  d.s- 
Tcrbdoi  the*>?£e  of  Bemi..  "eights  ,tUespo^^^^^^^^^  I 
nointed  out.  about  two  miles  to  the  %vest  of  the  nver.  A  ^ut 
Sart  of  the  gZml  is  covered  by  lofty  forest  t'f«^  P""«'P» 
Stne.  with  a  few  cleared  fields  scattered  about ,  manv  ol  the 

their  sombre  foliage  sUU  murmurs  with  the  br.eze.  »luca 


G 


txnnrtios. 

y,  after  several  weeks  of  severe 
B  mentioned  at  Fort  Anne.  In 
ler,  in  consequence  o»  General 
iree  weeks  at  Skenesborough, 
adable  obstnictions  in  his  way. 
in  Wood  creek,  and  across  the 
wlished  bridges,  and  by  every 

0  impeded  his  march,  that  th« 

1  Fort  Edward,  on  U»e  Hudson, 

Fort  Miller,  the  road  leads  us 
mffh  Saratoga  county,  and  pasi- 
r,  Saratoga  and  Bemiss'  Hetghit, 
There  is  nothing  to  re<^uire  par- 
arical  reminiscences  which  arise, 
flats  are  principally  a  stiffargi  • 
hills  have  the  same  kind  ot  sou, 
1  or  mavel.  The  timber  on  these 
imit,  &c.  5  on  the  loamy  pjams, 
uttemut;  and  on  the  sandy  loam, 

September,  General  Burgoyne 
1  a  bridge  of  boats,  not  tar  from 
without  any  material  opposition, 
till,  on  Uie  irth,  his  advanced 
s  of  the  American  army,  whicli, 
IRC  gained  at  Bennington,  and 
ifen,  was  advancing  to  meet  him. 
le  two  armies  were  almost  in  con- 
;  ensued,  but  without  causing  a  | 

>ut  twelve  o'clock,  the  firet  battle  I 
led  Fremati'n  Farm,  a  short  dis- 
Bemiss'  Heights,  the  spot  is  std 
s  to  the  west  of  the  river.  A  great 
■d  by  lofty  forest  trees,  pnncipall) 
Ids  scattered  about,  many  of  the 
-  scenes  of  former  days,  tliey  still 
their  trunks  and  branches,  by  t ue 
ies  ,  their  roots  still  penetrate  tlie 
I  by  the  blood  of  the  brave,  and 
murmurs  with  the  br.eze.  which 


BATTLK   AT   FBBBMAh's  FAEM. 


229 


once  bore  along  tlie  sighs  of  departing  spirits.  The  ac- 
tion was  continued  with  great  bravery,  on  both  sides,  unUl 
night  i  when  each  army  returned  to  its  respective  camp,  and 
retained  the  same  position  it  held  before  the  commencement 
of  the  battle.  This  circumstance  however  was  almost  as  in- 
jurious to  the  British  as  a  defeat ,  cut  off  from  all  sources  of 
supply,  it  had  become  absolutely  necessary  that  they  should 
force  their  march  to  the  south  at  all  hazards.  For  several 
days,  each  army  kept  its  ground  with  great  anxiety ,  it  was 
evident  that  tlie  crisis  was  arrived,  when  the  fate  of  this  cam- 
paign must  be  decided.  "  Not  a  night  passed,"  says  General 
Burgoyne,  "  without  firing,  and  sometimes  concerted  attacks 
upon  our  pickets,  no  foraging  party  could  be  made,  without 
great  detachments  to  cover  it.  By  being  habituated  to  fire, 
our  soldiers  became  indifferent  to  it,  and  were  capable  of 
eating  or  sleeping  when  it  was  very  near  them  j  but  I  do  not 
believe  that  eitlier  officer  or  soldier  ever  slept,  during  that 
interval,  without  his  clothes,  or  that  any  general  officer,  or 
commander  of  a  re^ment,  passed  a  single  night  without  be- 
iiig  upon  his  legs  occasionally,  at  different  houis,  and  con- 
i,iantly  an  hour  before  day  light." 

At  length  the  British  commander  determined  to  attempt 
a  decisive  stroke.    On  the  7th  of  October  he  put  himself  at 
the  head  of  a  detachment  of  fifteen  hundred  rejjular  troops, 
with  two  twelve-poundere,  two  howitzers,  and  six  six-pound- 
crs.     He  was  seconded  by  Generals  Phillips,  Heidesel,  and 
Frazer,  all  officers  distinguished  for  their  zeal  and  ability.  As 
soon  as  the  advance  of  the  British  was  poreeivu.l,  Gcneiul 
Gates  lost  no  time  in  leading  out  liis  troops,  who  advanced  to 
the  charge  with  great  impetuosity.     Tlie  battle  continued 
through  the  day,  and  both  parties  suffered  under  a  severe 
fire  ,  General  Fni^er  fell,  mortally  wounded,  at  tlie  head  of 
his  division,  and  Colonel  Brcyiiiaii  wasi  killed  while  leading 
on  the  German  troops;  this  corps  was  nearly  cut  to  pieces, 
and  forced  to  retreat  in  the  most  precipitate  manner,  leaving 
the  British  encampment  on  the  right  entirely  uiiprotected, 
and  liable  to  be  assailed  the  next  morning.     All  the  British 
officers  bear  testimony  to  the  valour  and  obstinacy  ot  the 
attack  of  the  Americans.  The  fact  was,  the  Bntish  were  sore- 
ly defeated,  routed  and  vigorously  pui-sued  to  their  hnes, 
wliich,  it  seems  probable,  would  have  been  entirelycamed 
by  assault,  had  not  daikness,  as  in  the  battle  of  the  19th,  put 
U 


230 


BrBOOTSts'a  BXPEftlTIOH. 


an  end  to  the  sanguinary  contest.  It  is  obvious,  fifom  Genewl 
BuSoyne's  own  Iccount,  and  from  the  tesUmony  of  h«  offi- 
cewT  iLt  this  was  a  severe  defeat ,  and  such  a  one  as  has 
S  been  experienced  by  a  British  army ,  the  titwps  wej^ 
reduced  by  it  to  the  greatest  distress,  and  nothing  but  mght 
oavrA  them  from  destruction.  .    -    .  , 

Amonrth^many  prisoners  taken  on  this  fatal  day.  were 
Sir  Sis  Clarke.'fi«t  aid-de-camp  of  Genera^  T^^^Z' 
Sljorickland,  commander  of  grenadiers ,  RIajor  Wdhams. 
commander  of  artUlerj',  and  many  other  disUnguished  officers. 
g3  WilkiBson,  wlio  was  present  during  tiiis  campaign, 
Sid  eSaged  in  the  different  battles,  has  recorded,  m  his  own 
memo&any  interesting  anecdotes  relative  to  it.  Among 
ShTrhe  mentions  several  passages  of  the  last  momenta  of 
lb  mncis  Clarke,  who  discussed  with  General  Gates,  as  he 
Z  moS  wounded  in  hi.  house,  the  merits  of  tiie  revdu. 
iion  and  awaited  his  fate  with  munly  composure,  it  was 
SrTwilkinson's  good  fortune  also,  to  save  the  life  of  the 
Sunt  AYkland,  at  tlfe  moment  when  a  soldier  had  aimed  h« 
Set  at  him,  as  he  lay  against  a  fence  wounded  m  both 

^T^rm  houses  are  dispersed  here  and  there,  over  the  field 
of  b^e.  and  the  people  often  find,  even  now,  gun-barrels 
^d  bly«"e^  <=*""°"  ^^'^  grape;*^hot,  bullets  and  human 
b^nes  Such  are  the  memorials  suU  exisung,  ot  these  great 
S^y  events ,  great,  not  so  much  on  account  of  the  nun.- 
£  oTthlTctors.  as  frem  the  momentous  interests  at  stake, 
and  from  tiie  magnanimous  efforts  to  which  they  gave  origin. 

The  night  of  tL  7th  of  October  was  a  most  cr.ical  one  to 
♦he  roval  annv«  in  the  courae  of  it  they  abandoned  thetf 
iamrcha^^d  their  whole  position,  and  retreated  to  diejr 
w^ks  upmfthe  heights,  contiguous  to  tiie  river,  and  imme- 
diately behind  the  hospital.  . 

On  Uie  8tli  tiie  British  were  employed  m  buiyin?  their 
dead.  Genei-al  Frazer,  when  dying,  had  sent,  witii '  i.t-  .  a- 
est  expression  of  his  affection  tor  General  Burgoy.'c 
quest  tiiat  he  might  be  carried  without  parade,  by  the  - 
of  his  corps,  to  Uie  great  redoubt,  anA  buned  there.  h, 
bodv.  attended  by  the  commander  m  chiet  and  the  t,,.. 
ScipTofficei.s  of  Uie  ain.y,  who  could  not  resist  the  im- 
pulie  to  join  the  procession,  moved,  winding  slowly  up  the 


wi' 
th( 
tia 
th< 

sei 
wl 
on 
lie 
m 

U 
m 
w 

m 
d( 
ce 
St 
9t 
n< 
in 
H 
k 


EXVEblTIOS'. 

est.  It  is  obvious,  from  General 
.  from  the  testimony  of  his  offi- 
iefeat  5  and  such  a  one  as  has 
British  army ;  the  troops  were 
distress,  and  nothing  but  mglrt 

s  taken  on  this  fatal  day,  were 
le-camp  of  General  Bui^yne ; 
jf  grenadiers  5  Major  Wdliams, 
any  other  distinguished  officers, 
present  during  this  campaign, 
battles,  has  recorded,  in  his  own 
necdotes  relative  to  it.  Among 
passages  of  the  last  moments  of 
iissed  with  General  Gates,  as  he 
house,  the  merits  of  tlie  revolu- 
vith  manly  composure,  it  was 
rtune  also,  to  save  the  life  of  the 
ent  when  a  soldier  had  aimed  his 
f^nst  a  fence  wounded  in  both 

1  here  and  there,  over  the  field 
ften  find,  even  now,  gun-barrels 

grapc-sliot,  bullets  and  human 
rials  still  existing,  of  these  great 
,0  much  on  account  of  the  num- 
le  momentous  interests  at  stake, 
eftbrts  to  which  they  gave  origin, 
ctober  was  a  most  critical  one  for 
irse  of  it  they  abandoned  their 

position,  and  retreated  to  their 
ntiguous  to  tlie  river,  and  imrae- 

yreie  employed  in  burylnp-  their 
ri  dying,  had  sent,  with  '  ne  ^    a.- 
ion  for  General  Burgoy.c 
sd  without  parade,  by  the  - 
edoubt,  and  buried  there, 
umander  in  chief  and  the  i; ..  •  - 
iiy,  who  could  not  resist  the  im- 
[1,  moved,  winding  slowly  up  the 


FUXEHAX.  OF  OEREBAl  FRAZEB- 


231 


hill,  within  view  of  the  gi-eater  part  of  both  armies,  while  an 
incessant  cannonade  from  the  Americans,  wlio  observed  a 
collection  of  people,  without  knowing  the  occasion,  covered 
tlie  procession  with  dust.    The  clergyman,  the  Kev.  »Ir. 
Brudenel,  went  through  the  funeral  service  with  perfect 
composure  and  propriety,  notwithstanding  the  cannonade, 
and  thus  the  last  honours  were  paid  to  one  of  the  chiets  ot  the 
British  army.     Tlie  Baroness  tteidesel,  who  was  a  spectator, 
says  that  the  funeral  service  was  rendered  unusually  solemn 
and  awful,  from  its  being  accompanied  by  constant  peals  from 
the  enemy's  artillery ;  "  many  cannon  balls,"  she  adds,  "  flew 
ckwe  by  me,  but  1  had  my  eyes  du«cted  to  the  mountain, 
where  my  husband  was,  standing  amidst  the  fire  of  the  enemy, 
and  of  course  I  could  not  think  of  my  own  danger."    Genei^ 
Bunroyne's  eloquent  delineation  of  the  same  scene,  although 
often  quoted  before  by  others,  is  too  interesting  to  be  omit- 
ted in  a  work  like  this.     "  The  incessant  cannonade,  during 
the  solemnity ;  the  steady  attitude  and  unaltered  voice  with 
which  the  clergyman  officiated,  though  frequently  covered 
with  dust,  whidi  the  shot  threw  up  on  all  sides  around  him  ; 
the  mute  but  expressive  mixture  of  sensibility  and  indigna- 
tion upon  every  countenance ;  these  objects  will  remain,  to 
the  last  of  life,  upon  the  mind  of  eveiy  man  who  was  pre- 
sent.  The  growing  duskiness  added  to  tlie  scenery,  and  the 
whole  marked  a  characterof  that  juncture,  that  would  make 
one  of  the  finest  subjects  for  the  pencil  of  a  master,  that  the 
field  ever  exhibited.     To  the  canvass,  and  to  the  page  of  a 
more  important  historian,  gallant  friend!  I  consign  thy  memo- 
ry.  There  may  thy  talents,  thy  manly  virtues,  their  progress, 
and  their  period,  find  due  distinction,  and  long  may  they  sur  . 
rive;  long  after  the  frwl  record  of  my  pen  shall  be  forgotten. 

About  nine  o'clock  this  evening  the  British  army  com- 
menced a  retreat,  pursuing  the  river  road  through  the  mea- 
dows.  It  moved  aU  night ;  but  tlie  succeeding  day  was  ex- 
cesrively  rainy,  and  the  roads  so  bad,  that  they  did  not  reach 
Saratoga,  a  distance  of  only  six  miles,  tUl  the  evemng  o»  the 
9th.  The  nuns  had  so  swelled  tiie  FishkiU,  that  they  did 
not  pass  that  rivulet  till  the  morning  of  the  10th,  when,  find- 
ing  their  enemies  already  in  possession  of  the  fords  o'  f'e 
Hudson,  they  took  up  a  strong  position,  which  proved  their 
final  one. 


232 


BunooTHs'ii  EzvBniTiox. 


At  this  period,  an  anecdote  'w  recorded  by  General  Wil- 
kinson, which  presents  so  beautiful  a  picture  of  foititude, 
resignation  and  affection,  that  it  must  not  be  omitted.    Lady 
Harriet  Ackland  had  accompanied  her  husband  throughaU 
the  dangers  and  hartlships  of  this  campai^ ;  separated  from 
him  at  length  by  his  capture,  she  obtamed  from  General 
Burgoync,  permission  to  seek  the  American  camp,  and  win 
the  pnsoner.  About  ten  o'clock  in  the  evening,  a  sentinel  on 
the  shore  of  the  river  saw  a  boat  approaching ;  and  fanding 
that  it  contained  this  noble  woman,  who  had  brought  a  letter 
from  General  Burgoyne  to  General  Gates,  she  was  received 
with  every  attention;  during  the  night,  she  reposed  in  the 
cabin  of  one  of  the  officers,  and  early  in  the  morning  wm 
conveyed  to  the  head  quarters  of  the  army.  "  General  Gates, 
says  Colonel  WilkinMin, "  stood  ready  to  receive  her,  wrtb  au 
the  tenderness  and  respect  to  which  her  r»nk  and  condition 
gave  her  a  cUum :  indeed  the  feminine  figure,  the  bemgn  as< 
pect,  and  polished  manners  of  this  charming  woman,  were 
alone  sufficient  to  attract  the  i^ipathy  of  the  most  obdurate; 
but  if  another  motive  could  have  been  wanting  to  inspire  re- 
spect,  it  was  fumUhed  by  the  pecuUar  circumstances  of  Lady 
Harriet,  then  in  that  most  delicate  situation,  which  cannot 
faU  to  interest  the  aolicitudea  of  every  being  posMssing  the 
form  and  feelings  of  a  man.    Every  kindness  and  attentiwi 
was  paid  to  her,  and  she  was  safely  conveyed  to  her  husband, 
who  had  grone  to  Albany."  ,      _  .  •  ^ 

Six  days  more  of  anxiety,  fatigue  and  suffering,  remained 
for  the  British  army.  They  had  lost  part  of  the  batteaux  that 
carried  their  supplies,  when  they  abandoned  the  hospital,  and 
the  rest  being  exposed  to  imminent  danger,  the  small  stock 
of  provisions  remaining  was  landed  under  a  heavy  fire,  and 
hauled  up  the  heights.    The  account  which  the  Baroneu 
Beidcsel  gives  of  their  sufferings  is  indeed  dreadful.  This  no- 
ble woman,  Uke  Lady  Ackbnd,  had  accomparaed  her  hus- 
band through  the  campaign,  and  General  Wilkinson  has  pre- 
served the  journal  in  which  she  recorded  its  gloomy  history. 
«  The  constant  danger  my  husband  was  in,"  she  writes  "  kept 
me  in  a  state  of  wretchedness,  and  I  asked  myself  if  it  was 
possible  I  should  be  the  only  happy  one,  and  have  my  hus- 
band spared  to  me  unhurt,  exposed  as  he  was  to  so  n»ny 
perils.    He  never  entered  his  tent,  but  Isud  down  whole 


lip 


ki 


EXVEDITIOX. 

e  is  recorded  by  General  Wil- 
;autiful  a  picture  of  fortitude, 
it  must  not  be  omitted.    Ladv 
mied  her  husband  througph  all 
this  can>paiffn ;  separated  from 
e,  she  obtained  from  General 
:  the  American  camp,  and  Join 
ck  in  the  evening,  a  sentinel  on 
boat  approaching ;  and  finding 
)man,  who  had  brought  a  letter 
eneral  Gates,  she  was  received 
;  the  night,  she  reposed  in  the 
and  early  in  the  morning  was 
3  of  the  army.  "  General  Gates," 
od  ready  to  receive  her,  witii  all 
}  which  her  rank  and  condition 
I  feminine  figure,  the  bemgn  as- 
of  this  charming  woman,  were 
sympathy  of  the  most  obdurate; 
lave  been  wanting  to  inspire  re. 
:  peculiar  circumstances  of  Lady 
lelicatc  situation,  which  cannot 
)  of  every  being  possessing  the 
Every  Idndness  and  attention 
safely  conveyed  to  her  husband, 

fatigue  and  suffering,  remMned 
»ad  lost  part  of  the  batteaux  that 
they  abandoned  the  hospital,  and 
(nminent  danger,  the  small  stock 
I  knded  under  a  heavy  fire,  and 
he  account  which  the  Baroness 
ings  is  indeed  dreadful.  This  no- 
land,  had  accompanied  her  hus- 
,  and  General  WUkinson  has  pre- 
she  recorded  its  gloomy  history, 
isband  was  in,"  she  writes, "  kept 
ess,  and  I  asked  myself  if  it  was 
ly  happy  one,  and  have  my  hus- 
,  exposed  as  he  was  to  so  many 
his  tent,  but  Isdd  down  whole 


■ABOStSS  BtlSKSU's  KASBATITI. 


333 


nights  by  the  watch-fires  =  this  alone  was  enough  to  have 
killed  him,  the  cold  was  so  intense.    The  want  of  water  dis- 
tressed us  much  5  at  length  we  found  a  soldier's  wife,  who 
had  courage  enough  to  fetch  us  some  from  the  nver,  an  of- 
hce  no  one  else  would  undertake,  as  the  Americans  shot  at 
every  person  who  approached  it,  but  out  of  respect  for  her 
sex  they  never  molested  her.    One  day  General  Phillips  ac- 
companied my  husband,  at  the  risk  of  their  lives,  on  a  visit  to 
us,  and  after  having  witnessed  our  situation,  said  to  him,  •! 
would  not  for  ten  thousand  guineas  come  again  to  this  place, 
my  heart  is  almost  broken.'    In  this  horrid  Mtuation  we  re, 
mained  six  daysi  a  cessation  of  hostilities  was  now  spoken  of, 
and  eventually  took  place;  a  convention  was  afterwards 
agreed  upon,  but  one  day  a  message  was  sent  to  my  husband, 
who  had  visited  me  and  was  reposing  in  my  bed,  to  attend  a 
council  of  war,  where  it  was  proposed  to  break  the  conven. 
tion  i  but  to  my  great  joy,  the  majority  was  for  adhering  to  it. 
Cnthe  17th  of  October,  the  convention  was  completed,  and 
General  Burgoyne  and  the  other  generals  waited  on  the 
American  commander  in  chief.    My  husband  sent  a  message 
to  me  to  come  over  to  him  with  my  children.    When  I  drew 
nea'  '  e  tents,  a  handsome  man  approached  and  met  me, 
too.    my  children  fi-om  the  calash,  and  hugged  and  kissed 
them,  which  affected  me  almost  to  tears.  •  You  tremble,'  said 
he,  addressing  himself  to  me, '  but  do  not  be  al'raid.*  •  No,'  I 
answered,  'you  seem  so  kind  and  tender  to  my  children,  it 
inspires  me  with  courage.'    He  tlien  led  me  to  the  tent  of 
General  Gates,  where  I  found  Generals  Burgoj^ne  and  Phil- 
lips, who  were  on  a  friendly  footing  with  the  former.    Bur- 
goyne  said  to  me  '  never  mind,  your  sorrows  have  now  an 
end.'  I  answered  him  that  I  should  be  reprehensible  to  have 
any  cares,  as  he  had  none ;  and  1  was  pleased  to  see  him  on 
such  friendly  terms  with  General  Gates.    AU  the  generals 
remained  to  dine  with  him.     The  same  gentleman  who  re- 
ceived me  so  kindly,  now  came  and  siud  to  me,  •  you  will  be 
very  much  embarrassed  to  eat  with  all  these  gentlemen  j  come 
with  your  children  to  my  tent,  where  I  will  prepare  for  you 
afrural  dinner,  and  give  it  with  free  will.'  I  said,  'you  are 
certainly  a  husband  and  a  father,  you  have  shown  me  so  much 
kindness.'  I  now  found  that  he  was  General  Schuyler. 
Some  days  i^r  thia  we  anived  at  Albany,  where  we  had  so 


im 


234 


BomeoTRk's  bxpeditioh. 


often  wished  ourselves;  but  we  did  not  enter  >»«•  ^e  expect, 
cd  we  should— M  victors !    We  were  received  by  the  good 
General  Schuyler,  his  wife  anddaughters,  not  m  enemies,  but 
kind  friends ;  and  they  treated  us  with  the  most  marked  U. 
tention  and  politeness,  as  they  did  General  Burpovne,  who 
had  caused  General  Schuyler's  beautiful  h«juae  to  be  burnt; 
in  fact  they  behaved  like  persons  of  exalted  minds,  who  de- 
termined  to  bury  all  recollections  of  theu-  own  injuries  m  the 
contemplation  of  our  misfortunes.    General  Burgoyne  was 
struck  with  General  Schuyler's  generosity,  and  said  to  him, 
•you  show  me  great  kindness,  although  I  have  done  you 
niuch  injury.'  '  That  was  the  fate  of  war,'  replied  the  brave 
man,  'let  us  say  no  more  about  it!'"   ,     ,       ..    „.  uwii 
On  the  17th  of  October  1777,  on  Uie  banks  of  the  Fishkdl, 
General  Burgoyne  and  his  army  surrendered  to  GenenJ 
Gates;  deKvering  up  their  artillery,  arms  and  storey  and 
Dledeinir  themselves  not  to  serve  again  in  America  during 
&ie  war.  General  Wilkinson,  who  was  present,  ttius  descnbes 
the  scene.—"  Early  in  tht  morning  of  the  17th,  I  visited  | 
General  Burgoyne  m  his  camp,  and  accompanied  him  tothe 
ground,  where  his  army  was  to  lay  down  their  ams,  from 
whence  we  lode  to  the  bank  of  the  Hudson  nver,  which  he 
surveyed  with  attention,  and  asked  me  whether  it  wa«  not 
fordable.  •  Certainty,  sir,'  but  do  you  observe  the  peojrfe  on 
the  opposite  shore  >•  'Yes,'  replied  he,  'I  have  seen  them 
too  lonff.'    He  then  proposed  to  be  introduced  to  Gener^ 
Gates,  and  we  crossed  the  FishkiU,  and  proceeded  to  head  | 
quarters.  General  Burgoyne  in  front,  with  1«»  Adjutant-Gene- 
?al  Kingston  and  his  aids^le^mp  Lord  Petersham  and  Lieo- 
tenant  Wilfoid  behind  him;  then  foUowed  Majo^General 
Phillips  the  Baron  Reidesel,  and  the  other  generd  officen 
and  their  suites,  accor^ng  to  rank.    QcnMaK^a,  ■dvwd 
of  Buntoyne's  approach,  met  him  at  the  head  of  h«  camp ; 
Buigc^e  in  a  ricfe  royal  uniform,  and  Gates  in  a  pl«n  Wue 
frock;  when  they  had  approached  nearly  within  sword s- 1 
lenjrtb.  they  reined  up,  and  halted;  I  there  named  the  gen- 
tlemen,  and  General  B awoyne,  raimng  his  hat  most  gi««™; 
ly.  said,  « The  fortune  of  war,  General  Gates,  hM  made  me 
vour  priwner;'  to  which  the  conqueror  returned  a  cowtly 
Sutefand  prompUy replied, ' I  »»»^  »|'™y»^e '«»^yto betf 
testimony,  &at  it  h»  wKt  been  tbroogh  MV  *«*"  y«"  *** 


I  IxrEPITIOK. 

?e  did  not  enter  it  as  we  expect. 
(Ve  were  received  by  the  good 
d  daughters,  not  as  enemies,  but 
ed  us  with  the  most  marked  at- 
ley  did  General  Burpoyne,  who 
r's  beautiful  house  to  be  burnt; 
reons  of  exalted  minds,  who  de- 
tions  of  their  own  injuries  in  the 
rtunes.  General  Burjfoyne  was 
ir's  generosity,  and  said  to  lum, 
less,  although  I  have  done  you 
e  fate  of  war,'  replied  the  brave 
)outit!"' 

77,  on  the  banks  of  the  Fishkill, 
1  army  surrendered  to  General 

artiileiy,  arms  and  stores,  and 
»  serve  agun  in  America  during 
1,  who  was  present,  thus  describes 
:  morning  of  the  17th,  I  vimted 
mp,  and  accompanied  him  to  the 
as  to  lay  down  their  aims,  firom 
k  of  the  Hudson  river,  which  he 
id  asked  me  whether  it  was  not 
>ut  do  you  observe  the  people  on 
,•  replied  he,  M  have  seen  them 
>ged  to  be  introduced  to  Genenl 

Fishkill,  and  proceeded  to  head 
B  in  front,  with  his  Adjutant-Gene- 
e-camp  Lord  Petersham  and  Ijet- 
m ;  then  followed  Majo(r«eneral 
lel,  and  the  other  general  officers 

to  rank.  General  Gates,  adwaed 
net  him  at  the  head  of  his  camp  i 
imform,  and  Gates  in  a  phin  Wue 
jproached  nearly  within  swords- 
id  halted  I  I  there  named  the  g«n' 
oyne,  raiang  his  hat  most  gracefiji- 
war,  General  Gates,  has  made  me 
the  conqueror  returned  a  courtly 
ed,  •!  shall  always  be  ready  to  bear 
been  tbraogb  wy  finik  of  yow  ex- 


sumBKXDn. 


335 


ccUency.'  Major-General  Phillips  then  advance^  and  he  and 
Sei^lGates^  saluted,  and  ''»'OO^h»?d«  ^'*  ^^i^/'^S'^i 
dr  old  acquaintances.  The  Baron  Reidesel,  and  the  other  of- 
ficers,  were  introdviced  in  their  turn.  ^.^.^ 

From  Stillwater,  the  road  P^^e^s  J^?"«f  .*?  ,!^'^'? 
rfiore  of  the  Hudson,  through  Anthony's  Kdl  and  Waterfwd, 
M  we  have  before  described  it,  twenty-four  miles  to  Albany. 

•  Fttge  13-59. 


236  llOtTTE   moM   BDRLUrOTOH    TO    BOgTOH. 

BURLINGTON  TO  BOSTON. 

M. 
BcmiwoTOH  to 

Williston 

Bolton ° 

Wateibury ° 

Montpelier J^ 

Williamstown 12 

Brookfield ° 

Randolph ° 

Royalton  --- ^ 

Barnard ° 

Woodstock ° 

Hartland ^ 

Windsor ° 

Cross  Connecticut  River  by  Cornish  Bndge 

Cornish ^ 

Claremont ° 

Sugar  River ^ 

Newport ^ 

Goshen 4 

Washington 1^ 

Hillsborough lO 

Contocook  River 3 

Francistown -.11 

Mount  Vernon '^ 

jlmheral •-  ^ 

Dunstable 14 

Cross  Nashua  River 

New-Hampshire  State  line 5 

Tynesborough 8 

Chelmsford * 

Bellerica 8 

Cross  Middlesex  Car<ial 

Wobum 9 

Medford 7 

Re-cross  Middlesex  Canal 

Charlestown 6 

BOSTOH 1 


mw  III  Ilium  " 


oBicif  voohtaixv. 


from  BuBiiHOTOir  to  Boston. 


231K 


KSTSAB  of  wirsuing  the  umwl  route  up  Lake  ChampUln, 
a  U^"eUer  may  makc\n  extremely  pleasant  feViaUon  by 
landing  at  Burlington,  and  crossmg  through  the  sUtes  ot 
Vermont  and  New-Hampshire  to  Boston. 

He  will  find  the  country,  immediately  on  the  shore  ot  tne 
hke! an  alluvial  soil ,  anYfrom  the  accountsof  the  .nk^bit- 
ants,  its  surface  must  be  very  different  now  fro™  .*^f '*  *" 
toncrly.     F«)gs  have  been  dug  up  from  »  deptli  of  fifteen 

feet,  at  first,  they  were  »PP'«''«y  «f«'«'«' ,»"^*  ^^1"  S 
exposed  to  the  air  ard  sun,  became  convulsed  and  tremulous 
and  gra.'  Uly  acquiring  more  and  more  Uie  power  of  volun- 
•i^t.on,Uy  hopped  away  in  full  POf«'«'«'}°L»'f^ 

S  activity.  Log.  also,  '"d '*rP^°^  ^fn'^JfeTt.  3 
due  up  here,  at  various  depths,  from  ten  to  fortj^  feet ,  and 
5S  in  some  instances,  whe^  nocUscennb  e  'J^'JO"  ««^ 
to  explain  the  mystery.  About  three  miles  fromthe  cowt. 
house,  and  within  fifteen  rods  of  Omon  nver,  *  "«".  """"^ 
six  years  since,  while  digging  a  well,  found  a  boat,  twelve 
feet  below  the  surface.  «         » 

As  we  ride  towards  the  west,  the  view  a  one  of  great 
beauty.    Towards  th=  interior,  *"»<>"&. «**»«'" A"*"."'^?*'^ 
jects,  the  range  of  the  Green  Mountains,  wrth  its  toun  ^ 
lofty  summits,  commencing  in  the  south,  as  far  as  the  eye 
a?reTh,  declines  away  northward,  until  «*  ^ec^mes^ppa- 
rently  blended  with  the  common  surface    Amo^S  the  Gret 
Mountains,  there  are  two  which  rise  with  l^^  l^^^"*  «J°7. 
all  the  rest ,  one  of  them  named  the  Camels  ^'Tf  •  ™^^- 
mel's  Back  or  the  Camel,  the  other  ^\^T'^^i<^'^^: 
JkU.    The  latter  of  these  was  proved,  by  ti»f  foUcwing  e%. 
Sent,  some  years  since,  to  be  h^her  f »"  ^^e  fomer.  ^ 
Lnter.  who  h'ad  ascended  to  its  highest  point,  Duti^^^ 
piece  a  small  ball,  and  pointing  it  at  the  apex  of  the  Camel, 

n^tSforof  Burlington,  the  road  strike.  ^^^^^^ 
the  valley  of  Onion  River,  along  which  'tj^"""!!' ^eSf r 

thirty-eight  miles.     A  smaU  part  of  _^^»^5/',J^^  P,^_ 
through  forests,  most  of  which  are  rendered  parUcularly  plea- 


338 


WAxmnim— MeHTHum. 


sant  and  shady  by  the  multit-  dc  of  beautiful  and  lofty  white 
pines  of  which  they  are  composed.  A  great  part  of  the  tract 
through  which  our  journey  lies,  is  however  thinly  settled, 
and  wears  every  mark  of  a  late  colonization,  such  as  houses 
and  fences  built  r*  logs,  girdled  trees,  stumps,  and  fieldi 
imperfectly  i-.leared.  The  river  is  a  pretty  stream,  perfectly 
clear,  always  winding  beautifully  along,  cheerful  in  its  cur. 
rent,  and  awakening  the  most  hvely  impressions  of  sweetneM 
and  salubrity.  Its  borders  also  are  lined  with  mtervals,  re- 
markably handsome  and  fertile. 

The  verdure  of  the  numerous  and  rich  meadows  which 
border  the  road,  is  extremely  luxuriant.  The  forest  trees  are 
thriving  and  noble.  The  hills  presenting  many  handsome 
accLvitics,  show  us  flourishing  farms,  advancing  rapidly 
towards  a  thorough  cultivation.  Often  behind  them,  and 
often  rising  immediately  from  the  road,  objects  invested  with 
awfy  grandeur,  are  finely  contrasted  with  this  smiling  scene- 
ry. On  the  north  side,  partictilarly,  a  lonp  succession  of  naked 
rocks  and  stupendous  precipices,  principally  schistose,  fomi 
wild,  nigged  and  magnificent  counterparts  to  the  rwde  moun- 
tuns  on  the  eastern  continent,  as  exhibit'  d  in  plates  and  de- 
scriptions. On  the  southern  side  of  the  .  '•r,  the  mountains 
are  universally  covered  with  forests:  even  i  e  Camel's  Back, 
which  at  little  intervals  is  visible  all  along  this  road,  and  looks 
down  on  the  regions  below  with  proud  sublimity,  is  covered 
with  evergreens  to  its  summit. 

At  Waterbury,  Onion  river  has  worn  a  stupendous  passage 
through  two  mountainous  promontories  of  slate,  between 
six  hundred  and  a  thousand  feet  in  length.  The  precipices 
on  both  Mdes  are  lofty ,  the  perpendicular  height  of  that  on 
the  south  is  not  less  than  one  hundred  and  fifty  feet.  A  col- 
lection of  huge  misshapen  rocks  has  here  been  tumbled  into 
the  river  t,  and,  when  it  is  at  its  usual  height,  completely  co- 
vers its  bed.  The  gloominess  of  this  passage,  the  pile  of 
ruins  beneath  which  the  river  ruas,  the  noise  of  the  torrent, 
and  the  solemn  grandeur  of  the  precipices,  form  a  combina- 
tion of  scenery  which  a  Welsh  or  Highland  bard  would 
describe  with  raptiurc. 

Manipelier  is  a  town  situated  in  a  valley  at  the  confluence 
of  the  two  head  waters  of  Onion  river.  It  has  about  eig^t 
hundred  inhabitants.  It  is  the  capital  of  the  state  of  Ver- 
mont,  and  contains  the  state-house,  prison,  and  other  public 


bui 


I— MeHTnuM' 

t-  dc  of  beautiful  and  loflv  white 
iposed.    A  great  part  of  the  tract 

lies,  if  however  thinly  »cttled, 
late  colonization,  «uch  as  houses 
;irdled  trees,  stumps,  and  fields 
iver  is  a  pretty  stream,  perfectly  i 
tifully  along,  cheerful  in  its  cur. 
stlively  impressions  of  sweetness  I 
also  are  lined  with  intervals,  re. 
tile. 

lerous  and  rich  meadows  which 
ly  luxuriant.  The  forest  trees  are 
hiUs  presenting  many  handsome 
shing  farms,  advancing  rapidly 
ition.  Often  behind  them,  and 
m  the  road,  objects  invested  with 
;ontrasted  with  this  smiling  scene- 
:ularly,  a  long  succession  of  naked 
ipices,  principally  schistose,  fomi 
nt  counterparts  to  the  rude  moun- 
snt,  as  exhibit-  d  in  plates  and  de. 
n  side  of  the  .  'r,  the  mountains 
h  forests:  even  i  e  Camel's  Back, 
sible  all  along  this  road,  and  looks 

with  proud  sublimity,  is  covered 
mtt. 
er  has  worn  a  stupendous  passage 

promontories  of  slate,  between 
1  feet  in  length.  The  precipices 
le  perpendicular  heigfht  of  that  on 
ne  hundred  and  fifty  feet.  A  col- 
rocks  has  here  been  tumbled  into 
It  its  usual  height,  completely  co- 
iness  of  this  passage,  the  pile  of 
ver  runs,  the  noise  of  the  torrent, 
f  the  precipices,  form  a  combina- 
Welsh  or  Highland  bard  would 

lated  in  a  valley  at  the  confluence 

Onion  river.    It  has  about  eig^t 

is  the  capital  of  the  state  of  Ver- 

ite-house,  prison,  and  other  public 


»««ti!r-~wiu.i*nsTOWir— BBooKfuin. 


339 


buil^ngt.  This  place  is  so  secluded,  that  it  seems  as  if  the 
1  government  had  sought  retirement  more  than  publicity,  m 
filing  itself  here.  It  is  probable,  however,  that  the  choice 
proceeded  from  a  regard  to  a  central  position,  as  this  place 
IS  only  ten  mUes  from  the  middle  of  the  state. 

The  road  now  passes  for  sixty -four  miles  to  Windsor,  on 
the  Connecticut  river.    Berlin,  the  first  township  through 
which  we  travel,  is  situated  on  very  high  ground,  about  twen- 
ty  miles  eastward  of  the  Camel's  Back.     The  surface  is  * 
succession  of  gradual  slopes  and  open  vallevs.    The  soil  ia 
I  good  grazing  land,  and  the  township  is  distributed  into  farmi 
1  recenfly  setUed.    The  inhabitants  have  built  a  church,  on  an 
eminence  about  half  a  mile  westwardly  from  the  road. 
I     Williamstoum  lies  on  an  elevation,  little  if  at  all  beneath 
that  of  Berlin.   That  part  of  the  township  through  which  we 
I  travel,  is  however  much  more  pleasant.   The  settlemento  we 
I  fiirther  advanced)  the  soil  is  rich)  and  the  inhabitants,  by  the 
appearance  of  their  farms  and '  uildings,  are  in  prosperous  cir- 
1  cumstances.    From  the  highest  ground  on  this  road,  there  m 
I  a  most  magnificent  view  over  the  Tonnecticut  vaUey;  termi- 
1  nated  eastward  by  Moose-hillock,  -t  the  distance  of  between 
I  thirty  and  forty  miles  j  and  nortli-eastward,  at  the  distance  of 
I  about  sixty  or  seventy,  by  the  White  Mountiuns. 
1     Brookfield  lies  on  the  declension  of  tlie  same  hills,  and  is 
generally  of  the  same  appeanince.    The  soil  on  our  road  is 
however  less  fertile,  and  tlie  face  of  the  country  less  plea- 
Isant     Soon  after  entering  this  township,  we  come  upon 
lone  of  the  head  waters  of  the  Wliit*  river  j  and  descending 
I  very  rapidly,  soon  arrive  at  the  foot  of  the  mountains.    Here 
I  we  enter  a  narrow,  flat  valley,  presenting  a  succession  of 
I  verdant  intervals,  bordering  a  clear,  praUlmg  stream.     The 
IhiUs  by  which  it  is  limited,  are   iiowcver  iicitlier  tertile 
[nor  pleasant.    Ki  Randolph,  which  we  reach  in  six  miles, 
I  there  is  a  small  village  built  along  thm  brook,  here  swollen 
I  into  a  miU-stream.   It  contains  about  thirty  buildings,  houses, 
I  stores,  mechanics'  shops,  and,  what  is  always  very  welcome 
I  to  a  traveller,  a  good  inn.  ,  -^    u 

I  The  village  of  Homllon  consists  of  about  thirty  houses, 
I  surrounding  a  well-built  academy.  Few  objects  are  more 
I  cheerful  than  this  little  cluster.  Just  before  reaching  u,  we 
lare  presented  also  witli  a  beautiful  expansion,  tormed  by  tJie 
Ijunction  of  two  branches  of  the  White  river. 


340 


WOODltTOCK— AlCIVTMtr. 


There  in  u  rcMul  which  here  iitriket  off  to  the  left,  Iwent) 
■even  miles,  to  Darlmoulh  CoUtge.  Puwuing  however  tlie 
regular  route,  we  reach  in  fifteen  niilc*  from  Hoyalton  tlie 
town  of  Woodttoek,  built  at  the  junction  of  the  two  branches 
of  the  tyaler<iueeehy.  It  is  a  neat  and  cheerful  settlement, 
containinfi;  a  number  of  handsome  houses,  and  omamenttd 
with  intervals  on  both  streams. 

From  Woodstock  we  descend  rapidly  to  the  Connecticut 
river  at  Windsor,  a  ride  of  thirteen  miles.  Before  us,  a  little 
to  the  right,  we  see  a  lofty  mounuin  called  JMhultuy,  which 
rises  at  a  small  disUnce  from  the  river,  and  is  separated  from  ' 
it  by  a  plain  which  may  be  considered  as  iu  base.  Its  name, 
it  is  said,  siiynifies  the  •  three  brothers,'  being  supposed  to 
indicate  the  three  principal  summits  of  the  mountain.  As  I 
seen  in  most  directions,  however,  it  is  a  single  conical  emi- 
nence, with  several  inferior  summito,  which  are  also  conical. 
From  iu  whole  appearance,  there  is  considerable  reason  to 
suspect  that  at  some  former  period  it  was  volcanic.  Cloudi 
usually  envelop  the  summit  of  Ascliutney  for  some  time 
before  a  rain,  and  the  shower  commonly  commences  o» 
the  mountain  before  it  descends  on  the  subjacent  country. 
The  height  has  been  ascertained  to  be  tliree  thousand  thne 
hundred  and  twenty  feet  above  the  tide. 

The  geolopy  of  the  region  over  whicli  we  have  been  pan-  , 
ing  from  Burlington,  is  simple  and  grand.  About  seven  milei 
east  of  the  lake,  the  primitive  country  begins  j  and  the  fixed 
rocks,  nnming  in  immense  ledges  north-eaiit  and  south-weit, 
often  vertical,  or  highly  iuchnud  in  their  position,  and  with 
a  (lip  generally  to  the  "east,  are  mica  slate,  gneiss,  clay  alatc, 
and  chlorite  slate.  Mica  jnte  is  far  the  most  abuntUnt  In 
some  of  these  schistose  rocVs,  hornblende  prevails;  but  there 
is  no  granite  in  place.  Oimnite,  however,  in  loose  rolled 
pieces,  some  of  tliem  weighing  many  tons,  prevails  for  the 
last  forty  miles ;  there  is  enough  to  buikl  several  cities ;  it  ii 
very  handsome,  has  a  fine  grain,  the  feldspar  is  white,  the  | 
quartz  gny,  and  the  piica  bUck,  and  it  is  used  along  the  ro»d 
as  a  building  stone,  though  it  appeai-s  certain  that  there  sie 
no  fixed  rocks  of  the  kind  in  this  region.  These  masses  of 
granite  have  everv  appearance  of  having  been  brought  down 
from  more  elevated  icgions ;  for  they  are  observed  in  deep 
vallevs,  on  the  banks  and  in  the  beds  of  water-courses,  on 
the  aecUvities,  and  even  high  up  on  the  sides  of  the  moun- 


thi 


1P» 
in 

I  of 
thi 
thi 

U' 

be 
wi 


I — ASCIVTKV. 

c  Ktriket  off  to  the  left,  twenl)- 
JoUtgt,  Pursuing  however  tin:  1 
Aftceii  milci  from  Koyalton  tLe 
the  junction  of  the  two  bntnchei 
k  neat  and  cheerful  settlement,  j 
MUome  houiea,  and  ornamented 
ns. 

cend  rapidly  to  the  Connecticut 
hirteen  miles.  Before  us,  a  little 
nountain  called  JSttfMtnty,  which 
I  the  river,  and  is  separated  from 
considered  as  its  base.  Its  name, 
ee  brothers,'  being  supposed  to 
I  summits  of  the  mountain.  Ai 
vevcr,  it  is  a  single  conical  emi- 
summits,  which  are  also  conical. 
I,  there  is  considerable  reason  to 
r  period  it  was  volcanic.  Cloudi  j 
kit  of  Ascliutney  for  some  time 
ower  commonly  commences  on 
Ascends  on  the  subjacent  country, 
tained  to  be  tlwee  thousand  thrte  | 
bove  the  tide. 

>ii  over  whidi  we  have  been  past- 
pie  and  grand.  About  seven  milet  I 
ive  country  begins  i  and  the  fixed 
ledges  itorth-eaut  and  suuth-wetl, 
:lmed  in  their  position,  and  with 
,  are  mica  slate,  gneiss,  clay  slate, 
Inte  is  fur  the  most  abundant.  In  I 
Ics,  hornblende  prevails;  but  there 
tranite,  however,  in  loose  rolled 
i^liing  many  tons,  prevails  for  the 
lough  to  buiki  several  cities :  it  ii 
giain,  the  feldspar  is  white,  the 
lack,  and  it  is  used  along  the  road 
I  it  appears  certain  that  there  are 
in  this  region.  These  masses  of 
ince  of  having  been  brought  down 
IS  i  for  they  are  observed  in  deep 
in  the  beds  of  water-courses,  on 
ligh  up  on  tile  aides  of  the  moun- 


WI!<D»UB--DAIITNOVTB  COLLtUt.  J41 

liiiist.  nut  they  :ire  rr>llc(l  and  rounded  i  most  uf  them  ap- 
prosoh  the  globular  funii,  and  all  have  their  angles  and  edges 
woni  away. 

fVitultor  is  a  flourishing  town,  the  capital  of  the  cmmty  of 
Windsor,  and  evidently  siiperior  to  any  other  in  the  state  of 
Vermont,  on  the  eastern  side  of  the  Ureen  Mountains.  The 
gn-at  body  of  the  town,  however,  consists  of  a  single  street, 
purallel  with  the  river,  not  far  from  two  miles  in  length,  and 
iyin)(  on  the  plain  at  the  foot  of  the  hills.  The  houses  in 
Windsor  arc  generally  good,  and  several  of  tlieni  are  built 
in  a  handsome  style.  Very  few  inland  towns  in  New-Rng- 
land  appear  to  equal  advantage.  The  court-house,  whiuit 
stands  on  the  norUi-eastem  corner  of  the  upper  part  of  tlio 
plain,  is  an  oixlinary  building :  the  church,  situated  on  its 
declivity,  is  large  and  has  a  good  appearance.  On  tlio 
pliiin,  the  Legisluturc  have  stationed  their  state  prison.  It 
i>  a  lar<f  e  and  rather  handsome  structure,  built  of  gray  gra- 
nite, furnished  in  the  neighbourhood,  and  extremely  well 
fitted  for  such  a  purpose  :  it  is  very  firm,  and  yet  capable  of 
being  split  into  pieces  of  any  shape  or  size  that  can  conveni- 
ently be  employed  in  building.  This  work  cost,  it  is  said, 
thirty-six  thousand  eight  hundi-cd  and  tliirteen  dollars,  seven- 
ty-eight cents,  and  is  destined  fur  the  reCcution  of  persons 
guilty  of  felonies  which  are  not  made  capital.  The  scenery 
in  nnd  about  this  town,  presents  many  attractions  to  tliv  eve 
of  the  traveller.  The  rough  bank  on  the  opposite  »i('--^  of 
the  river,  ''c  river  itself,  the  Inxuriuiit  interval,  the  pli  ns, 
the  town,  -  hills,  and  tlie  miigniticunt  mountain,  <('>■  i.  a 
group  of  iiiKi'usthig  objects,  on  which  no  eye,  cipabtt  of 
being  delighted  witli  the  beauties  of  nature,  can  fail  to  redt 
witli  peculiar  pleasure. 

Sixteen  miles  above  Windsor,  on  the  oppiisitc  b.iuk  of  the 
river,  is  Dartmouth  College,  a  liteRiry  institution  of  cunsidt.  • 
able  celebrity.  It  derived  its  name  from  William,  earl  of 
Dartmouth,  one  of  its  most  considerable  benefactors;  and  was 
founded,  in  the  year  1769,  by  the  vigilant  and  persevering 
ind\istry  of  the  Hev.  Dr.  Eleazer  Wheelock,  formerly  a  minis- 
ter of  Lebanon  in  Connecticut,  Here  this  gentleman  had  be- 
fore set  up  an  academy,  intended  particularly  for  misnon- 
aries,  who  were  to  spread  the  gospel  among  the  western  In- 
dians ;  and  in  this  school  several  of  the  Aborigines  were  fit- 
ted to  enter  upon  a  coUegiate  education.  Several  of  them. 
X 


342 


DARTMOrTH  COHBOE— CliaiMOST. 


were  placed  in  colleges,  and  receircd  «'f  ."«"f\'l'=5^„';  ^'• 
most  all  of  them  however  renounced,  ultimutely,  tijie  advwi- 
tages  which  they  had  acquired;  and  returned  to  the  gross- 

The  principal  collegiate  buUding,  which  is  of  wood,  i»  one 
hundred  and  fifty  feet  by  fifly,  and  three  stones  high ;  it  is 
painted  white.  Besides  thirty-four  private  rooms  lor  the  stu- 
Sents,  it  contains  all  the  public  rooms,  except  those  for  the 
medical  lectures  and  the  cliapel.  At  a  small  distance  from 
the  college,  southward,  stands  a  chapel,  the  arched  ceiling 
of  which,  ascending  from  the  four  sides,  produces  the  same 
effect  as  the  whispering  gallery  m  the  dome  of  St.  Pauls. 
A  Whisper,  uttered  in  one  of  the  angles  with  so  low  a  sound 
as  not  to  be  audible  six  feet  from  the  speaker,  is  verv  distmct- 
ly  heard  in  the  opposite  angle.  The  hbrary  contains  about 
four  thousand  volumes.  The  apparatus  of  this  insUtuUon  is 
not  very  extensive,  but  is  competent  to  the  most  importan 
purposes  of  insUuction.  There  are  two  hbrancs,  of  about 
two  thousand  volumes  each,  belonging  to  pr.v-ate  societies 
among  the  students.  There  is  a  separate  building  for  com- 
moiis,  but  ut  present  none  are  mwntamed;  the  students  board 
in  the  village,  and  many  of  them  occupy  apartments  in  it. 

From  M'lntlsor  we  cross  the  Connecticut  nver  into  New- 
Hampshire,  on  a  bridge  of  two  arches,  each  of  which  is  one 
hundred  and  forty-four  feet  span.  The  ro«l  leads  us  through 
the  township  of  Cornkh  to  Ckremont,  a  village  situated  on 
Sugar  Rivers  the  country  is  fine  and  undulating,  covered 
with  a  rich,  gi-avelly  loam,  converted  into  the  best  meatlows 
and  pastures?  The  hilUt  are  sloping  acclivities,  crowned  with 
elegant  summits.  The  township  is  chiefly  distributed  into 
plantations.  The  houses  in  many  instances  are  good,  ami  the 
indications  of  prosperity  abundant.  Claremont  is  one  o»  the 
wealtiuest  districts  in  this  county!  rjid  in  its  soil  inferior  to  very 
few  on  the  river.  The  country  around  was,  in  former  timei^ 
freeuentiy  tile  scene  of  bloody  conflicts  witii  the  Indians  and 
Canadians  \  a  short  disUnce  below,  a  kind  of  fort  had  been 
erected,  where  now  stands  the  village  of  Chark»U/wnt  and 
this  was  the  object  of  frequent  assaults. 

In  the  year  1747,  Captain  Stevens,  a  partisan  ofticer  ot 
meat  mdlantry,  finding  this  Uttie  fortress  in  a  sUte  wluch  ad- 
Siitted  of  its  being  defended,  determined  to  garrison  it.  Sooa 
after,  it  was  atucked  by  a  large  body  of  Canadians  and  »av» 


\z 


tlBOE— CliaiMOHT. 

received  the  usual  degrees.  Al- 
enounced,  ultimately,  the  advan- 
red }  and  returned  to  the  gross- 

)uilding,  which  is  of  wood,  iii  one 
ifty,  and  three  stories  high;  it  is 
ty-four  private  rooms  for  the  stu- 
iblic  rooms,  except  those  for  the 
lapel.     At  a  small  distance  from 
nds  a  chapel,  the  arched  ceihng 
he  four  sides,  produces  the  same 
lUery  in  the  dome  of  St.  Paul's, 
jf  the  angles  with  so  low  a  sound 
from  the  speaker,  is  very  distinct- 
igle.    The  library  conUuns  about 
he  apparatus  of  this  institution  is 
:ompetent  to  the  most  iraportent 
rhere  are  two  libraries,  of  about 
b,  belonging  to  private  societies 
re  is  a  separate  building  for  com- 
ire  mauntwned}  the  students  board 
'  them  occupy  apartments  in  it. 
)  the  Connecticut  river  into  New- 
two  arches,  each  of  which  is  one 
tspan.  The  road  leads  us  through 

0  Ctaremont,  a  village  situated  on 
r  is  fine  and  undulating,  covered 
,  converted  into  the  best  meailows 
J  sloping  acclivities,  cro*ned  with 
(wnship  is  chiefly  distributed  into 

1  many  instances  are  good,  and  the 
ibundant.  Claremont  is  one  of  the 
ounty ;  rjid  in  its  soil  inferior  to  very 
luntiy  around  was,  in  former  time*, 
oody  conflicts  with  the  Indians  and 
ce  below,  a  kind  of  fort  had  been 
Is  tlie  village  of  Charlatown ,-  and 
juent  assaiuts. 

tain  Stevens,  a  partisan  oflicer  ol 
lis  little  fortress  in  a  state  wliich  ad- 
ed,  determined  to  garrison  it.  Sooa 
i  Itfge  body  <  <f  Cuiadians  and  tav»- 


eHAnMSTCtrH— BXL10W8  TAVIS. 


343 


gcs,  who  attempted  to  set  it  on  fire  by  kindling  the  fences 
and  outworks,  and  shooting  into  it  a  great  number  of  burning 
arrows.  This  mode  of  assault  the  enemy  continued  through 
two  days?  but  their  design  was  completely  frustrated,  by 

I  the  activity  and  prudence  of  Stevens.  The  next  mornii^, 
the  French  commander  demanded  a  parley,  and  sent  an  offi- 
cer into  the  fort,  with  a  proposition  that  the  garrison  should 

i  lay  down  their  arms,  and  be  conveyed  to  Montreal  as  prison- 
ers of  war ;  or,  as  an  alternative,  that  the  two  commanders 

I  should  meet  and  confer  on  the  subject.  To  the  latter  pro- 
posal, Stevens  agreed.  The  Frenchman  opened  the  meet- 
ing by  declaring,  that,  if  Stevens  should  reject  his  former 
proposition,  or  should  kill  one  of  his  men,  he  would  storm 
the  fort,  and  put  the  whole  garrison  to  death.  To  this  formi- 
dable declaration,  Stevens  replied,  that  it  was  his  duty  and 
his  determination  to  defend  the  fort  until  he  found  the 
Frenchman  able  to  execute  his  threats.  The  commander 
then  told  him  to  go  and  see  whether  his  men  would  dare 
to  second  him.     Stevens  went  back  to  the  fort,  and  put  the 

Suestion  to  his  men,  who  answered  with  a  single  voice,  that 
ley  would  fight  to  the  last.  This  answer  he  immediately 
I  announced  to  the  enemy.  They  had  already  prepared  a 
wheel-carriage,  loaded  with  dry  faggots,  with  which  they  m- 
I  tended  to  set  fire  to  the  fort.  Upon  receiving  this  answer, 
I  therefore,  the  Frenchman  ordered  some  of  his  men  to  kindle 
I  the  faggots,  and  push  the  machine  up  to  the  fort,  while  the 
I  rest  renewed  the  attack.  But  he  foimd  himself  unable  either 
I  to  bum  the  fort  or  terrify  the  garrison.  The  assault,  how- 
lever,  was  continued  ail  that  day.  Sorely  mortified  with  his 
I  ill  success,  the  Frenchman,  the  next  morning,  proposed  a 
Isecond  cessation  of  arms.  It  was  granted.  He  then  sent  m 
ItTO  Indians  with  a  flag,  and  offered  to  withdraw,  if  Stevens 
I  would  sell  him  some  provisions.  This  Stevens  refused  to  do; 
I  but  offered  him  five  bushels  of  corn  for  every  captive  whom 
I  he  would  promise  to  send  him  from  Canada,  leaving  hosta- 
Iges  for  the  performance  of  his  promise.  The  Frenchman,  in 
la  rage,  ordered  his  men  to  fire  a  few  muskets  at  the  fort,  and 
I  marched  off.  In  this  gallant  defence,  not  one  of  Stevens'  men 
Iwas  killed,  and  only  two  were  wounded.  Sir  Chai-les 
IKnowles,  then  at  Boston,  was  so  well  pleased  with  Stevens' 
I  conduct,  that  he  sent  him  an  elegant  sword. 
I  On  the  Connecticut  river,  twenty  miles  below,  is  Bellows 
I  Falls,  a  place  well  worth  visiting  both  for  its  bold  and  pic 


244  lavBMT—vnmuBX  cakai. 

turesque  Kcnery,  and  for  the  interesting  nature  of  it«  mi 
nendSgy  and  geilogy-  The  river  ■■.  at  thw  place,  very  much 
compilLed  blu^eSriedge.  of  rockm  «k1  for  ne«V  »  qu-^rte 
of  a  mUe,  it  is  hurried  on  with  vast  r»piditjr  and  tumult  and 
roaring.  In  the  whole,  it  falls  fifty  feet  before  •»  becomes  «««. 
placKL   The  bridge,  which  stands  immediately  over  the  m, 
jnd  at  the  most  rapid,  that  is  to  say,  at  the  n»n«*^«»*  ?>*??•" 
a  handsome  obiect    Its  foundation  is  >'t?!»"y  « '~*^/" '*  " 
erected  not  only  upon  the  precipices  which  form  the  »«««, 
but  upon  tlie  very  ledges  which  interrupt  Ae  course  of  Ac 
river,  and  rise  ciml^  out  of  the  turbulent  ««jje  J^hat  ««• 
rounds  them.    This  u  said  to  have  been  the jarhert  br^ 
erected  over  the  Connecticut,  and  the  view  of  the  foOsJnm 
it  is  veiy  interesting.    The  water,  which  ft  • «""« J^^" 
above  comes  rushing  over  and  among  very  tugged  w>cltM»- 
rives  in  an  extremely  agitated  sUte  at  the  bridge,  under 
which  is  the  grand  pass,  for  the  stream  is  here  narrowed  in- 
to the  widtii  of  apparently  twenty  or  thirty  &«*•  ."^  ™*« 
through  with  great  rapiity.    It  i.  all  foam,  and  both  mv 
mediately  above  and  below  the  bridge,  resembles  the  mw^ 
violent  breaking  of  the  waves  of  tiie  ocean,  when  dashed  up. 
on  the  rocks  by  a  furious  tempest. 

Pursuing  however  our  direct  course  across  tte  swe  a 
New  Hampshire,  we  pass  through  the  vUk^  of  flifl»6orow* 
and  Ptmuulown,  across  a  ridge  of  very  high  land,  rad  in  fif 

S,.ux  nules  reach  Jlmherst,  seated  on  a  plain,  through  which  I 
ows  the  river  SouhKon  .■  it  is  a  very  pretty  ptoce,  contsm-l 
ing  a  church,  court-house,  jwl  and  pnntmg^ffice,  and  tie  I 
township  has  a  population  of  about  ewhteen  hundred. 

From  Amherst,  the  road  leads  us  in  fourteen  mdes  to  /fan 
ttabk,  on  the  shore  of  tlie  Merrimac  river.    Along  the  v^ 
of  this  stream,  we  travel  for  seventeen  m"!"  to  V*'^T:)I 
A  short  distance  below  this  village,  the  ifuWfe^  Cawlj 
leaves  tiie  Merrimac,  and  courses  along  on  the  nde  of  toe  rwtf 
for twentyJ-jur miles, to Medfird, on^yihcRtver.  The «• 
ter  in  the'canal  is  tiiirty  feet  wide  at  its  wrface.  twenty  fe^ 
at  its  bottom,  and  three  feet  deep.  The  Concord  or  Sudbutj 
river  crosses  the  line  of  the  canal  on  the  summit-level,  hvtl 
miles  from  the  junction  of  the  canal  with  the  Memmac,  and 
wholly  supplies  it  with  water  for  locking  down  each  way  troin 
the  sJmimt-level   From  tide  water  to  the  sumnut-leve  is  an 
ascent  of  one  hundred  and  four  feet,  and  from  thence  to  the 


re 
be 
th 
Oi 

b( 

tit 
of 
th 

th 
ei 

in 
in 
d 


CraUSH  CAXXU 

he  intereiting  nature  of  iu  mi. 
river  ii,  »t  th»  place,  very  much 
of  roclu,  and  for  nearly  a  quarter 
ith  va«t  rapidity  and  tumult  and 
» fifty  feet  before  it  becomes  tern 
stands  immediately  over  the  falls, 
8  to  say,  at  the  narrowest  place,  u 
ndation  is  literally  a  rock,  for  it  u 
precipices  which  form  the  banks, 
rhich  interrupt  the  course  of  the 
of  the  turbulent  scene  that  sur. 
to  have  been  the  earliest  bridge 
:ut,  and  the  view  of  the  falls  from  | 
!  water,  which  ft  *  some  distance 
»nd  among  very  rugged  rocks,  ar 
tated  sUte  at  the  bnd(^,  under 
ir  the  stream  is  here  narrowed  in- 
twenty  or  thirty  feet,  and  rushes 
^y.  It  is  all  foam  i  and  both  im- 
(V  the  bridge,  resembles  the  most  | 
ves  of  the  ocean,  when  dashed  up- 

lempest,  _^^   ji 

cUrect  course  acroaa  the  state  « | 
hrou^  the  villages  ofHiMorouA 
ridge  of  very  high  hmd,  and  in  fif- 
,  seated  on  a  plain,  through  wnicb 
r  it  is  a  very  pretty  ptece,  contwn- 
e,  jail  and  printing-office,  and  the 
I  of  about  eighteen  hundred. 
1  leads  us  in  fourteen  miles  to  DutA 
Merrimac  river.    Along  the  v^j 
for  seventeen  miles  to  Chelnunrd. 
this  village,  the  Middktex  Cm\\ 
bourses  along  on  the  ride  of  the  ro»il  | 
^Mfard,onMyBticmvtr.  Thew- 
Feet  wide  at  its  surface,  twenty  feet 
eetdeep.  The  Concord  or  Sudbui^ 
the  canal  on  tlie  summit-level,  five 
if  the  canal  with  the  Merrimac,  md 
Iter  fat  locking  down  each  way  vm 
tide  water  to  the  summit-level  is  m 
id  four  feet,  and  from  thence  to  the  | 


XIBDUSBX  CAHAIf 


345 


Merrimac  a  descent  of  thirty-two  feet.  There  are  in  all  twen- 
ty locks,  of  different  lifts,  of  which  the  highest  is  twelve  feet. 
These  locks  are  seventy-five  feet  long  in  the  clear,  ten  ieet 
wide  at  tiie  bottom,  and  eleven  feet  at  the  top.  Above  Med- 
t'ord  is  an  aqueduct  across  the  Mystic  river,  of  which  the 
abutments  are  one  hundred  feet  apart,  and  between  them 
are  tlttee  stone  niers,  each  eight  feet  thick,  for  supporting 
the  aqueduct.     T  le  tide  flows  up  the  Mystic  river  above 
this  place,     f^'-  surface  of  the  water  in  the  aqueduct,  is  ten 
feet  above  the  surface  of  the  water  in  tlie  river  below,  at  high 
water.    The  aqueduct  consists  of  a  kind  of  trougli,  made  of 
timber  and  plank,  which  has  stoo'  j  a  number  of  years,  but  is 
now  beginning  to  decay.    Over  Sym's  river  is  an  aqueduct, 
of  which  the  3)utments  are  a  hvndred  and  twenty  feet  apart, 
with  three  intervening  piers.     The  water  in  the  aqueduct  is 
thirty  feet  higher  than  the  water  in  the  stream  below.     The 
aqueduct  over  the  Shawshine  river  is,  between  the  abut- 
ments, one  hundred  and  forty  feet.     The  water  in  it  b  thir- 
ty-five  feet  higher  than  the  surface  of  the  river  below.    This 
aqueduct  has  been  built  twenty  years  \  it  is,  like  the  others 
on  this  canal,  made  of  wood,  and  is  so  much  decayed  as  to 
require  temporary  props  to  support  it.    There  are  three  piers 
between  the  abutments;  and,  between  the  outside  pier  and 
the  abutment  on  each  side,  there  is  a  kind  of  wooden  pier. 
On  the  interior  or  river  side,  of  both  the  abutments,  and  on 
both  sides  of  the  piers,  at  suiUble  distances,  large  horizonUl 
timbers  are  imbedded,  which  serve  to  support  the  lower  ends 
of  the  aqueduct  braces;  when  these  timbers  become  rotten, 
the  stone  work  will  probably  fell  down.    From  each  end  of 
this  aqueduct,  to  the  distance  of  five  hundred  feet,  is  an 
embankment  nearly  tlurty-five  feet  high. 

The  receipts  of  the  company,  from  the  canal,  are  rapidly 
increasing.  The  income  in  1808  was  seven  thousand  dollars, 
in  1809,  nine  thousand  doHars,  in  1810,  fourteen  thousand 
doUars,  in  1811,  seventeen  thousand  dollars,  in  1816,  twenty- 
five  thousaitii  dollars.  .... 
From  Mcdford,  the  next  stage,  of  sui  raUes,  bnngs  us  to 

Boston. 


x3 


'2*6 


nOCTK  noU  AtBAHT  TO  BOBTOW. 


ALBANY  TO  BOSTON. 

M. 

Albawt 

Cross  Hudson  Itiver  to 

Greenbush ^„ 

Uraon ^g 

Stephentown _ 

Canaan '  « 

Ltbanm  Springs ' 

New-York  8tate  line J 

Hancock      - - 

Pittsfield g 

Dalton g 

Peru • a 

Wortlungton ° 

Chesterfield ^„ 

Northampton    -    - *"* 

Cross  Connecticut  Biver 

Hadley "  * 

Belchertown *X 

Ware \ 

Brookfield   .    -    -    - ° 

Spencer - , 

Leicester _ 

Warcater i. 

Shrewsbury ° 

Southborough *" 

Framingham 

Cross  Concord  Biver 

Natick ' 

Cross  Charles  Itiver 

Needham 

Be-CTOss  Charles  Biver 

BrooUine ----  * 

Roxbury ^ 

BosTon 


M. 


1 

H  do 

13 

1  '^ 

19 

■  l.a 

26 

1  0' 

28 

■  pl 

29 

■ 

?o 

■  <" 

35 

K 

41 

b 

47 

ti 

55 

a, 

61 

tt 

73 

e 

a 

74 

h 

84 

n 

93 

a 

101 

a 

108 

b 

113 

c 

120 

s 

126 

t 

136 

I ; 

141 

■ ' 

148 
153 


^fXrimt^JttiM,L. 


.i|l|JWI|il«i| 


"lllWKHilN 


IBAHT  TO  BOBTOir 

TO  BOSTON. 

> 

M. 

12 

6 

7 

2 

i 

1 

5 

6 

6 

8 

6 
12 

1 

10 
9 
8 
7 
5 
7 
6 

10 
5 

7 

5 

■      6 
.      3 

.     3 

M. 

1 
1,^ 

19 

.    .    .    -    - 

26 
28 

29 

10 

M 

41 

47 

55 

61 

73 

ret 

74 

84 



93 
101 

108 

113 

120 

126 

136 

141 

148 

153 

tx 

159 

16d 

.... 

165 

OHIKVBUSH — VVVtV — H«W  WBAWOK. 


247 


From  AtBANT  to  Bostow. 

Akotheh  route  which  a  traveller  may  select,  is  to  conttaue 
down  the  Hudson  as  far  as  Albany,  and  then  to  strike  off  to 
Snastward.  through  Massachusetts,  and  this  «>ute jspCT- 
haps  Ae  more  prefemble.  as  he  will  not  ^^^J^^.^^^X^ 
of  vbiting  the  fnteresting  country  at  the  head  of  Lake  Cham- 
nlain.  and  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Saratoga, 
^crossing  the  Hudi)n  to  the  village  of  Gremhmh,  the  road 
nsMes  in  a  south-eastern  direction,  through  the  county  of 
&aer.  twelve  mUes,  to  Union  village.  Around  Green- 
busMlie  country  is  beautiful  and  fertile,  and  is  divided  mto 
fine  farms,  interspersed  with  houses  and  outbuildings,  whose 
SJeZce  sufficicnay  indicates  the  e-^y  «"««X^«»  «J 
Seir  nroprietors.  From  this  plain,  we  ascend  the  elevated 
giWy  which  it  U  bonlered  and  ^0",  *e  acclivrty 
?re  presented  with  a  fine  view  of  the  city  of  Albany,  the 
luKhUds  north  of  it.  the  handsome  co"ntn;:««''**^."?  *« 
neUbourhood,  the  river,  and  the  fine  flats  by  which  for 
r^at  extent  it  i»  bordered  on  both  sides.  The  sod  w 
a  SUof  sand  and  clay,  replenished  everywhere  witti 
bhck,  friable  slate;  and  the  surface  «  covered  with  oak. 
chesnurpine,  &c.    This  tract  is  tolerably  fertile,  and  wefl 

sS  to  the  grow*  «f  wl*"^-  »"  ^^l"  '"'  "'l-,?"^"  ^^i!" 
he  rive^  the  country  becomes  gradua  ly  more  hdly.  and  Ae 
cUv  bee  ns  to  be  mixed  with  loam  and  gravel.  Granite  and 
Umertone  are  found  in  considerable  quantities,  and  the  fo- 
rests  become  chiefly  oak  and  chesnut.      .   „,    .    ,  , 

The  next  stage  oV  fifteen  miles,  through  W«»Aen/oiw.  and 
C«w^  biSL  to  Lebanon  Springs.  The  Uutrfiil  httle 
,^o{N^  Lebanon  is  forme'd  chiefly  of  houses  erected 
forT  accommodation  of  those  who  frequent  the  mineral 
sMin^tpMtof  it  is  in  the  vale,  the  rest  on  the  steep  ascent 
wWcf  foW  the  first  step  of  the  mountain  that  bounds  it 
Befoe  rThe  valley  spreads  away,  extending  for  several 
maelfin^lv  cultivated,  with  meadow,  wood  and  farm  houses 
Sed  SS/and  its  area  smrounded  on  every  side  by 
KuT^ose  sides  are  themselves  finely  chequered  wdi 
c(iergH.W>.««l  fields  WTcred  witb  the  frcAest  ver- 


I 


243 


LEBAROS    HPniSUS. 


dure.     At  a  distance,  tufted  with  wood,  is  seen  the  neat  vil 

laM  of  the  Shakers.  .    , ,     r     .u     .        .i     1 1 

As  the  sprini,'  is  not  very  remarkable  for  the  strength  nf 
its  mineral  quality,  nor  for  great  heat,  the  prmcipaJ  advan- 1 
taffes  of  Lebanon  seem  to  arise  less  from  the  water,  than  from 
the  sol\ne8»  and  purity  of  the  air,  the  repose  and  beauty  ot 
the  place,  and  the  exercise  which  those  who  visit  it  nre  dis- 
posed to  take,  from  the  invitation  and  resource  't  offers  i 
the  scenery  and  prospects  invite  m  to  ramble  over  its  hilb; 
and  all  ai-ound,  the  country  affords  pleasant  ndes,  especially 
on  horseback.  This  spring,  however,  is  less  the  resort  of 
company  than  Saratoga  and  Ballston:  those  who  are  the  yic 
tims  of  disease,  find  ui  their  watei-s  more  powerful  remedies; 
whUe  fa»lii<m,  which  delights  more  m  a  crowd,  however  dull, 
than  in  repose,  natural  beauty,  and  nu*l  n-source,  P^^Kto 
fill  the  fonnal  and  listless  rooms  of  Saratog-a,  wther  than  be 
amused  with  the  native  charms  of  a  spot  like  this. 

Unlike  most  mineral  waters,  ilie  sprmg  at  I-ebanon  iswes 
from  a  high  hill !  the  water  boils  up  in  a  space  of  ten  teei 
wide  by  three  and  a  half  deep,  it  is  perfectly  pellucid,  so 
that  a  pin'8-head  might  be  seen  on  the  bottom  of  the  spring. 
Gas  in  abundance  issues  from  among  the  pebbles  and  sand, 
and  keeps  the  water  in  a  constant  and  plexsmg  agitation. 
The  fountain  is  very  copious ;  the  water  discharged  amounts 
to  eighteen  barrels  in  a  minute,  and  not  ony  suppbes  the 
1)aths  very  copiously,  simply  by  running  down  the  hiU  to  them, 
but  in  the  sa^e  minner  it  feeds  seveni  mills,  »nd  turns  t^e 
water-wheels  with  sufficient  power.    1  he  quantity  of  water 
is  constant,  and  varies  not  perceptibly  in  any  season,  a 
remark  abo  appUcable  to  its  temperature,  which  is  73  of 
Fahrenheit:   this  temperature,  so  near  the  summer  heat, 
makes  it  a  thermal  water,  and  causes  a  copious  cloud  ol 
condensed  vapour  to  liang  over  the  founUin,  whenever  the 
Tis  cold.     The  water  is  perfectly  tasteless^^  and  without 
smell,  very  soft,  does  not  curdle  soap,  is  used  lor  all  cuhnan 
Ind  domestic  purposes,  is  not  avoided  by  animab.  who  druA  | 
at  the  stream  that  flows  in  a  rivulet  down  the  hiH.  and  appa- 
tently  differs  little  from  very  pure  mountain  water,  except 
in  its  temperature :  that  of  tfie  conUguous  spnnm  in  the  I 
same  hiU  is  as  low  as  that  of  any  mountain  springs,  about  50». 
Dr.  WilLara  Meade,  from  a  regular  process  ot  analysis,  inlers  | 
l^t  the  Lebanon  Spring  contains,  in  two  quarts  of  water- 


an  gpBlsos. 

1  with  wood,  is  seen  the  neat  viL  I 

Y  remarkable  for  the  strength  of 
great  heat,  the  principal  advan- 
rise  less  from  the  water,  than  from 
the  air,  the  repose  and  beauty  of 
I  which  those  who  visit  it  are  dis- 
nvitation  and  resource  it  offers;] 
invite  us  to  ramble  over  its  hilbi 
'  affonls  pleasant  rides,  especially 

f,  however,  is  less  the  resort  of 
Rallston:  those  who  are  the  vie- 
r  waters  more  powerful  remedies! 
its  more  in  a  crowd,  however  dull,  I 
,uty,  and  nural  resource,  prefers  to  I 
ooms  of  Saratoga,  ratljer  than  be 
arms  of  a  spot  like  this, 
ters,  ilie  spring  at  Lebanon  iasues 
ter  boils  up  in  a  space  of  ten  feei  l 
deep ;  it  is  perfectly  pellucid,  so 
seen  on  the  bottom  ot  the  sprme. 
Vom  among  the  pebbles  and  sand, 
I  constant  and  pleasing  agiUtion. 
lus  i  tlic  water  discharged  amounts 
linute,  and  not  only  supplies  the 
ly  by  running  down  the  hill  to  them,  I 
t  feeds  several  mills,  and  turns  the 
!nt  power.    The  quantity  of  water 
lot  perceptibly  in  any  season,  a  I 

0  its  temperature,  which  is  73   of  I 
rature,  so  near  the  summer  heat,  I 
■r,  and  causes  a  copious  cloud  of 
ig  over  the  foimtain,  whenever  the 

is  perfectly  tasteless,  and  without 
curdle  soap,  is  used  for  all  culinaiy 
s  not  avoided  by  animals,  who  drink  | 
n  a  rivulet  down  the  hill,  and  appa- 
very  pure  mountain  water,  except 
;  of  the  contiguous  springs  in  ^e  | 
of  any  mountain  springs,  about  50  . 

1  a  regular  process  of  analysis,  infers  i 
contains,  in  two  quarts  of  watep~ 


THll   SIIAKlBS.  "'* 

Muriate  of  lime,     1   grain. 

soda,     1}  do. 

Sulphate  of  liinc,  li  do. 
Carbonate  of  lime,   J   do. 

Total,  5     do. 

The  aeriform  fluids  in  two  quarts  of  water,  he  sUtes  thus: 
Azotic  las,  (or  nitrogen),     13  cubic  inches. 
Atmospheric  air,    -    -    -    _8_      ^°- 

21 

On  the  side  of  the  New  L«»'»r"^T>u  J'ji^ tJ^e  de' 
spring,  at  the  distance  of  two  miles  and  a  half,  «P«" '^^- 
Svitv  of  the  mountain,  and  near  its  base,  is  the  Shaker's 
Se  w  ich.  with  its  green  fields  and  neat  houses,  is  r. 
JleSgo^j^cUn^heoutliSTof  the  picture.  The  Shakersa^ 
.  ^.rious  sect,  who  have  established  themselves  here,  up- 

?So«ntTnd  weak  tninded,  those  who  marry,  howeveiv 
.r^  Mediately  excluded.  On  the  whole,  there  seems  to 
b"bu"S*Snc"  amid  the  fi-dom  of  ^he  P-ent^e; 
.nd  in  this  country,  wh. ;«  every  circumstance  invites  ratner 
tt!anSiscou^ersJ>cial  intercourse,  ihat  their  numbers  will 

'"Thefr^aie,  or  collection  of  buildings,  is  arranged  along 
a  streei  of  a  mile  in  length.  All  of  them  are  comfortable. 
aTaclIlierable  po/on  of  then,  -e  '  ^  :^heyj«e^^^^^ 
most  without  an  exception  painted  y^"°*' ."^^  f^^^ 
nlain  make  a  handsome  appearance.  The  utmost  neatness 
&sSous?nOieirfiel&«lens.cou^^^^^^^ 
and  even  in  the  road ,  not  a  weed,  not  a  spot  ot  hWh,  nor 
anviSice.  issufferedtoexist.  Their  wood. scut  and  piled 
iSmorexacTorder,  Uieir  fences  are  perfect ,  even  their 
stone  waHs  we  constructed  with  great  regtilarity,  a"d  of  ma- 
Ss^o  ma^y  and  so  well  arranged,, that ""  ess  overthrown 
by  force,  they  may  stand  fbr  centunes:  instead  of  wooden 


I 


I 


230  Tnt  iHAxem*. 

posts  for  their  gales,  they  have  pillars  of  stone,  of  one  solid 
piecei  and  every  thingf  bears  the  impress  of  labour,  rijrilance 
and  skill,  with  such  a  share  of  taste  as  is  consistent  with  tlic  I 
austerities  of  their  sect.  Their  orchards  are  beautiful,  ami 
probably  no  part  of  our  country  presents  finer  examples  ot 
•g^iculttiral  excellence.  They  are  said  to  possess  nearly  I 
t&ee  thousand  acres  of  land,  in  this  vicinity. 

Besides  agriculture,  the  Shakers  occupy  themselves  with  I 
mechanictl  employments.  The  pro<luctions  of  their  industry 
and  skill,  «eves,  brushes  boxes,  p^ls,  and  other  domestic 
utensils,  are  everywhere  exposed  for  sale,  and  are  distin- 
guished  by  excellence  of  workmanship.  Their  garden  seedii  I 
are  celebrated  for  goodness,  and  find  a  ready  market.  Their 
females  are  employed  in  domestic  manufactures  and  house 
work,  and  the  community  is  fed  and  clothed  principally  by 
its  own  productions.  Their  church,  a  plain  but  neat  building, 
has  a  ccurt-yard  belonging  to  it,  which  is  a  remarkably 
■*  smooth  shaven  green."  Two  paths  lead  to  it  from  a 
neighbouring  house,  both  paved  with  marble  slabs:  by  these, 
the  men  enter  at  one  end  of  the  church,  and  the  women  sX 
the  other. 

Of  the  exact  tenets  of  this  sect,  it  is  rather  difficult  to  ob- 
tain an  accurate  account.  It  is  said  to  have  been  founded 
about  the  year  1768,  by  Ann  Lee,  the  wife  of  an  English 
blacksmith.  She  pretended  to  be  inspired,  called  herself 
"Anne  the  word,"  and  instituted  a  new  mode  of  worship, 
"pnusing  the  Lord  by  dancing."  Being  prosecuted  for 
riotous  conduct,  she  and  her  followers  were  tlirown  into 
prison  i  a  treatment  which  caused  their  emigration.  They 
came  to  America  in  1774,  and  settled  in  the  state  of  New- 
Hampshire.  Anne  afterwards  removed  to  the  state  of  New- 
York,  where  she  began  to  prophecy,  declaring  that  she  was 
the  second  Christ,  ai>d  that  those  who  followed  her  should 
have  their  uns  forgiven.  '  About  the  year  1781,  she  began  a 
progress  through  various  parts  of  the  counuy,  particularly  of 
New-England,  which  lasted,  we  are  told,  about  two  years 
and  four  months.  The  following  year,  "  having  finished  the 
work  wliich  was  given  her  to  do,  she  was  taken  out  of  the 
sight  of  the  believers,  in  the  ordinary  way  of  all  living,  at 
WatervUet,  on  the  eighth  day  of  the  ninth  month," — in  ho- 
nest English,  she  died.  Since  the  death  of  tlie  mother,  the 
nfiairs  oi  the  suciefy  have  liecn  under  the  manui^emciit  of 


lave  pillars  of  stone,  of  one  solid  I 
rs  the  impress  of  labour,  vijjilance 
!  of  ttkste  ns  is  consistent  with  the 
'heir  orchards  are  beautiful,  ami 
intry  presents  finer  examples  of  I 
rhey  are  said  to  possess  nearly  I 
d,  ill  this  vicinity. 
Shakers  occupy  themselves  with  I 
The  projluctions  of  their  industry 
boxes,  f  ^Is,  and  other  domestic 
!Xposed  for  sale,  and  are  distin- 
orkmanship.    Their  garden  seeds 
I,  and  find  a  ready  market.  Their 
[omestic  manufactures  and  house 
is  fed  and  clothed  principally  by 
church,  a  plain  but  neat  building, 
g  to  it,  which  is  a  remarkably 
Two  paths  lead  to  it  from  a 
>aved  with  marble  slabs:  by  these, 
if  the  church,  and  the  women  &t 

lis  sect,  it  is  rather  difficult  to  ob- 
it is  stud  to  have  been  founded 
Inn  Lee,  the  wife  of  an  EngUsh 
ed  to  be  inspired,  called  herself 
istituted  a  new  mode  of  worship, 
ancing."  Being  prosecuted  for 
her  followers  were  tlirown  into 
caused  their  emigration.  They 
and  settled  in  the  state  of  New- 
irds  removed  to  the  state  of  New- 
prophecy,  declaring  that  she  wa.H 
It  those  who  followed  her  should 
About  the  year  1781,  she  began  a 
arts  of  the  cmtnuy,  particularly  of 
id,  we  are  told,  about  two  years 
owing  year,  "  having  finished  the 
•  to  do,'  she  was  taken  out  of  the 
the  ordinary  way  of  all  living,  at 
day  of  the  ninth  month," — in  ho- 
ince  the  death  of  the  mother,  the 
Ijecn  under  the  management  of 


THC    SBlRinS. 


251 


1  several  successive  persons,  on  whom  the  leading  gift  in  the 
I  visible  administration  has  descended. 

They  have  derived  their  name  from  their  peculiar  mode 
I  "irship,  which  consists  in  the  most  violent  dancing.  At 
I  c.  .itsh,  the  females  are  drawn  up  in  ranges  on  one  side,  and 
Itlie  men  on  the  other.  Two  singers,  from  each  sex,  then 
I  take  their  stands  at  the  head  of  their  respective  columns.  A 
I  signal  being  given,  the  singers  commence,  and  the  columns 
I  pet  into  motion.  They  gently  advance  and  recede  for  some 
I  minutes,  when,  on  a  sudden,  they  reverse  fronts,  quicken 
I  tiieir  motions,  and  dance  in  a  familiar  manner;  suddenly  tliey 
I  wheel  to  their  foi-mer  positions  increasing  in  the  violence  ot 
I  their  actions,  as  they  become  warmer'  by  the  spirit  and  ani- 
j  mated  by  the  singing.  By  one  impulse  they  now  break  the 
I  onler  in'which  they  stand,  and,  each  column  whirling  withm 
I  its  own  limits,  they  throw  their  heads,  hsnds  and  legs,  in  wild 
I  disorder,  occasionally  leaping  up,  and  uttering  a  loiid  en-. 
I  During  this  time,  each  individual  has  chimed  m  with  the 
I  singers,  who  have  themselves  fallen  into  their  columns,  and 
I  are  all  singing  with  stunning  noise  ;  till,  by  their  violence, 
land  by  the  incessant  fuiy  of  their  dancing,  the  worshippers 
|»re  exhausted.  Some  sink  on  the  floor,  whilst  others  are 
I  scai-cely  able  to  gfet  to  their  seats.  There  is  not,  however,  the 
I  same  violence  at  all  times;  on  some  days  the  scene  is  con- 
Isidcwbly  less  animated,  and  of  course  much  more  agreeable 
I  to  a  visitor.  , 

The  principal  tc.iet  of  the  religion  of  these  people  is  a  total 
I  non-intercourse  between  the  sexes  :  consequently,  husband 
I  and  wife  are  cUsuiiitcd  as  soon  as  they  enter  into  the  society. 
I  All  their  domestic  arrangements  arc  made  with  a  rigid  re- 
I  gard  to  this  object,  l-lach  family  house  is  divided  into  small 
I  rooms,  large  enough  for  two  beds,  and  each  has  a  wardrobe 
I  attached  to  it.  There  is  one  kitchen  and  tlining  room,  com- 
I  iiion  to  the  house;  the  latter  has  two  doors  on  one  side,  lead- 
I  ing  from  the  common  passage.  The  house  is  divided  in  eve- 
I  ry  story,  by  a  wide  entry  ;  one  side  of  the  house,  through 
I  each  story,  is  occupied  by  the  females,  the  opposite  by  the 
I  males ;  there  are  also  two  pair  of  stjurs,  leading  to  the  apart- 
Iments  on  opposite  sides  or  the  house ;  and  the  whole  is  neat- 
I  ly  finished.  The  tenants  of  each  live  as  one  family  ;  the  wo- 
I  men  cook,  wash,  make  and  mend.  The  men  attend  to  all  the 
I  farmmg,  mechanical  and  ouMoor  labour.  Unless  on  sonw  do- 


2$^  TH«   OTAKKm. 

mertic  nccewiity,  the  niulen  and  fV niaU-»  are  never  uccn  in  tl.c 
oppoiite  »i<lc«  of  the  house.  In  ttttendinK  iiiorning  an<l  c\  Kiiiii)} ' 
wonhip.  and  when  goinff  to  and  returiiinK  from  tbcir  mcils 
they  enter  the  room  at  their  own  doont,  cat  at  their  own  t», 
ble»,  and  return  on  their  own  aidei  of  tlie  house  i  before  e««- 
ing  tliey  kneel  down  to  ({race,  each  one  sayinr  it  for  himielf. 
The  principal  persons  in  the  sect  are  the  elders,  father  con- 
feasor*,  and  saints.  They  enjoin  confcsaions,  penances,  absolu- 
tions, 8cc.   The  members  are  fre«juently  honoured  by  the  mi- 
raculous  interpositions  of  the  Deity.   Indeed  they  attinn,  thit 
they  do  every  thinif  by  "  a  gift,"  that  is,  by  sn  immediate  'a-  L 
tpiration  of  the  Holy  8|)irit.   An  account  of  the  application  of  I 
tuis  very  rational  doctrine,  is  thus  given  in  tlie  North  Ameri- 1 
can  Uevie>«[.   A  youth  of  one  of  the  Bhaker  settlements,  ofi 
cheerful,  happy  spirit,  was  once  asked  whether  he  had  his 
liberty,  and  could  do  as  he  pleast-d.  'Certainly,'  said  the] 
youth,  (repealing,  doubtless,  \.'»at  all  are  taught  to  believe,) 
we  do  whatsoever  we  have  a  gift  to!  On  being  asked,  there. 
fore,  what  he  would  tlo,  if  he  wanted  on  a  fine  w  inter's  morn- 
ing to  go  down  ami  skate  on  the  pond,  he  replied,  '  I  sliould 
ten  tlie  elder,  that  I  had  a  gift  to  go  down  and  skate.*  Being 
further  asked,  w  hether  the  elder  would  permit  him  j  he  »ti- 1 
swered,  •  certainly,  unless  he  hud  a  gift  that  1  should  not  go.' 
But  if  you  still  told  the  eklcr  that  you  had  a  gift  to  go  down 
and  skate,  and  you  niu.st  ?  •  Why,  then  the  ekler  would  tell 
me  that  I  had  a  lying  gift,  and  that  he  ha<l  a  gift  to  beat  me, 
if  I  did  not  go  about  my  work  directly.' 

Immediately  on  leaving  Lebanon,  the  road  leads  up  tlm 
iteep  ascent  of  the  mountain,  which  forms  the  first  ridge  I 
of  those  hills  of  wide  extent  which  run  in  a  coui-se  of  north 
to  south,  from  Vermont  and  the  lakes  of  Canada,  to  the  Sound 
oppowtc  Long  Island.  The  road  itself  is  a  fine  turnpike,  sur- 
rounded by  gloves  of  pine  ti-ees,  and  abounding  in  delightful 
prospects  over  the  valley  wc  have  left,  and  the  disUnt  hills  | 
lis  &r  as  tlie  Hudson.  The  whole  ascent  is  more  or  less  culti- 
vated, the  8<»il  still  remaining  a  fine  limestone. 

From  the  top  of  this  hill,  we  have  a  ride  over  a  hith  coun- 
try,  of  viirious  elevation,  for  three  miles,  until  we  begin  to 
descewJ  the  eastern  side  of  the  r-Jge,  into  the  beautiful  pUi.i  | 
of  Pittsfieki*  the  desciit  is  however  moderate,  and  by  no 
means  so  great  a»  th«;  ascent,  this  plain  appearing  to  be  con- 
aideiably  higher  thin  that  .  f  L«b»nun.    About  two  miles 


tb 


•IIAKICIIt. 

ind  feniaU's  are  never  i»ccn  in  tl.t 
In  uttendintt  morning  and  cvRniiiK  I 
)  and  retvuiiinK  Iron)  tbcir  nicils 
'  own  dooni,  cat  at  their  own  t»< 
n  aidei  of  the  house  i  before  ut- 
each  one  layinr  it  for  himielf. 
he  sect  arc  the  elders,  father  con- 
oin  confcsHions,  penances,  absolu- 
e  frequently  honoured  by  the  mi- 
e  Deitv.  Indeed  they  •iiirm.thtt 
^ft,"  that  is,  bv  an  immediate  in- 1 

An  acconntof  the  appUcation  of  I 
s  thus  given  in  the  North  Ameri- 1 
le  of  the  Bhaker  settlements,  of> 
once  asked  whether  he  had  his 
ic  pleastd.  'Certainly,'  said  the 
i»,  \.  hat  all  are  taught  to  believe,)  | 
a  git\  to!  On  being  asked,  then;. 
Hi  wanted  on  a  fine  winter's  morn- 
..  the  pond,  he  replied,  '  I  sliotild 
ipft  to  go  down  and  skate.'  Being 
;  elder  would  permit  him «  he  »n- 
he  hud  a  gift  that  I  should  not  go.' 
Icr  tltat  you  had  a  gift  to  go  down 

«  Why,  then  the  ekier  would  tell 
and  that  he  had  a  gift  to  beat  me, 
ork  directly.' 

Lebanon,  the  road  leads  up  tlw 
itain,  which  forms  the  first  ridge 
•nt  which  run  in  a  coui-se  of  north  I 
1  the  lakes  of  Canada,  to  the  Sound 
::  road  itself  is  a  fine  turnpike,  sur- 
ti-ees,  and  abounding  in  delightful 
KC  have  left,  and  the  distant  hili» 
whole  ascent  is  more  or  less  culti- 1 
ing  a  fine  limestone. 
I,  we  have  a  ride  over  a  hi|h  coun- 
'or  three  miles,  until  we  begin  to 
f  the  rljge,  into  the  beautifuTplui) 
;  is  however  moderate,  and  by  no 
:nt,  this  pktin  appearing  to  be  con- 
it  >  f  Lebanon.    About  two  miles 


PtTT!«riELI) — OHSC!!   MOCKTAlilS. 


25:. 


iiiiiii;  iM  into  the  village,  which  is  a  very  beautiful  one,  and 
i  liiis  the  general  cliaracter  of  the  New-England  towns,  among 
wliicli  we  liave  now  entered.    The  road,  everywhere  broad, 
perhaps  sixty  to  one  huntlred  feet,  in  passing  tlirough  the  vil- 
hge-i  is  widened  to  two  or  three  hundred  feet,  often  more;  this 
generally  composes  a  fine  green  area  or  s(iuare,  over  which 
tlie  track  of  the  road  is  carried,  and  the  houses  extend  on 
each  aide,  usually  white  frame  houses,  with  a  distance  be- 
tween each  I  the  houses  are  always  neat,  and  often  eleg[ant,_ 
us  the  cheapness  of  timber  in  this  country,  and  the  habit  of 
working,  admits  of  giving  them  much  architectural  beauty 
at  a  small  expense.     Not  only  the  houses  therefore,  but  the 
barns,  stables  and  offices,  are  often  quite  pretty,  and  min- 
I  (cltd  as  they  gfenendly  are  with  a  few  trees,  they  give  to  these 
UiUages  a  singularly   pleasing    appearance.     A    handsome 
I  church  and  school-house  are  tne  appendages  of  them  all,  and 
ihe  first  have  invariably  fine  spires,  which  mark  the  approach 
I  to  tiiem  from  a  distance,  and  are  exceedingly  pretty. 

Fitti field,  seated  on  the  shore  of  the  Housatonic,  is  K 
V  try  pleasant,  handsome  and  Hourishing  town,  and  has  con- 
I  slderable  trade  and  manufiictures.  It  contains  three  houses 
lor  public  worship,  two  for  Congreffationalists,  and  one  for 
McthotlistSi  a  bank,  a  town  house,  a  female  academy,  a  print- 
inj-office,  from  which  is  issued  a  weekly  newspaper,  and 
several  prosperous  manufactories.  I^rge  numbers  ot  chaises, 
coaches,  and  wagons  are  made  here.  Good  marble  is  found 
In  tliis  and  several  of  tlie  neighbouring  townships.  The  Uni- 
I  ted  S  tates  have  barracks  here,  sufficient  to  accommodate  two 
iliuusand  men,  and  an  hospital. 

After  passing  the  plain  of  Pitt.sficld,  which  is  about  three 
miles  in  extent,  we  begin  to  ascend  a  ridge  of  hills;  the  coun- 
I  iiy  loses  ill  a  great  degree  its  neat  appearance,  and  the  soil 
is  not  so  fertile,  the  limestone  having  changed  to  rough  gra- 
nite or  moor  stone  :  the  cultivation  is  not  good,  and  the 
kouses  are  less  neat,  being  chiefly  without  paint,  which 
(fives  a  dreary  appeaituice  to  wooden  building^.  In  this  dis- 
trict, very  little  corn  is  raised,  but,  abou.iding  in  grass,  vast 
quantities  of  cattle  are  bred  and  sent  to  New-York  and  Phi- 
ladelphia, where  they  are  sold  and  fattened. 

We  are  now  properly  among  the  Green  IVooda  at  Mr^tn- 
tains,  the  general  name  given  to  the  whole  extent  of  tltis 
ridge  ;  a  name  no  doubt  derived  from  its  appearance ;  as  we 
Y 


;.^^',i«f*:;E-'^. 


■J5i    amiif  »ioc!«TAi!i»— fiirnTKBruiti— Ki)«Tn*iirr(.N 

c»n  dinci-rn  it  from  'hi-  i-miiuncis  we  crow,  cxtendiiiK  li 
ami  wide,  a  nulc  in.cmuiiK'"'l  ^^'•'■.f  of  hill*,  cluntered  aiic 
interlocking-  In  ■♦her,  with  llu'  wo<kI»  of  u  rcmurkut)!)  bngi,  I 
jrreen  '     '.  «  moHt  [irobttbly  fioir.  tlicir  elevution  and 

con»eq'  ,  -t-io.- nmtsture.    TSc  bn(flitneM  of  Uie  wo«!! 

ig  Jul'  »-;    >'■  uniMincr  more  dinrrTniblc,  from  tk» 

low  in  -  teiy  whore  panii,  bciiirf  almort  bum*  up/ 

while  aniKi  „  tiitee  hilU,  the  vcKftutioii  liiw  the  appeftr»nc<| 
of  being  reircshcd  by  pef  actual  showtw.  No  doiibt,  howl 
ever,  much  of  their  gtccn  hue  \»  derived  from  the  ml 
numbers  of  lir,  hemloclk,  elm  and  other  evergreen*,  whicW 
form  a  great  part  of  their  timber  s  but  even  these  havcil 
far  fresher  appearance  than  in  the  valcii  below.  As  we  pi»l 
through  the  forest,  the  road  ai\d  all  around  us  is  a  thickl 
and  almost  impenetrable  »rc.h  of  foliage,  formed  by  trecial 
the  finest  size  that  the  forest  can  aflbrtl,  and  «o  close  aJ 
often  to  give  a  dampness  to  the  air.  The  principal  tmiher  iJ 
the  mountain  fir,  the  hemlock,  the  spruce,  chesnut,  bcecliJ 
and  ouks  of  variouH  kinds  i  and  the  underwood  or  »""'"» «•"  I 
laurel,  shumuc,  and  a  variciy  too  great  to  explain  i  the  htir.l 
lock  is  a  beautiful  tree  ,  the  lengthened  slender  ranuficatiosi 
or  extension  of  its  brancli.-s,  gives  to  the  scenery  all  thil 
wildness  which  is  so  remarkable  in  the  pictures  of  8alv»tc 

Descending  the  Green  Mountains,  we  reach  the  village  ttl 
Chetterfeld,  on  llioir  lusttrn  ridge,  twenty-six  miles  froir.! 
Pittsfield.  The  channel  of  the  river  Jugawam,  yinicU  nml 
a  short  tlistance  from  it,  may  be  regarded  as  a  curiosity.  I)ut I 
ing  a  long  sutcension  of  agcp,  it  nas  been  worn  down  m>| 
solid  bo<ly  of  rocks  the  eluvwn  is  on  both  sides  nearly  pet 
pendicular,  descending  from  six  to  thirty  feet  in  diflcrcnl 
phicea,  and  appearing  like  a  vast  trench,  dug  by  hurnai 
hands.  Its  direction  is  somewhat  winding,  but  approacml 
so  nearly  to  a  straight  line,  tliat  it  may  be  traced  from  tlitl 
bridge  lor  a  considerable  distance.  L 

We  now  enter  tlie  Fh/A //  uffhe  Cmnrttieul,  and  in  twelvel 
miles  reach  NorthampUin',  on  its  shore.     This  is  tjie  lareec j 
inland  town  in  Massachusetts,  and  may  contain  four  hundred  I 
houses.     A  considci-able  number  of  them  are  ordinan. 
many  arc  good,  and  not  a  small  proportion  arc  handsomf 
Thev  are  however  so  scattered  in  the  diftircnt  sti-eets,  as" 
make  much  less  impression  on  the  ejc  tlian  c\en  inftrii ' 


riir.nTKRriKin — KoKTHiMiTON 

miiu-nci'!!  we  croM,  extending  Is 
ijfird  untrx  of  liilU,  cluiitered  am 
J  tlu'  wo<kI»  of  u  1  cmurkiiblv  brigl, 
;irobttl)ly  IVoir.  tlicir  elevution  and 
iiie.    'I'lC  brifftitncM  of  Uie  wowli 
iMincr  more  ((incrTniblc,  from  the 
icre  paHii,  bciiirf  almoit  bum*  up  I 
tbc  vcKftut'O" '"w  *'>c  appcftTMCi 
r  ictual  showtrs.    No  doubt,  howl 
tn  hue  is  derived  from  the  vw 
elm  uiul  other  evergreen*,  whitll 
ir  timber;  liut  even  these  hsivcil 
II  ill  the  valcii  below.    As  we  pisil 
loud  niul  ull  around  us  is  a  thickl 
urch  of  foliairw,  formed  by  trecial 
t'orent  can  afToKl,  and  »o  close  ».[ 
to  the  nir.    The  principal  timber  i>| 
nlock,  the  spruce,  chesnut,  bceclil 
(  and  the  underwood  or  slmibs  ar.l 
cly  too  p-eat  to  explain  i  the  htii I 
he  lenffthencd  slender  ramificatioil 
\\r»,  gives  to  the  scenery  all  thtl 
larkable  in  the  pictures  ot  8alv»tci 

Mountains,  we  reach  the  village  h 
stern  ridge,  twenty-six  miles  froir. 
of  the  river  Jugawam,  which  nm 
iiuy  be  remirded  as  a  curiosity.  Hut 

H^Lf,  it  na»  been  worn  down  iin| 
eliasin  is  on  both  sides  nearly  pei 
from  six  to  thirty  feet  in  diflcreni 
like  a  vast  trench,  dug  by  human 
loniewhat  winding,  but  approachc 
,c,  lliat  it  may  be  traced  from  tht| 
'  diHtance. 

'Ill/  of  the  Connecticut,  and  in  twelve 
;i,'  on  iU  shore.  This  is  tjie  lareec 
setts,  and  in;iy  contain  four  hundreJ 
le  number  of  them  are  ordinary, 
t  a  small  proportion  arc  handsoDir 
altered  in  the  diftkrcnt  stieets,  as '' 
sion  on  the  eve  tJian  even  inftrii 


'>IOnTllAMPTOJ(--IIAfiI.r.T.  Mf 

luiMinRs  in  many  otlu-r  pl;.c.•^  whcrr  they  are  prMcntfd  at 
■  :i  «inirlc  view.  None  of  tlic  piihlic  building*  are  handsome. 
ItIk-  Htor.M  and  shops  built  on  the  si.le  of  an  irregular  Hmiare 
I  in  the  centre,  givo  the  trnveller  a  lively  impression  of  the 
|lmMntMwhichi»hiTe.;irric'don.  ..     ,. 

I  Ihere  is  no  part  of  New-Kngland  more  distinguished  tor 
I  the  f  xccllence  of  it«  habits  niui  principles  than  this ;  a  gene 
I  ral  love  of  or-lcr  prevails ;  a  general  siibniission  to  th(|  law* 
Vmd  magistrates  1  a  general  regularity  of  life,  a  general  har- 
niony  and  good  nrighbourhoodi  a  sober  indiiHtiy  and  frugal- 
itv  i  a  general  hospitality  and  charity.  W  hem  vt r  a  person 
I  has  had  the  misfortune  to  have  his  house  or  Imni  luirned,  it 
I  may  be  considered  as  having  been  a  stinding  cuHtom  in  tint 
I  nciirhboiirhood,  for  the  inhabitants  to  raise,  and  in  most  in- 
litanccs  to  ttnish,  a  new  house  or  bam  for  him.  'I'his  cimtom 
I  still  substantially  prevails,  and  exists  extensively  in  other 
1  parts  of  New-Englaml.* 

Several  men  have  lived  here,  who  were  persons  of  much 
I  ilistinction.    The  Uev.  Solomon  Sto<ldard,  the  seejiiid  mini*. 
tcr,  possessed  probably  more  infltlenc-  than  any  other  clerffy- 
1  man  in  the  province,  during  a  period  <>»  thirty  years.     Here 
he  was  regarded  with  a  reverence  which  will  soiircely  be 
rendered  to  anv  other  man.     The  very  sio'^iges  are  said  to 
have  felt  towards  him  a  pccviliw  awe.     One-,  when  he  was 
riding  from  Northampton  to  Hatfield,  uiid  iji-.s-sing  a  place 
oaUed  Dewey's  Hole,  an  ambush  of  savaK"-^  bned  tl,.:  road. 
It  is  said  that  a  Kreiifhnian,  dir.'cling  \w  gun  lowanls  lum, 
wail  'varned  bv  one  of  the  lu.liaiu,  wlio  soar-  time  before 
had  been  among  tlie  F.nglish,  not  to  lire,  b.inause  "that 
m.iii  was  Knglinhman's  (iod."     A  simihir  adventure  is  said 
to  have  befallen  him,  while  m>.'dit:.ting,  m  an  orchard  imme- 
I  Jiatelv  behind  the  church  in  Deerlield,  a  sermon  whicli  he 
was  about  to  preach.  ....  ^    u  j 

Crossinir  the  Connecticut,  a  short  ride  brings  ua  to  Hmt- 
Im.  The  river,  immediately  above  the  town,  leaving  its 
'  L'encral  counie,  turn*  nortli-west,  then,  after  winding  to  the 
South  again,  turns  directly  cast ,  and  thus,  having  wandered 
five  .iiUes,  encloses,  except  on  the  east,  a  beautiful  'nteryal, 
conUinhig  between  two  and  three  thousand  acres.  On  the 
irthmus  of  this  peninsula  Ues  the  principal  street,  the  hand- 

•  Dwif^lit'i  Travels,  I.  295. 


:2oG 


H4DL£y — laoiAir  imvasiom. 


snnest  bv  nature  in  New-Kn^land.  It  is  a  mile  lit  lengtli, 
running  directly  north  and  south;  is  sixteen  rods  in  breadth;] 
i«  nearly  a  perfect  level ;  is  covered,  durinjp  the  fine  season,  I 
with  rich  verdure  ;  extends  at  either  end  to  tlie  river,  and  I 
presents  eveiywhere  a  delig'htful  prospect.  The  modem  I 
houses  on  this  street  are  ^nerally  good :  a  considerable  I 
number  however  ai-e  ancient,  and,  having  been  better  built  I 
than  a  g^at  part  of  those,  which  were  erected  throughout  I 
New-England  in  early  periods,  have  been  prudently  pre- 
served. 

In  this  town  resided,  for  fifteen  or  sixteen  years,  the  celc- 1 
brated  regicides,  Goffe  and  VVhalley.    They  came  hither  in  [ 
the  year  1654,  and  lived  in  the  hotise  of  the  Kev.  Mr.  Russel,  I 
khe  minister.  Whalley  died  in  his  house.   After  his  decease,  I 
Oofle  quitted  Hadley,  went  into  Connecticut,  and  afterwards,  I 
acc<nduig  to  tradition,  to  the  neighbourhood  of  New- York.  I 
It  is  said,  that  having  been  discovered  there,  be  retired  se- 1 
cretly  to  the  colony  of  Rhode-Island,  where  he  lived  with  a 
son  of  Whalley  during  the  remwnder  of  his  Kfe.     In  the 
course  of  Philip's  war,  which  involved  almost  all  the  Indian 
tribes  in  New-England,  :.nd  among  others  those  in  the  neigh- 
bouriiood  of  Hadley,  the  inhabitants  thought  it  proper  to  ob- 
serve the  1st  of  September,  1675,  as  a  day  of  fiuting  and  pray- 
er.   While  they  were  in  the  church,  and  employed  in  their  I 
worship,  they  were  surprised  by  a  band  of  savages.    The  | 
people  instantly  betook  themselves  to  their  arms,  which,  ac- 
coroing  to  the  custom  of  the  times,  they  had  carried  with  thetn 
to  *he  church,  :ind,  rushing  out  of  the  house,  attacked  their  I 
invaders.  The  panic  under  which  they  began  the  conflict  wm 
so  great,  and  their  number  was  so  disproportioned  to  that  of  | 
their  eneniies,  that  thay  fought  doubtfully  at  first,  and  in  a 
short  time  began  evidently  to  give  way.     At  tliis  moment, 
an  ancient  mun,  with  hoary  locks,  of  a  most  venerable  and 
digfiufied  aspect,  and  in  a  dress  widely  differing  from  that  of 
the  inhabitants,  appeared  suddenly  at  their  head,  and  with 
a  firm  voice  and  an  example  of  undaunted  resolution,  re.*!)!- 
mated  their  spirits,  led  them  again  to  tlie  conflict,  and  totally 
routed  the  savares.    When  the  battle  was  ended,  the  stran- 
ger disappeared,  and  no  person  knew  whence  he  had  come 
or  whither  he  had  gone.  The  relief  was  so  timely,  so  sudden, 
so  unexpected,  and  so  providential ;  the  appeai-nhce  and  tlie 
retreat  of  him  who  furnished  it  were  so  unaccountable  ?  his 


NOIAir  IHTASIOM. 

r.ngpland.  It  is  a  mile  in  it- nglli,  | 
south;  is  sixteen  rods  in  breadtii; 

covered,  during  the  fine  season,  I 
i  at  either  end  to  the  river,  and  I 
lig'htful  prospect.  The  modem  I 
generally  good  :  a  considerable  I 
It,  and,  having  been  better  built  I 

which  were  erected  throughout  | 
■iods,  have  been  prudently  pre- 

fifteen  or  sixteen  years,  the  celc- 
I  VVhalley.  They  came  hither  in  I 
the  house  of  the  Hev.  Mr.  Russei,! 
1  in  his  house.  After  his  decease,  I 
into  Connecticut,  and  afterwards,  | 
he  neighbourhood  of  New-York, 
I  discovered  there,  be  retired  sc* 
ide-Island,  where  he  hvcd  with  a  I 
e  remunder  of  his  Kfe.  In  the 
ch  involved  almost  all  the  Indian 
among  others  those  in  the  neigh- 
habitants  thought  it  proper  to  ob- 
1675,  as  a  day  of  fasting  and  pray- 
le  church,  and  employed  in  their  | 
sed  by  a  band  of  aavag^es.  The 
;mselves  to  their  arms,  which,  ac- 
times,  they  had  carried  with  them 
;  out  of  the  house,  attacked  th«r 
which  they  began  the  conflict  was 
was  so  disproportioned  to  that  of 
light  doubtfully  at  first,  and  in  a 
Y  to  pve  way.  At  this  moment, 
f  locks,  of  a  most  venerable  and 
iress  widely  differing  from  that  of 
suddenly  at  their  head,  and  with 
le  of  unoauntcd  resolution,  re-«ni- 
m  again  to  tlie  conflict,  and  totally 
1  the  battle  was  ended,  the  stran- 
erson  knew  whence  he  had  come 
he  relief  was  so  timely,  so  sudden, 
r-idential ;  the  appeanihce  and  tlie 
;d  it  were  so  unaccountable  s  his 


MOUJtT  BOtlOKE.  257" 

I  person  was  so  dignified  and  commanding,  his  resolution  so 
I  superior,  and  his  interference  so  decisive,  that  the  inhabit- 
lants,  'vithout  any  uncommon  exercise  of  credulity,  readily 
Ibelievsd  him  to  be  an  angel,  sent  by  Heaven  for  their  pre- 
Iservation.  Nor  was  this  opinion  seriously  controverted,  until 
lit  was  discovered,  several  years  afterwards,  that  Goffe  and 
I  Whalley  had  been  lodged  in  the  house  of  Mr.  Hussel.  Then 
lit  was  known  that  th'iir  deliverer  was  Goflct  Wlialley  having 
1  become  superannuated,  some  time  before  the  event  took 

[place.  p  ..   4. 

I    From  >&unt  Holyoke,  on  the  southern  side  of  this  town- 
I  ship,  at  the  distance  of  three  miles  from  the  church,  is  seen 
I  the  richest  prospect  in  New-England,  and  not  improbably  in 
(the  United  States.    The  mountain  is  about  one  thousand  one 
1  hundred  feet  above  the  surface  of  the  river.    From  this  spot, 
I  the  eye  is  presented  with  a  vast  expansion  to  the  south, 
I  comprehending  the  southern  part  of  the  county  of  Hamp- 
I  shire  and  a  portion  of  the  state  of  Connecticut.    The  Middle- 
Itowii  Mountains,  the  Blue  Mountains  at  .Southington,  both 
I  at  the  disUnce  of  sixty  miles,  and  the  whole  extent  of  the 
I  Connecticut  valley  to  Middletown,  together  with  the  long 
I  ranges  by  which  it  is  bordered,  appear  m  full  view.    To  the 
I  south-west.  Mount  Tom,  a  narrow  range  running  in  a  direct 
1  line  with  Mount  Holyoke,  with  its  various  summits,  intercepts 
tlie  prospect,  and  furnishes  a  fine  substitute  for  more  dis' ant 
I  objects.     But  the  most  exquisite  scenery  of  the  whole  la  id- 
1  scape  is  formed  bv  the  river,  and  its  extended  margm.     It 
turns  four  times  to  the  east  and  three  times  to  the  west,  witli- 
iu  twelve  miles,  and  in  tliat  distance  its  course  is  twenty-four. 
It  is  generally  a  quarter  of  a  mile  wide  i  and  its  banks  ai-e  beau- 
tifuUy  alternated,  with  a  fringe  of  shrul-s,  green  lawns,  and 
lofty  trees.    When  the  eye  traces  this  majestic  stream,  mean- 
denng  with  a  single  coui-se  through  these  dehghtful  fields, 
wandering  in  one  plftce  five  miles  to  gain  one,  and  in  another 
four  to  gain  seventy  yards;  enclosing,  almost  immediately  be- 
neath, an  island  of  twenty  acres,  exquisite  in  its  form  and  ver- 
dure, and  adorned  on  the  northern  end  with  a  beautiiul  grove; 
when  it  marks  the  sprightly  towns  which  rise  upon  its  bunks, 
and  the  numerous  churches  which  gem  the  whole  landscape 
i  in  ite  neighbourhood ;  when  it  explores  th?  lotly  forests, 
wildly  contrasted  with  the  rich  scene  of  cultivation ;  when 
it  ascends  higher,  and  observes  the  perpetually  varying  and 
i2 


25  tt 


BEOOKFIELD— WORrK«T£II. 


undulating  arches  of  the  hills,  and  the  Green  Mountains  ic-. 
ceding  northward  beyond  the  reach  of  the  eye  5  when,  luii 
of  all,  it  rests  upon  the  Monadnoc  in  the  north-east,  and  in 
the  north-west  upon  Saddle  Mountain,  each  ascending,  at 
the  distance  of  fifty  miles,  in  dim  and  misty  grandeur,  fat 
above  all  the  other  objects  in  view:  it  will  be  difficult  not  to 
say,  that  all  that  is  giimd  or  beautiful  in  landscape  is  spread 
before  us.  . 

From  Hadley,  the  road  leads  us  through  Bekhertoum  and 
Ware,  twenty-scven  miles,  to  Brookfield.  The  countiy,  after 
leaving  the  Connecticut  valley,  is  not  very  fertile,  and  the 
houses  in  general  are  not  very  neat  or  large;  as  we  approach 
Brookfield,  however,  we  descend  into  a  more  agreeable  dis- 
trict.  The  road  passes  on  tlirough  Spencer  and  Leimler, 
nineteen  miles,  to  Worcester,  over  an  undulating  country,  and 
is  of  course  very  uneven,  though  it  is  well  made.  Almost  all  | 
the  hills  in  the  southern  half  of  New-England  run  from  noith 
to  south  i  the  roads,  therefore,  which  have  an  eastern  and 
western  direction,  are  very  far  from  being  level.  From  seve- 
ral of  these  lulls,  there  are  extensive  though  not  any  vei^ 
pleasant  views :  beauty  of  prospect  demands  not  only  ampli- 
tude, but  variety.  A  continued  succession  of  hills  and  val- 
leys, scarcely  distinguishable  from  each  other  in  appearance, 
though  less  wearisome  tlian  the  u-.-.ifnrmity  of  a  spacious 
plain,  is  still  remote  from  that  exquisite  scenery  which  con- 
stitutes the  fine  landscape— the  eye  instinctively  demands 
something  more. 

Around  iVofcegter,  the  surface  of  the  countiy  is  handsome; 
the  hills  slope  moi-e  gradually,  and  are  moulded  into  a  great- 
er variety  and  beauty  of  form ;  the  valleys,  too,  are  more 
open,  extended  and  elegant,  than  in  tiie  preceding  pai-ts  of 
tliia  county.  The  soil  also  appears  to  bi;  richer,  and  better 
fiitted  for  a  variety  of  vegetation.  The  forest  growth  of  this 
and  all  the  preceding  townsliips,  is  oak,chesnut,  hickoi-y,  &c. 
interspersed  with  white  and  yellow  pine.  The  town  is  prin- 
cipally buUt  on  a  angle  street,  extending  from  east  to  west, 
about  a  mile  and  a  half  on  the  road.  U  is  situated  in  a  valleys 
and  contains  aoout  one  hundred  and  fifty  houses,  generally 
well  built,  sun-canded  by  neat  fences,  out-houses  and  gar- 
dens! frequently  handsome,  and  very  rarely  small,  old  or 
•  irepaired.  Few  towns  in  New-England  exhibit  so  uniform 
an  appearance  of  neatness  and  taste,  or  contain  so  great  a 


be 


D— WORtK«T£n. 

Is,  and  the  Green  Mountains  re- 
he  reach  of  the  eye  5  when,  lasi 
ladnoc  in  the  north-east,  and  in 
e  Mountain,  each  ascending,  at 
m  dim  and  misty  jjrandeur,  fat 
n  view:  it  will  be  difficult  not  to 
beautiful  in  landscape  is  spread 

;ads  us  through  Bekhertown  and 
to  Broolcfield.  The  country,  after 
lley,  is  not  very  fertile,  and  the 
;ry  neat  or  large;  as  we  approach 
:scend  into  a  more  agreeable  dis- 
1  tlirough  Spencer  and  Leicester, 
r,  over  an  undulating  country,  and 
lough  it  is  well  made.  Almost  all 
r  of  New-England  run  from  noith 
)ve,  which  have  an  eastern  and 
far  from  being  level.  From  seve- 
!  extensive  though  not  any  vei'y  | 
)rospect  demands  not  only  ampli- 
nued  succession  of  hills  and  val- 
le  from  each  other  in  appearance, 
sin  the  u'.-.iformity  of  a  spacious 
hat  exquisite  scenery  which  con-  1 
— ^the  eye  instinctively  demands 

irface  of  the  countiy  is  handsome; 
lly,  and  are  moulded  into  a  great- 
'orm ;  the  valleys,  too,  are  more 
it,  than  in  tiie  preceding  pai-ts  of 
appears  to  hi;  richer,  and  better 
tation.  The  forest  growth  of  this 
ships,  is  oalc,chesnut,  hickoi-y,  &c. 
d  yellow  pine.  The  town  is  prin- 
eet,  extending  from  east  to  west,  | 
the  road.  It  is  situated  in  a  valleys 
mdred  and  fifty  houses,  generally 
neat  fences,  out-houses  tind  gar- 
e,  and  very  rarely  small,  old  or 
I  New-England  exhibit  so  uniform 
J  and  taste,  or  contain  so  great  a 


CAMBniDOE — HAnrinn  totnat. 


259 


I  proportion  of  good  buildings,  as  AVorcester.  There  is  pro- 
bably more  wealth  in  it  than  in  any  other  which  does  not 
exceed  it  in  dimensions  and  population.  Its  trade,  consider- 
ing its  inland  position,  is  extensive  and  profitable.  The 
number  of  pubuc  officers,  professional  men,  merchants  and 
mechanics,  is  proportionably  great,  and  produces  a  very  Ifve- 
ly  appearance  of  s.  ;tivity  and  business. 

From  Worcester,  passing  over  a  fine  grazing  country,  six 
miles  bring  us  to  Skrewibury.  We  pass  on  the  1  oad  a  beau- 
tifiil  lake,  called  Quituigammd  {  about  one  acre  of  which  is 
comprised  within  the  bounds  of  Worcester,  and  the  remain- 
I  der  m  those  of  Shrewsburj'.  This  lake  is  about  four  miles 
long,  and  from  one  hundred  rods  to  a  mile  broad,  and  is  the 
largest  and  handsomest  piece  of  water  seen  fVom  tlie  great 
roiid  in  this  county.  Its  form  is  a  crescent.  From  the  high 
ground  near  Shrewsbuiy,  it  furnishes  a  fine  feature  of  the 
I  landscape,  and  exhibits  to  the  eye  the  appearance  of  a  noble 
section  of  a  majestic  river. 

From  Shrewsbury,  the  road  leads  us  in  fifteen  nules  to 
Framingham,  through  a  country  very  similar  to  that  wo  have 
i  already  passed.  The  soil  is  rich  grazing  land,  of  the  first 
!  quality,  rewarding  abundantly  the  toil  of  the  owners,  and 
presenting  to  the  eye  of  the  traveller  a  continued  succession 
of  the  deepest  verdure.  Great  numbers  of  cattle,  of  the 
largest  size  and  best  quality,  are  fed  on  these  rich  pastures ; 
and  the  large  well-buih  bams,  and  good  farmers'  houaes,  are 
decisive  indications  of  prosperity. 

The  next  stage,  from  Framingham  to  Watertown,  is  through 
a  country  more  hilly  and  rough,  with  a  road  often  stony,  and 
i  the  culture  generally  grass ;  but  the  buildings  are  neat,  and 
bear  the  marks  of  approach  to  a  large  city,  by  the  superior- 
ity of  the  houses,  wnich  now  change  fi:om  mere  farm  houses 
to  country-seats. 

From  Watertown,  three  miles  bring  us  to  Cambridge,  a 
town  formerly  noted  for  nothing  but  the  University,  and  the 
villas  of  the  gentlemen  of  Boston ;  now,  however,  it  has 
become  a  place  of  considerable  business,  and  has  a  large 
population  exclusive  of  that  institution. 

Harvard  College,  the  firet  erected  in  British  America,  was 
begun  in  the  year  1636,  by  an  apr.opriation  of  four  hundred 
pounds  sterling,  made  for  the  purpose  by  the  ge.ietal  court 
of  the  colony.    In  1638,  the  Reverend  John  Ilarrard,  of 


>  ;*^&*fe3?vT- 


260 


BiBVAED  COLUOE. 


Charlestown,  gave  to  it  one-half  of  hi»  property,  amount, 
ine  to  seven  hundred  and  seventy-nine  pounds,  seventeen 
shillings,  and  t-yo  pence  sterling.    F'"'"  «»« <?™«' '^ 'l''*"!^ 
its  first  name  of  a  pubUc  school  to  that  of  a  coUege.    In  1650. 
the  first  charter  was  granted  by  the  general  court,  which 
constituted  a  corporation.  consisUng  of  the  P^s'^f  "*•  «« 
feUciWB,  and  the  treasurer,  by  the  title  of  president  .nd  fel- 1 
lows  of  Harvard  College.     Beside  other  important  powcN, 
this  body  has  the  superintendence  of  aU  the  collegiate  pre 
nertv.    The  executive  officers  are,  the  president,  protessow, 
tutora,  and  librarian.    The  professorships  of  divinity,  and  of 
mathematics  and  natural  philosophy,  were  fo^nd^^ Jjy  Mr. 
Thomas  HoUis,  a  merchant  of  London ;  the  former  in  17^^ 
the  latter  in  1726.    The  professorship  of  Hebrew,  and  other 
oriental  Unffuages,  was  founded  by  Mr.  Thomas  Hancock, 
an  eminent^rchant  of  Boston,  in  1765.    The  professor 
read  lectures  to  all  the  students  assembled,  and  give  pri- 
vats  instruction  to  the  respective  classes.     Medical  lectum 
are  also  read  here  by  professors,  Jvho  are  respec  able  phy- 
Lvians  resident  in  the  vicinity.   ^Partial  foundations  have 
been  laid  for  professorships  of  anatomy  and  surgery,  and  tor 
a  professorship  of  the  theory  and  practice  of  physic,  by  the 
late  Dr.  Ezekiel  Hersey,  his  relict,  Mrs.  Sarah  Hersey,  and 
his  brother,  Mr.  Abner  Hersey,  of  Barnstoble  ,  and  a  profts. 
sorshlp  of  chymistry  and  materia  medica,  by  the  late  Majo 
William  Erving.     These   professorships  are  called  by  the 
names  of  the  respective  founders.     As  xhe  funds  are  insuft. 
cient  to  support  the  lectures,  the  students  who  attend  them 
are  taxed  m  moderate  sums.  .     „  „       „         vc  « „f  I 

The  buildings  consist  of  University  Hall,  a  fine  edihce  ot 
granite,  one  hundred  and  forty  feet  by  fifty,  and  forty-two  m 
heiKht,  contsuning  a  chapel,  six  lecture-rooms,  <hning-hals, 
&c.i  Harvard  Hall,  a  brick  edifice,  one  hundred  and  eight 
feet  by  forty,  contwning  the  libi-ary.  philosophical  apparatus, 
and  mineralogical  cabinet;  four  other  brick  edifices.  caUed 
Massachusetts.  HoUis.  Stoughton,  and  Holwoithy  Halls,  each 
four  stories  high,  containing  rooms  for  the  accommodation  oi 
students;  Holden  Chapel,  containing  the  anatomical  muse- 
um, chymical  laboratory,  and  lecture-rooms?  and  three  college 
houses  of  wood,  occupied  by  students.  The  I'^rary  .s  one  of 
the  largest  in  the  United  States,  and  contains  about  twen  y- 
eight  thousand  volumes.    The  phUosophical  apparatus  also 


Be 


.'i^iiaE^iat'.^.  - 


iXD  COIUOE. 

»ne-half  of  his  property,  amouni- 
seventy-nine  pounds,  seventeen 
itling.    From  this  time,  it  changed 
bool  to  that  of  a  college.    In  1650, 
ted  by  the  general  court,  which 
conststinr  <rt  the  president,  five 
by  the  title  of  president  md  fel- 
Beside  other  important  powers, 
endence  of  all  the  collegiate  pro- 
cers  are,  the  president,  professors, 
;  professorships  of  divinity,  and  of 
philosophy,  were  founded  by  Mr. 
it  of  London  ?  the  former  in  1722, 
>roie8sorship  of  Hebrew,  and  other 
bunded  by  Mr.  Thomas  Hancock, 
Boston,  in  1765.    The  professors 
students  assembled,  and  give  pri- 
ipective  classes.     Medical  lectures 
ofessors,  Jvho  are  respectable  phy. 
icinity.     Partial  foundations  have 
ips  of  anatomy  and  surgeiy,  and  for 
;ory  and  practice  of  physic,  by  the 
his  relict,  Mrs.  Sarah  Hersey,  and 
ersey,  of  Barnstable  ;  and  a  profes- 
materia  medica,  by  the  late  Major 
professorships  are  called  by  the 
founders.     As  che  funds  are  insufti- 
ires,  the  students  who  attend  them 

af  University  Hall,  a  fine  edihce  ot 
I  forty  feet  by  fifty,  and  forty-two  in 
pel,  six  lecture-rooms,  dining-halls, 
ick  edifice,  one  hundred  and  eight 
the  libi-ary,  philosophical  apparatus, 
et ;  four  other  brick  edifices,  called 
;oughton,  and  Holwoi-thy  Halls,  each 
jng  rooms  for  the  accommodation  of 
;1,  containing  the  anatomical  muse- 
and  lecture-rooms?  and  three  college 
d  by  students.  The  library  is  one  of 
I  States,  and  contwns  about  twenty- 
The  philosophical  apparatus  also 


HARVARD   GOILIOE— BOSTON. 


261 


probably  not  surpassed  by  any  in  the  country.  The  chy- 
Imical  laboratory,  anatomical  museum,  and  cabinet  of  mine- 
rals, are  all  valuable.  The  botanic  garden  comprises  st  ven 
I  acres,  laid  out  in  an  ornamental  style,  and  is  furnished  with 
Ian  interesting  collection  of  trees,  shrubs  and  plants,  both 
Inative  and  foreign.  . 

I  The  first  printing-office  in  New-England  was  set  up  m  this 
I  town,  at  the  expense  of  the  Rev.  Joseph  Glover,  a  clergy- 
Iman  who  died  on  his  passage  to  America.  A  Mr.  Day  was 
Ithe  first  poss«!8Sor  of  the  press.  The  first  thing  printed  in 
iNew-England  was  the  Freeman's  Oath;  the  second,  Pearce's 
iNcw-England  Almanac;  the  third,  the  New-England  Version 
lof  the  Psalms.  ■      «r  _i 

I  From  Cambridge,  a  ride  of  three  mues,  and  crossmg  west 
hoston  Bridge,  brings  us  to  the  city. 


'■jgftmww^*'**"'' 


J62  LIHir— SAHANT. 


EXCURSION  TO  NAHANT. 

Or  late  years,  Nahant  has  become  a  bathing  place  of  great 
fasluon;  ana  a  traveller  should  not  leave  Boston  without  visit. 
ing  it.  1 

The  road  to  it  passes  through  Ckarkstotm,  and  in  six  miles  I 
reaches  the  village  of  Chelsea.  From  that  place  to  Lynn,  we  [ 
pass  for  seven  miles  over  a  very  noble  road,  made  in  a  direct  I 
course  from  Boston,  in  the  most  firm  and  solid  manner,  the  I 
hills  being  cut  through,  and  a  causeway  carried  over  larK  | 
bodies  of  marshy  ground,  which  indeed  compose  the  chietl 
part  of  the  distance.  I 

The  town  of  Lynn  lies  principally  stretched  forsevenll 
miles  along  Lynn  bay,  exhibiting  a  village  of  small  farms,! 
Each  house  has  near  it  a  small  shop,  which  is  detached,  and! 
about  ten  or  twelve  feet  square:  these  are  occupied  by  shoe- 1 
makers,  which  is  the  general  occuoation  of  the  inhabitants,  I 
and  is  carried  on  to  such  an  extent,  that  as  many  as  a  million  I 
pairs  of  shoea,  chiefly  women's,  have  been  exported  hence  I 
in  one  year;  indeed,  the  middle  and  southern  states  are  sup- 1 
plied  in  a  great  measure  from  this  place.  A  large  proportion! 
of  the  Lynn  people  are  Quakers,  who  have  a  large  meeting! 
house.  There  are,  besides  the  shoemakin^  business,  manul 
iactures  of  I'-atlier,  both  of  the  common  kind  and  morocco  I 
for  making  shoes.  Froru  these  manufactoiiea,  the  people  of! 
Lynn  are  generally  very  thriving,  and  live  with  great  neat- f 
'ness  and  comfort.  _  I 

Opposite  to  i,ynn,  a  naiTOW  beach  or  isthmus,  not  more  I 
than  one  hundred  yards  wide,  extends  directly  into  the  sea,  I 
for  two  miles,  at  the  end  of  which  is  a  high  rocky  island; 
and  then  a  second  beach,  of  about  one-fourth  of  a  mile,  to 
another  similar  island,  larger  in  its  dimensions.    They  are  I 
called  the  Great  and  Less  Nahant.    The  two  contain  about 
six  hundred  acres  of  land,  a  gfreat  part  of  which  is  high, 
barren  rock;  the  rest  is  a  good  soil,  more  or  less  culti- 
vated with  Indian  corn,  but  chiefly  in  grass,  affording  excel- 
lent sheep  pasture.     The  shores  of  both  islands  consist  ol  | 
high,  rocky  promontories,  with  fine  sandy  beaches  between  j 
them,  and  the  sea  breaks  around  with  a  tremendous  siul  I 


'  4-,"' 


KADART. 


263 


f— SABANT. 


)N  TO  NAHANT. 

as  become  a  bathing  place  of  great 
)uld  not  leave  Boston  without  visit- 
rough  Charlestoum,  and  in  six  miles  I 
bea.  From  that  place  to  Lynn,  we  I 
I  very  noble  road,  made  in  a  direct  I 
e  most  firm  and  solid  manner,  tiie  I 
uid  a  causeway  carried  over  lar|e  I 
which  indeed  compose  the  chief  I 

s  principally  atretched  for  several 
xhibiting  a  village  of  small  farms, 
small  shop,  which  is  detached,  and 
quare:  these  are  occupied  by  shoe- 
eral  occuoation  of  the  inhabitant!, 
ui  extent,  that  as  many  as  a  milliot 
(men's,  have  been  exported  hence 
middle  and  southern  states  are  sup- 
Tom  this  place.  A  large  proportion. 
Quakers,  who  have  a  large  meeting- 
es  the  shoemakin^  business,  manu- 
of  the  common  kind  and  morocco 
these  manufactoriea,  the  people  of 
thriving,  and  live  with  great  ncai- 

saiTOW  beach  or  isthmus,  not  more  I 
wide,  extends  directly  into  the  sea, 
I  of  which  is  a  high  rocky  island  i 
»,  of  about  one-fourth  of  a  mile,  to 
•rger  in  its  dimensions.    They  are! 
18  Nahant.    The  two  contain  about 
id,  a  gfreat  part  of  which  is  high, 
s  a  good  soil,  more  or  less  culti 
)ut  chiefly  in  grass,  affording  excel- 
,e  shores  of  both  islands  consist  of  | 
s,  with  fine  sandy  beaches  between 
a  around  with  a  tremendous  .suil 


h  he  ride  over  the  beach,  from  Lynn  to  thi  '.slands,  is  one  ot 
I  the  most  delightful  imaginable  ;  when  the  tide  is  out  being 
I  as  hard  as  marble,  the  surf  washing  the  carriage-wheels  and 
I  feet  of  the  horses,  and  the  sea-breeie  at  all  times  blowmg 
I  with  uncommon  freshness.  The  traveller  will  indeed  find 
I  his  ride  truly  refreshing;  and  the  island  itself  is  one  of  the 
I  pleasantest  places  he  has  visited,  from  the  fine  ait,  and  no 

less  beautiful  prospect  around  him,  consisting  of  a  vast  area 
I  of  bay  and  ocean,  with  a  number  of  islands,  rocks  and  pro- 
I  montories  stretching  into  it.  .        .  • 

I  On  the  southern  side  of  the  Great  Nahant,  there  is  a  cun- 
I  oua  grotto  or  cavern,  called  the  Swallow  House;  the  entrance 
I  of  which  is  about  ten  feet  wide,  five  high,  and  seventy  long, 
I  increasing  after  a  few  steps  to  fourteen  feet  in  breadth  and 
I  ciirhtecn  or  twenty  in  height.  Great  numbers  of  swaUows 
I  inhabit  this  cave,  and  hatch  their  young  here  5  and  it  is  a 

common  opirJon,  that  they  repose  here  through  the  winter, 

iii  a  torpid  state.  At  the  east  end,  at  low  tide,  in  the  pools 
I  among  the  large  rocks,  is  found  the  animal  flower,  or  rose 
I  ii,h,  adhering  to  small  stones,  in  water  four  or  five  feet  deep. 
I  Oil  the  north  shore  is  a  chasm,  thirty  feet  m  depth,  called 

the  Spouting  Horn,  into  which,  at  about  halt  tide,  the  wate;- 
1  nislies  with  great  violence  and  a  tremendous  sound. 


■iij>l  niimjuiliiiu  lulljl  ,"lj.wH«i;»»HIIM»HHW>' 


264 


KOUTB   FROM    BOSTOH   TO   >BW-tOBk 


BOSTON  TO  NEW-YORK, 

(^hy  Steam-Boat. J 


BosToir  to  ^ 

Roxbury 

Cross  Neponset  River 

Dedham 8  10 

Walpole 11  21 

Foxborough «  23 

Attleborough 7  30 

Pawtuckct  River  and  Falls       ....  8  38 

PrOTII)E5CB ■*  *2 

Trip 2  44 

Johnson  -    -    - °  ^" 

Cross  Patuxent  River 

Scituate,  (R.I.) 7  57 

Connecticut  State  line 7  64 

Sterling *  ^^ 

Vlsdnficld 4  72 

Jewitt'sCity     -     - 7  79 

Cross  Quinnebaug  Hiver 

(>ross  Sketucket  lliver 5  84 

Norwich 3  87 

Quinnebaug  River 2  89 

Poquetanuck  River    -    • 4  93 

Nbw-Loxdom --  8  101 

'I'hames  Itiver 4  105 

Connecticut  River 13  113 

Faulkner's  Islands 16  134 

New-Haven  Light-House 13  147 

Nbw-Havbw 5  152 

Stratford  Point 16  168 

Opposite  Norwalk 15  183 

(ireenwich  Point H  18*4 

Entrance  of  Long  Island  Sound  -    -    •  16  210 

HellGate     -    - 9  219 

New-York 7  226 


OSTON    TO   MSW-TOBK 

TO  NEW-YORK, 

^team-Boat. J 


nOtTB  FROM  BOBTOJI  TO  HtV-HATM. 


DEVIATIONS. 

BosTOR  to  Nkw-Hateit, 

("by  Springfield  emd  Hartford.  J 

M. 
BoiTOir  to 

Roxbury „ 

Brookline ^ 

Needham ^ 

Natick ^ 

Framingham ' 

Southborough * 

Shrewsbury ^^ 

Worcester ^ 

Leicester ' 

Spencer ^ 

Brookfield ' 

Cros-s  Chickapee  River 

Western ° 

Palmer ^ 

East  Springfield " 

Cross  Connecticut  River 

West  Spaisoristn * 

Massachusetts  State  line * 

Suffield 'f. 

Windsor *" 

o'ross  Windsor  River 

IIautfobd ,j! 

BerUn ^" 

Meriden ' 

Cross  Quinnipiack  River 

WalUngford | 

Nbw-H*vk» 


265 


M. 

2 

5 
11 
16 

23 
28 
38 
44 
51 
56 
63 

69 
76 
93 

94 

99 

104 

114 

121 
131 
138 

143 
155 


266 


I'V»VTK  FROJI  ironWICH  TO  siw-Tonic. 


NouwicB  to  N»;w-Yo«if, 


fby  ltmd.J 

M.  M. 

Norwich  to 

New-LoiiJoii ,  ** 

Itivcrlvead '  21 

Lyme 9  30 

Cross  <.)nut,rticiit  Itiver 2  3^ 

Suybniok           2  34 

KiUiagwottlt 9  *^ 

Hammohagsett  lUvcr 3  4" 

Giiildtbrd 6  52 

Biaiulford 8  60 

Nkw-Havkx 7  67 

Millord 10  77 

Cross  Housatonic  Kiver 

SU-atlord *  °\ 

HridKeport *  85 

Fairfield *  89 

Sugatucic 5  94 

Norwalk 3  97 

Stamford ^  *   , 

Greenwich 5  111 

Cross  IJyram  River,  and  enter  State  of  New- 
York 

Bye 5  116 

New-Uochelle 8  124 

Cross  llronx  Creek 

West  Farms 7  131 

Cross  Haerletn  Creek 

llaerlem *  ^H 

Nkw-Yobk 8  143 


I'noM 

accordii 

sue  his 

Albany, 

Northar 

Connec 

route  to 

to  New 

Thame! 

an  intei 

Boston, 

ford.     ; 

but  pel 

md  vai 

Leav 

the  mai 

we  hav 

side,  in 

two  mi 

like  th( 

The 

in  the  I 

in  rock 

cum  ai 

ubundi 

tliey  ai 

compo 

beddei 

called 

hilly,  s 

mingU 

have  f 

its  har 

Cro 

from  I 

elever 

tiiehc 


CB  TO  yt\t-jonK- 


HOXBUHT— DBOniM. 


m 


NtW-YoRK, 

nd.J 

M.  M. 

i-le 

7  21 

9  30 

2  32 

2  34 

9  43 

3  46 

6  52 

8  60 

7  67 

10  77 

4  81 

4  85 

4  89 

5  94 

3  97 

9  106 

5  111 

inter  State  of  New- 

5  116 

8  124 

7  131 

i-  .    .    -    .  4  135 
8  143 


From  DoiiTOH  to  Nsw-YonK. 

1  noM  Hoston  to  New-York,  variow*  routes  iriay  be  chosen, 
according  to  the  taste  of  the  traveller.  He  may  either  pur- 
sue his  journey  aloiiff  the  road  wliich  we  liave  passed  from 
Albany,  through  the  centre  of  the  state  of  Massachusetts,  to 
Northampton,  and  thence  follow  the  beautiful  valley  of  the 
Connecticut  river  to  New-Haven.  He  may  take  the  regular 
route  to  Providence,  and  thence  either  go  all  the  way  by  water 
to  New-York,  or  continue  as  far  as  Norwich,  on  the  river 
Thames,  and  then  join  the  steam-boat  line.  Or  he  may  select 
an  intermediate  road,  taking  a  south-western  direction  from 
Boston,  and  pass  through  the  middle  of  Connecticut,  to  Hart- 
ford. Either  of  these  routes  will  afford  a  beautiful  journey  ; 
but  perhaps  tliat  by  Norwich  unites  the  greatest  expedition 
■uid  variety.  *    •*  * 

Leaving  Boston,  we  pass  the  neck  which  connects  it  to 
the  main  land  \  this  neck  has  bden  originally,  nearly  such  as 
we  have  described  Nahaiit,  only  that  it  has  flat  bays  on  each 
side,  instead  of  the  ocean.  At  the  end  of  the  neck,  about 
two  miles  from  the  centre  of  Bostoiij  is  the  town  of  Roxbury, 
lilic  the  rest  in  the  country,  built  of  neat  white  houses. 

The  country  soon  assumes  the  character  almost  universal 
in  the  state  of  Massachusetts,  of  a  hard  stony  soil,  !iI>oundin§f 
in  rocks,  and  yielding  little  but  grass,  pasturag.  Indian 

corn  and  rye,  but  scarcely  any  wheat.     The  ue  very 

abundant,  but  assume  raUier  a  different  charucv.  ..as  here 
tlicy  are  in  large  round  lumps  or  masses,  not  stratified,  but 
composed  altogether  of  every  species  and  size  of  pebbles, 
bedded  in  a  hard  compact  stone,  forming  what  is  generally 
called  pudding  stone.  All  this  country  being  broken  and 
iiilly,  abounding  with  wood  and  pasturage,  is  thickly  inter- 
mingled  with  toe  villas  of  the  Boston  gentry,  some  of  which 
have  fine  views  over  the  country  below,  extending  to  Boston, 
its  harbour,  islands,  and  a  considerable  expanse  of  sea. 

Crossing  the  Ntponset  river,  we  enter  Ikdham,  ten  miles 
from  Boston.  It  is  a  neat  town,  situated  pleasantly  on  a  plain, 
eleven  miles  south-west  of  tlie  capital.  It  is  compactly  built, 
tlie  houses  are  generally  good,  and  several  of  them  are  hanU- 


>ai<Mii.li^ 


2«8 


»!•■»  AMM— rAWTVCKKT. 


■ome.   ' »   ^  the  thiw  town  of  the  county  of  Norfolk,  inii  con 
taini  CIV    Epiiicopal  and  three  Conmrc|fationftl  chllrch»•^  > 
court-!     jc  and  a  jail.    lU  aspect  ia  ftat  of  »pri(jhtlinc»»  and 
prosperity.  Several  productive  interval*,  fomting  the  marpn 
of  the  river,  add  not  a  little  to  iu  beauty.     In  Uedham  lived 
Fither  Ainea,  several  yean  a  member  of  tlie  American  Con. 
greM.    This  {gentleman  wa»  bom  here,  April  9th  1758,  of  r«. 
tpectable  parents,  and  was  educated  at  Harvard  College,  (  t 
wher«  he  took  the  degree  of  A.  B.  in  1774.    He  then  com. 
menced  the  study  of  the  law,  and  soon  after  he  began  the 
practice  was  regarded  as  an  advocate  of  distinguished  talenti. 
In  1787,  he  was  chosen  a  delegate  to  the  convention,  sum- 
moned for  the  purpose  of  ratifying  the  federal  :onstitution, 
•nd  a  member  of  the  house  of  representatives  in  the  sUte 
legislature  the  same  year.    The  following  year  ho  waa  elect- 
ed a  repreaentative  from  the  district  of  Sunblk,  to  the  nation- 
al legislature,  and  waa  regularly  re-elected  during  the  pre*, 
dency  of  General  Washington.    In  all  these  situations,  ,;)  .''• 
cularlv  the  last,  he  distinguished  himself  by  jMund  witni  >'i 
most  impreaaive  eloquence,  immovable  intepity,  and  exa.;  . 
patriotism.    After  lus  speech  on  the  necessity  of  making  »p 
propriations  for  carrying  into  effect  the  treaty  with  Grettm  a 
Britain,  delivered  April  28th,  1796,  oneof  hisantagoni»taob-«  ^ 
jected  to  taking  the  vote  which  was  to  decide  the  question,^  ■ 
at  that  time,  becauae  the  house  was  borne  away  by  the  power  I 
of  hia  eloquence.    His  moral  cliaracter  waa  still  more  estims- 1 
ble.    His  integrity  appeared  to  be  direct,  without  effort,  and  I 
even  without  deliberationi  it  seemed  to  b»  s<j?.ix'l»t,  because  I 
it  had  never  been  warped ;  to  dictate  what  w«  <  i.i  li?,  because  I 
it  had  not  yet  learned  to  do  what  was  wrong.     'Is  sense  of  I 
rectitude,  both  public  and  personal,  was  not  o  >iy  exact,  but  I 
delicate  and  exquisite.     His  patriotism  was  glowing.  • 

From  Dedham  to  kVaipok,  the  country  is  chiefly  a  I :!.«»t, 
dull  in  its  appearance  and  in  some  places  rough  and  stotn 
The  soil  is  poor,  and  the  road  indiffer  :i>t.     There  is  noUriw;- 
particulai'ly  worthy  of  notice,  in  the  cxitntry  ovf.r  which  v.-  j 
now  pass ;  the  villages  of  Foxborau^h  and  MlU'x/rough  havs I 
nothing  to  distinguisli  them,  and  in  eight  miles  from  tlie  latter  I 
we  reach  Paivtmket,  a  celebrated  manufacUu-ing  village.  It  it  I 
well  built,  and  wears  a  flourishing  aspect     The  river  is  a  I 
hrge  mill-stream,  and  just  Imlow  becomes  navigable  for  hotta.  I 
Directly  under  the  brid,fc  commences  a  ronnantic  foil,  which,  I 


»l       I 


I— rAWTOGKKT. 

"the  county  i)f  Norfolk,  »nd  con 
ree  Con|rrc(f»tioniil  church*-?!,  a  I 
Bpect  is  Uiat  of  uprif^htlincgN  and  I 
ve  interval*,  forming  the  marpnl 
to  ito  brauty.  In  Uedham  lived  I 
I  member  of  tlie  American  Con- 1 
bom  here,  April  9th  1758,  of  re- 

educated  at  Harvard  College,  I 
;  A.  B.  in  1774.  He  then  com- 1 
w,  and  aoon  after  he  began  the  I 
tdvocate  of  diitinguiihed  tidenti/ 
elegate  to  Uie  convention,  lum- 
atifying  the  federal  :anititiition,| 
e  of  representatives  in  the  state  I 
rhe  following  year  he  was  elect- 1 

district  of  Suifolk,  to  the  nation- 1 
arly  re-elected  during  the  preii-l 
jn.  In  all  these  situations,  ir-''-l 
ished  himself  by  w)und  wiwi  "i 
immovable  intepity,  and  exa.; 
h  on  the  necessity  of  making  »p 
tto  effect  the  treaty  with  Greitj 
1, 1796,  one  of  his  antagonists  ob- 1 
liich  was  to  decide  the  question,  I 
use  was  bt  me  away  by  the  power  I 
1  clutfacter  waa  still  more  estimS'l 
1  to  be  direct,  without  effort,  and  I 
it  seemed  to  ht  8<Jt..;,'lit,  became  I 
o  dictate  what  w» » I'f.ti ',  because  I 
9  what  was  wrong.  <>I«  sense  of  I 
personal,  was  not  o  I'y  exact,  but  \ 
9  patriotism  was  glowing.  I 

fe,  the  country  is  chiefly  a  Ibrf-t, 
in  some  places  rough  and  »t<vfy 
ad  indiffer  :nt.    There  is  noUn  -;" 
se,  in  the  cinintry  ovc-r  which  v.'; 
I'oxborou^k  and  MlkJwrough  havs 
,  and  in  eight  miles  from  tlie  latter 
irated  manufactimng  villajge.  It  is  I 
lurishiiig  aspect.     The  river  is  a  I 
clow  becomes  navigable  for  ba«ts.  \ 
lommences  a  romantic  fall,  which, 


"ssii. 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
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Photographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


33  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER.  N.Y.  14S80 

(716)  B72-4S03 


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PHOVIOEJJCE— BHOWH  rJIIVEBSITt.  2o» 

extending  obliquely  down  the  river,  furnishes  a  number  of 
cicellent  mill-seats.  Of  this  advantage  the  mhab.tants  have 
avaUed  themselves.  There  is  probably  no  spot  in  New-Eng- 
land, of  the  same  extent,  in  wliich  the  same  quantity  or  va- 
riety  of  manufacturing  business  is  carried  on.  1  he  whole  de- 
scent of  the  river  is  said  to  be  fifty  feet.  The  pnncipal  f^  is 
»bout  thirty.  The  mass  of  rocks  by  which  it  is  produced,  is 
thrown  together  in  the  wildest  contusion. 

The  road  from  Pawtucket  to  Providence,  four  miles,  is 
bad.  being  a  deep  sand,  very  heavy,  and  often  stony. 

Providence  is  buUt  on  the  western  side  of  Pawtucket  nvcr, 
in  two  divisions;  one  on  the  eastern  and  the  other  on  the 
western  wde  of  a  cove,  which  is  an  arm  ot  that  nyer.  The 
site  of  the  western  division  is  a  slope,  gradually  rwmg  trwn 
the  cove ;  that  of  the  eastern,  the  naiTow  base  and  the  side 
of  a  lofty  hiU,  which  runs  between  the  cove  and  the  nver  to 
the  point  of  their  junction.  The  two  principal  sheets,  on  the 
eastern  side,  pass,  one  at  the  bottom,  and  the  other  at  a  litUe 
distance,  along  the  side  of  this  hill,  until  they  termmate  at 
the  river.  The  principal  street  on  die  wef^rn  side  is  a  part 
of  the  great  road  towards  New-London  and  Harttord.  i  nose 
on  the  east  are  crossed  by  several  others  nearly  at  nght  an- 
gles.  In  point  of  population,  it  is  tlie  first  town  in  Rhode- 
Island,  and  the  third  m  New-England.  It  contains  a  court- 
house,  a  jail,  a  market-house,  a  custom-house,  a  universit;^, 
a  public  hbrary,  of  about  two  thousand  volumes,  a  Fnend  8 
boarding-school,  an  academy,  five  public  schools,  seven  banks, 
including  a  branch  of  the  United  SUtes  bank,  and  twelve 
houses  for  public  worship;  and  several  oUier  public  build- 
inra.  Two  of  the  Congregational,  and  one  of  the  Baptist 
meeting  houses,  and  the  Episcopal  chureli,  are  among  the 
handsomest  edifices  of  the  kind  in  the  United  States. 

The  College  stands  on  tlie  summit  of  the  hiU:  and  is  a  bncK 
building  of  four  stories,  one  hundred  and  fifty  feet  in  length, 
and  fortv-six  in  breadth.  A  projection  in  the  centre,  of  twen- 
ty feet  on  each  side,  enlarges  tiie  breadtii  here  to  eighty^ix 
feet,  and  contains  the  pubUc  rooms.  The  rest  of  the  build- 
ing consists  of  rooms  and  studies  deMgned  for  the  students. 
A  second  edifice,  of  nearly  the  same  size,  has  been  erected 
within  a  few  years,  to  accommodate  an  additional  number  oi 
students.  They  overlook  every  part  of  the  town;  the  cove, 
the  river,  and  the  country  bejond  it  on  both  sides ;  together 
z2 


yro 


8TIBLIII0 — PtAISFIBin. 


1^^ 


•  ^  r^!f.,!rfi2elt8  lesal  name  is  now  Broiwi  WMWS-wiy: 
^en  U  m  ^oSS^  o/SicharBrown  esquire,  who  h«  been 
^,  most  libeml  benefactor.  This  seminary  possesses  a  bbmy 
of  £t  Sthousand  volumes,  a  philosoph ical  appara^ 
and  a  museum  containing  a  number  of  natural  and  arUficml 
curiosities.    Both  its  internal  and  external  concerns  are  con- 

"'Sd^nrwCe^^edin  the  year  1636.  ltw»|..P«^ 

ed  by  Roger  Williams,  and  by  him  and  '>^''^f/}^!^V^ 
tKl<«ta^onwasbegun.  In  1640 they adoptedafomofg^ 

''"FromProvidence.  a  fourney  of  twenty  miles  bring,  us  to 

%^r^?s  wiihin  the  Connecticut  line  b  SterUng,  ^  ne»t 
IWti ^e    Son  a  hill,  trom  which  there  is  a  plea«i>g 

S%S^- r*pe<'*  r\ ''''  rt  SitS:  S 

baug,  one  of  the  most  fertile  and  beautiful  tracte  in  «cw 

^Tc^'iniles  farther  bring  us  to  ^-^.^^^  I 
extending  along  one  street  JJjXciX  a  ^^S  ^^ 
and  in  seven  miles  reaches  J«««'»l'»»».. a  'r|~I,  «,««. ' 
few  bmL  on  the  eastern  bank  of  the  ft«»w»«»«^'T 
W  ^^eam.  we  pass  for  three  miles  to  the  ShdudtttJt- 
Z  SSiS^'e'to^p  of  Lisbon.  wWch  b«  e«dg 
ot4  ;  the  SOU  being  here,  as  in  most  of  ^^e  re«on  ttfQ^ 
^^K^nir  the  led^  loam,  before  mentioned,  but  lefc  mr 
ed^S  d^y  SSuS?it  is  suited,  to  eve^  P"^^- ^ 
tife  cUmate  fbut  it  i.  «dd.  for  «.me  tune  past,  to  hate  been 
lets  favourable  to  wheat  than  fonneny. 


O 

shin 
wbit 
Ore 
d.ffi 
«ho 
Htdi 
vatc 


-PUIHFIELO. 

north  and  east.  The  piwpeci 
lired  by  the  sterilitjr  of  the  so'il 

is  not  a  little  deficient  in  fine 
name  is  now  Brmon  Univeniiy! 
s  Brown  esquire,  who  has  been 
'his  seminary  possesses  a  Bbrary 
imes,  a  philosophical  apparatus, 
number  of  natural  and  artificial 

and  external  concerns  are  con- 

the  year  1636.  It  was  pu«hM- 
l>y  him  and  several  of  his  friends 
1 1640  they  adopted  a  form  of  go- 
the  number  of  men,  able  to  hew 
d-  They  lived  in  peace  with  the 
(vith  the  Narrhagansetts,  in  1676, 
I  the  town,  and  burnt  about  thirty 
18  to  have  been  the  only  instanc* 
flered  materially  from  Indian  in- 

•ney  of  twenty  miles  brinjys  us  to  ] 
States  of  Khode-Island  and  Con- 
iccession  of  hills  and  vallevs,  nm- 
e  hills  are  of  considerable  heigM, 
lleys  are  also,  with  a  multitude  of 

onnecticut  line  is  Sterling,  a  nest 
II,  from  which  there  is  a  pleasing 
,er  the  rich  valley  of  the  Qmwwk-  ' 
rtile  and  beautiful  tiacU  in  New- 

K  us  to  Plmnfitli,  a  neat  vUlag*, 
t!  The  road  U»en  turns  southwMd 
es  Jtwite$  CUy,  a  wrflection  of  » 
bank  of  the  Cliunnebaug.  Crotj- 
or  three  mUes  to  the  ShtludMiA- 
J  of  Lisbon,  wWch  is  an  exceUent 
.as  in  most  of  the  re«m  of  Qum- 
i,  before  mentioned,  but  lesn  no- 
it  is  suited  to  every  production  ot 
,  for  some  time  part,  to  hate  been 
ban  formerly. 


MORWICH— MOHSftAN  IMBIAHS. 


271 


Our  journey  now  lies  along  the  eastern  border  of  Ujis  town- 
dii,.  Here  it  presents  a  succession  of  hills  and  valleys,  on 
which  are  intersVersed  fine  groves  of  tall  »nd  beautrf^  trees. 
Sre  of  these  eih^ences,  ^^^BundvmU,,»^cieMy 
dfficult  to  make  a  humane  traveller  feel  for  hi*  horses.  The 
*hole  region  between  Plainfield  and  Norwich,  except  the 
Bttle  village  mentioned  above,  is  a  coUection  of  farms,  culU- 
vated  by  inhabitants  generally  in  easy  circumstances.  Crow- 
h«  tiie  Shetucket.  the  road  leads  us  through  a  country  uifc- 
nor  both  in  fertility  and  beauty  to  that  on  kU  northern  shore, 
three  miles  to  Norwich.  ,  .u      -    _ 

Na^lh  is  at  the  head  of  the  navigation  on  the  nver 
Tlumea,  and  has  a  population  of  three  thousand,  l^cm^  « 
t1,?2rp5rt8,Chelsek  Landing.  theTown  and  Bean 
sea  Landing  b  situated  on  the  point  of  land  between  tiie  She- 
^keT^ndYantic  which  here  unite  to  form,  the  Thamw. 
The  site  is  on  the  declivity  of  a  h  U,  high,  nrej^r,  and 
rocky  It  contains  upwards  of  one  hundred  and  <?%  dweU- 
inir  houses,  four  houses  of  pubUc  worship,  a  post^ffice,  and 
upwards  of  thirty  stores.  The  Town,  two  n"l«»  "-^'"T^*' 
isMtuSted  in  a  pleasant  vale,  partiaUy  surrounded  by  lofty 
Wlls.  It  contains  a  handsome  square,  a  court-house,  a  port- 
office,  meeting  house,  and  about  two  hundred  hous^ 
stores.  Bean  Hill  is  a  pleasant  settiement,  on  the  Hartford 
itiad,  in  the  western  part,  chiefly  in  one  street. 

Norwich  is  a  pleasint  town,  and  has  considerable  trade  and 
manufactures.  It  is  favourably  situated  at  the  head  of  naviffa- 
™rand  has  an  extensive  lick  country.  The  commercial 
buriness  is  much  less  than  it  formerly  was,  •bout  twdve  ves- 
»ds  are  owned  here,  employed  chiefly  in  tlie  coasUng  t»de  to 
IJrw^oTrd  elsewhe^.  The  falls  of  the  riv«  a Jord  se.t3 
for  various  mills  and  manufactunng  estabUshments-  The 
courts  for  the  county  are  held  alternately  at  tiua  city  and 

^Tt  nS^Si,  we  embark  in  the  steam-boat,  and  sail  down 
the  Thames  fourteen  inUes  to  New-London.  On  the  western 
bsnk.  in  the  township  of  dhntville,  is  the  reservation  of  the 
Mahegm  MHant,  of  whom  a  small  remnant  is  yet  left.  Thev 
ieThTdMcendanU  of  those  tribes  who  formerly  owed  al- 
legiance  to  the  celebrated  chief  Uncas.  The  -POt  where 
thu  chieftwn  Uved  i>  yet  shown,  and  no  place  «»«»"  haw 
been  pitched  on  with  more  feUdty.  Itu  »  high  pomtof  land, 


JJlHI'lHtTfT'  ''•"••"" •""" 


m 


IBDIAHS— UHCAi. 


commanding  a  noble  and  extensive  view  of  tiie  Thames,  here 
a  laree  river,  and  of  the  country  on  both  sides.  It  was  there- 
fore  well  fitted  for  preparation  against  an  enemy's  approach, 
and  furnished  every  convenience  to  hostile  excursions.  At 
the  same  time  it  bordered  on  a  never-failing  supply  of  pro- 
visions,  furnished  by  the  scale  and  sheU  fish,  with  which  both 
the  river  and  the  neighbouring  ocean  have  ever  been  nchly 

*  Uncas  waa  originally  a  petty  sachem ;  a  Pequod  by  birth  i 
a  subject  and  a  tributary  to  Sassucus.     When  the  English 
made  wa/  on  the  Pequods,  Uncas  was  unfriendly  to  this  chief, 
tain,  and  would  have  quarrelled  with  him,  had  he  not  been 
kept  in  awe  by  the  talents  and  prowess  of  so  forrmdable  j 
warrior.    Upon  the  death  of  Sassucus,  Uncas  became  the  sa- 
chem  of  the  remwning  Pequods,  as  well  as  of  the  Moh^am. 
In  this  character  he  churned,  perhaps  nghtfuUy  enough,  m 
there  was  no  other  acknowledged  heir,  all  the  temtory  whicH 
had  been  possessed  by  that  tribe ;  and  had  a  sufficient  shatt 
of  cunning  to  support  his  claims  with  very  plausible  reasons; 
they  were  therefore  generally  allowed.     From  this  Ume  he 
be«im«  one  of  the  most  formidable,  and  altogether  the  most 
prosperous  Indian  chief  in  the  southern  parts  of  New-Eng. 
land:    To  his  enenues  he  was  scarcely  less  formidable  than 
Sassucus  had  been  before  him.     At  the  head  of  four  or 
five  hundred  men,  he  met  Miantonomoh,  a  brave  and  sam. 
cious  chief  of  the  Narrhagansetts,  coming  to  attack  him  with 
twice  tlie  number;  and  after  having  in  vain  challenged  him 
to  single  combat,  defeated  his  army,  took  him  prisoner,  and 
put  him  to  deatli.     On  this  occasion  he  cut  a  piece  of  flesh 
hom  his  shoulder,  roasted,  and  ate  it ;  and  with  the  true  spi- 
rit of  a  savage,  declared,  that  it  was  the  sweetest  meat  which 
he  had  ever  tasted  in  his  life.  Uncas  died  at  an  advanced  age, 
in  his  own  house ;  and  left  his  power  and  his  property  to  bis 

A  few  years  since,  a  man  descended  from  Uncas  came  from 
North  Carolina,  or  Tennessee,  where  he  was  settled,  and  Cb- 
tuned  permission  of  the  Connecticut  le^slature  to  sell  b» 
patrimonial  share  in  tliis  tract.  This  man  had  received  a  mill- 1 
toiy  commission  from  the  British  government!  and  it  is  said, 
was  well  dressed,  well  informed,  senwhle,  and  gentlemanly 
in  his  deportment.  He  is  probably  the  only  respectable  de- ' 
•cendwrt  (rfUncM  now  living.  n--.    i^^v    -  ' 


LKS— UHCAi. 

xtengjve  view  of  the  Thames,  here 
luiitry  on  both  sides.  It  was  there- 
tion  against  an  enemy's  approach, 
snience  to  hostile  excursions.  At 
1  on  a  never-failing  supply  of  pw- 
;ale  and  shell  fish,  with  which  both 
iring  ocean  have  ever  been  richly 

)etty  sachem  i  a  Pequod  by  birth; 
to  Sassucus.     When  the  Bnrli«ti 
Uncas  was  unfriendly  to  this  chief- 
n-elled  with  him,  had  he  not  been 
ts  and  prowess  of  so  formidable  > 
of  Sassucus,  Uncas  became  the  aa- 
;quods,  as  well  as  of  the  Mohegam. 
led,  perhaps  rightfully  enouf^,  » 
hedged  heir,  allthe  territory  which 
lat  tribe ;  and  had  a  sufficient  shan 
claims  with  very  plausible  reasons; 
BittUy  allowed.     From  this  time  he 
brmidable,  and  altogether  the  most 
n  the  southern  parts  of  New-Eng. 
le  was  scarcely  less  formidable  thu 
ire  him.     At  the  head  of  four  or 
et  Miantonomoh,  a  brave  and  aa^ 
gansetts,  coming  to  attack  him  with 
after  having  in  vsun  challenged  bin 
d  his  army,  took  him  prisoner,  and 
his  occasion  he  cut  a  piece  of  flesh 
d,  and  ate  it ;  and  with  the  true  spi- 
that  it  was  the  sweetest  meat  which 
life.  Uncas  died  at  an  advanced  age, 
ft  his  power  and  his  property  to  hi« 

in  descended  from  Uncas  came  from 
>8see,  where  he  was  settled,  and  oh- 
:  Connecticut  legislature  to  sell  hii 
tract.  This  man  had  received  a  mill- 
e  British  government  i  and  it  is  said, 
iiitormcd,  senuble,  and  gentlemanly 
is  probably  the  only  respectable  de- 
living;. 


MEW-tOSBOK— IO»T  THUMBDll. 


2r3 


Sew-Londm  is  situated  on  a  decUnty,  upon  the  western 
side  of  the  Thames.  This  river  a  about  two-thirds  of  a  mUe 
wide,  and  forms  a  harbour  of  great  capacity  and  depUi.  Ves- 
sels of  ahnort  any  size  find  in  It  sufficient  water  «nd  go°d  an- 
chorinir  (cround.  It  is  also  perfectly  safe.  The  centre  of  the 
town"fa^t  three  mUe.  &om  its  mouth.  The  site  is  plea- 
lant;  but  would  be  handsomer  if  less  encumbered  with  rocks. 
The  principal  streeta  are  parallel  with  the  nver,  and  are 
JWd  bySera  nearly  at  right  angles,  but  w.Ujout  «iy 
regularity,  either  in  their  iUstances  or  theur  direcUon.  lU 
population  is  about  thirty-five  hundred.  n^„.^u  nn 

Proceeding  down  the  Thames,  we  pass  Fbrt  GrunvoUon 
the  eastern.  Sid  Fart  TrumbuU  on  the  western  shore  of  tihe 
rim,  both  celebrated  for  one  of  the  most  disgaceful  wU 
which  18  lecoided  in  the  annals  of  ""^dwn  w"**^"  J"  ?? 
year  1781.  a  body  of  British  troops  embarked  at  Long  W- 
S  under  the  command  of  General  Arnold,  on  themght 
i  preceding  the  6th  of  September;  and  having  crossed  Um 
Sound,  ^ed  at  ten  o'clock  the  next  monung,  in  two  d«. 
i  SntTon  the  two  shores  of  the  Thames  «ear  it.  mouA. 
The  detachment  which  hinded  on  the  Groton  shore  was  com- 
manded  by  Colonel  Eyre  j  the  other  by  Arnold  himsetf.  F^ 
i  TrumbuU.  a  small  and  imperfect  work,  was  evacuated  at  the 
approach  of  the  British,  the  litUe  garrison  stationed  ui  it 
croasingtherivertoFortGrisWold.  Colonel  Eyre  at  the  same 
time  led  on  his  corps  to  attack  Fort  Gnswold.  defended  at 
that  time  by  about  one  hundred  and  fifty  mUiUa.  hastily  col- 
lected  (some  of  Uiem  without  arms)  for  this  P»fn>Mf  •  A*  ttte 
British  drew  near  die  fort,  a  firing  commenced  with  g««  »«■ 
wlution.  and  was  maintained  with  the  utmost  'P""^  "";?"*« 
command  of  the  gallant  Colonel  Leydard,  for  a  considerab  e 
time.   Eyre  was  soon  wounded,  and  Major  Montgomery,  Uie 
second  in  command,  killed.    Major  B««J>^«\d.Ae  officer 
next  in  rank,  conducted  the  remainder  of  the  «»*?  H^nw-  T^^ 
British  were  severely  handled,  and  though  greaUy  superior  m 
numbers,  and  in  every  mUitiuy  advantage  except  bravery,  m 
'  said  to  have  doubted  for  a  time  whetKer  to  eontmue  or  re- 
linquish the  assault  The  fort,  originally  imperfec^  had  been 
neglected,  and  had  materiaUv  gone  to  dewy.     Stdl  the  iu> 
tion  lasted  forty  minutes,  when  the  assadanto  c«nied  Uie 
works  by  the  ba/onet    The  resistance  instimtiy  terminated. 
Tha  British  leader,  upon  entering  the  fort,  asked  who  com- 


oirtiiji»iiiM»iWrtiii<(i*iiiW''»*»°***''**''' 


.„,.....„# 


374 


TOmT  emiiWOlB— •ATBMOK. 


maiuled.  The  brave  Leydard,  who,  by  his  defence,  had 
uieriteU  the  highest  respect  from  every  mihtary,  and  particu- 
larlv  from  eveiy  generous  man,  answered,  "1  did  comniaml, 
sir ,  but  you  do  now."  As  he  uttered  these  words  he  pre- 
sented  the  hilt  of  his  sword  to  the  British  commander,  and 
was  instantly  run  through  the  body.  The  Americans  had  lost 
but  five  or  six  men  when  the  British  entered  the  fort.  A 
causeless  and  furious  carnage  commenced  immediately  on  me 
death  of  Leydardi  and  between  sixty  and  seventy  Amcncanii 
were  killed  on  the  spot,  after  they  had  surrendered  tiieir 
arms,  and  ceased  from  every  kind  of  hostdity. 

Three  miles  below,  we  reach  Long  Island  Sound,  passing 
on  the  right  a  promontory  on  which  there  is  a  hght-house. 
Our  cour^  is  now  along  the  southern  shore  of  Connecticut, 
which  is  indented  with  numerous  bays,  runmng  up  between 
the  projecting  headlands.    At  six  miles  we  pass  Bladt  i'oiitf, 
and  five  niUes  titfther  Griswold's  Point,  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Connecticut  river.    On  the  opposite  or  western  promontory  a 
the  town  of  Saybrook,  which  derives  its  name  from  i^ords  hay 
and  Brooke,  who  were  the  first  proprietors  of  it.    It  is  seat- 1 
ed  on  a  beautiful  plain,  at  the  foot  of  the  hills,  and  its  prmci- 
pal  street  is  about  one  mile  in  length,  lying  nearly  parallel 
with  the  Sound.    Seveial  of  the  houses  «*  "«»* '  Vfhfh-S; 
able  number  are  ancient  and  ordinary.    The  soil  of  the  Mb 
and  valleys  is  generally  good;  and  that  of  the  plain  excellenU 
easUy  cultivated,  and  productive  of  all  the  grams  and  fruits 

of  the  climate.  ■j„...jl 

iiaybrook  has  been  commonly,  but  erroneously,  considered 
as  the  most  ancient  settiement  in  Connecticut.    The  nwt  M- 
ronean  house  in  the  state  was  built  at  Hai-ttord,  by  the  Dutc^ 
in  ltSS3.  and  called  the  Hirse  of  Good  Hope.  The  second  w« 
built  a  few  weeks  afterwaixls  in  Windsor,  by  William  HoUnet 
of  Plymoutii.     On  the  29th  of  October,  1635,  a  colony  ftom 
Dorchester,  in  Massachusetts,  planted  themselves  in  Wmdwr. 
Two  other  colonies,  about  the  same  time,  began  the  setue- 
mfnt  of  Hartford  and  Weathersfield.    About  the  mid<Ue  of 
the  foUowing  November,  a  company  sent  by  Jo**"  Win- 
throp.  with  arms  and  other  necessaries,  came  to  Saybrooi,  i 
threw  up  some  slight  works,  and  mounted  two  pieces  of 
cannon.    In  the  revolutionary  war,  a  fort  of  the  »me  dimen- 1 
«ons  was  erected  on  the  same  spot,  to  prevent  Bntish  pnva- 
teers  from  entering  the  river.    For  this  purpoK  it  was  pe^ 


«rOI,D— (ATBBOOK. 

(lard,  who,  by  his  defence,  had 
from  every  military,  and  particu- 

man,  answered,  "  I  did  command, 
he  uttered  these  words  he  pre- 

ird  to  the  British  commander,  and 

the  body.  The  Americans  had  loit 
the  British  entered  the  fort.    A 

ge  commenced  immediately  on  the 

ween  uxty  and  seventy  American! 

after  l^ey  had  surrendered  their 

:ry  kind  of  hostility. 

reach  Long  Island  Sound,  pasnng 

y  on  which  there  is  a  light-home. 

he  southern  shore  of  Connecticut, 

imerous  bays,  running  up  between 

At  six  miles  we  pass  Black  Point, 

mooU'a  Point,  at  tne  mouth  of  the 
:  opposite  or  western  proroontoiy  it 
ich  derives  its  name  mm  Lords  Say 
le  first  proprietors  of  it.  It  is  seat- 
t  the  foot  of  the  hills,  and  ite  princi- 
lile  in  length,  lying  nearly  parallel 
I  of  the  houses  are  neat  i  a  consider- 
and  ordinary.  The  soil  of  the  hilb 
ood;  and  that  of  the  plain  excellent, 
xluctive  of  all  the  grains  and  fruits 

imonly,  but  erroneously,  considered 
:ment  in  Connecticut.  The  first  Eu- 
was  built  at  Hartford,  by  the  Dutch, 
irse  of  Good  Hope.  The  second  was 
irds  in  Windsor,  by  William  Holmes 
>th  of  October,  1635,  a  colony  from 
etts,  planted  themHelves  in  Wmdsor. 
ut  the  Hume  time,  began  the  settle- 
eathersfield.  About  the  middle  of 
p,  a  company  sent  by  John  M'in- 
ther  necessaries,  came  to  Sa^brook, 
rorks,  and  mounted  two  pieces  of 
maiy  war,  a  fort  of  the  same  dimen- 
same  spot,  to  prevent  British  priva- 
:iver.    For  this  purpose  it  was  pe^ 


.Wf  1 1 


•1 


SACRCm's  BBAD— VEW-HATCir. 


275 


frctly  fitted ;  u  the  channel  lies  almost  under  the  mouths  of 
its  cannon.  Since  the  peace  of  1783,  these  works  have  been 
suffered  to  decay-  A  part  of  the  wall  of  the  ancient  fort  is 
stiU  visible,  as  are  also  the  ruins  of  a  well,  dug  within,  to  fur- 
nish water  for  the  garrison. 

Passing  Cornfield  Point,  Duek  Island,  and  HammohamtU 
Ikad,  we  reach  m  sixteen  miles  Faulkner's  Island,  where  thet-e 
it  a  light-house,  and  opposite  to  which,  on  the  main  land.,  is 
Sathtm'i  Head.  This  is  a  ship  harbour,  and  received  this  de- 
nomination in  the  year  1637,  from  the  following  fact.  Two 
Pequod  sachems,  after  the  defeat  of  that  tribe  by  Captain 
Mason,  were  taken  by  the  troops  under  Captain  Stone,  and 
had  their  lives  spared  upon  promising  to  discover  the  place 
to  which  their  countrymen  had  fled.  The  English  brought 
them  to  this  place,  and  finding  that  they  obstinately  refused 
to  give  the  stipulated  information,  beheaded  them. 

In  thirteen  miles,  passing  the  Thimble  Islands,  we  reach 
New-Haven  light-house,  and  proceeding  up  the  bay  five 
miles,  that  city  itself. 

The  site  of  New-Haven  is  a  plain  at  the  head  of  this  bay, 
l^ing  between  two  ranges  of  hills  on  the  east  anA  west ;  and 
hmited,  partly,  on  the  northern  side,  by  two  mountains,  call- 
ed die  East  and  West  Rock,  a  spiu-  from  the  latter,  named 
Pine  Rock,  and  another  from  the  former,  named  Mill  Rock, 
which  descends  in  the  form  of  a  handsome  hill  to  the  north- 
em  skirt  of  the  city.  The  harbour  is  well  defended  from 
winds,  but  is  shallow,  and  gradually  filling  up  with  mud.  It 
has  about  seven  feet  on  the  bar  at  low  water,  and  the  com- 
mon  tides  rise  six,  and  the  spring  tides  sei'en  or  eight  feet. 
The  long  wharf  is  three  thousand  nine  hundred  and  forty- 
three  feet  in  length,  the  longest  in  the  United  States.  In 
1765,  it  was  only  twenty  rods  long,  yet  there  is  less  water  at 
its  termination  now,  than  there  was  at  that  period.  The 
maritime  commerce  of  New-Haven,  is  greater  tlian  that  of 
an^  other  town  in  Connecticut.  The  shipping  belonging  to 
this  y-r^  \n  1821,  amounted  to  ten  thousand  two  hun(&ed 
and  1 1  .'  f.ve  tons.  The  population  of  New-Haven  is  about 
seven  ti;<..jsand  five  hunmred,  but  the  area  it  occupies  is 
probably  ^.s  large  as  that  which  usually  contains  a  city  of  six 
times  the  number  of  inhabitants  in  Europe.  A  considerable 
proportion  of  the  houses  have  court-yards  in  front,  and  gar- 
dens in  the  rear.    The  former  are  ornamented  with  trees 


■tp.WJMi'P'lWt'^l'-  ^'|F 


576 


KiwuTKir—iAn  C0tlltt«. 


^•'SewH^^n  U  one  of  the  mo.t  agreeable  to«m.  in  thel 
Dn?t^8Uter  The  streeto  are  sandy,  but  are  kcptdeinl 
SKho^lS; moidyof  wood,  two rtories  high,  not «p«».l 
The  "*»••*■  J^."""'  „et  havine  an  appearance  of  ncatnail 
"L%omf^  SK  hSa^^endy  erected,  are  «=vc.| 

^taSSSe  £c^of  brick^  «°"^-   '^'''PJ'^Jfh'n 
2d  tKrindpal  'treets  are  finely  ornamented  with  ^^1 
JS  a  «SrSof  the  houses  have  gardens  m  ^erew.filWl 

nMMtico     The  bimal-irround,  in  the  nortn-wen  pan  oi  »« 
E^^in  ohlertof  particuUr  intereiit.     It  is  laid  out  i.l 
SJCami  ~Mi&  h»to  family  buying  places;  jj 
SSe  SSTented  with  rows  of  trees.    The  monumenUj 
n^lv  aU  of  mwblc.    Great  taste  is  manifesUd  in  the  wnoui 

«U^TSf«Kht  different  buildings,  founded  and  erected! 
SlsSlSt  tiSS  but  all  incor^ted  "f «  *«£H 
!.  -iTTrf'  ««The  President  and  Fellows  of  Vale  College,  j 

Kn^Jie  J\L.Kri&y  from  6<»v«*n<»f  ^f^^'  *•"»  "A 
JXn^SJKi^T^dfn  honour  of  whom  it  w«i^^^ 

SieS^Tder  this  name  w^oriP^^^y  f?:^!;^^^ 
at  KinSrth.  whence  itwasre«noyedm  IWto  8^^^^^ 

jtu-T--.  ♦«  Moor.HAven  in  1716.  The  first  DUiloing  w»i| 
Sr^  wSh  S^  tiU  1782.  when  it  was  taken  W 
idC«iSttt^Sje^bttiltonitssit«.  ThecoUegeUbn 


L 


IK— tA»  COLLIOI. 

luxuriantly  filled  with  fruit  tree, 
eUbles.  The  beauty  utd  healthful. 
need  no  explanation.  The  central 
ted  to  public  uaea,  and  if  one  of  tht 
ited  States.  On  and  around  it  ut 
ings,  consisting  of  a  state-house,  u 
rick,  the  college  edifices,  and  foui 
I,  two  for  Congregationalists,  veij 
or  EpiscopaUans,  a  beau^ul  gothic 
for  Methodists.  Besides  these,  the 
ms-house,  a  custom-house,  an  aa. 
n  hundred  volumes,  a  museum,  two 
ffices,  six  printing-ofllces,  firom  foui 
are  issued,  and  two  other  periodiol 

r  the  most  agreeable  towns  in  the 
eets  are  sandy,  but  are  kept  clesn. 
r  wood,  two  stories  high,  not  expeii' 
et  having  an  appearance  of  neatncK 
le  houses  recently  erected,  are  sevc 
brick  and  stone.  The  public  squiR 
ts  are  finely  ornamented  with  treo, 
touses  have  gardens  in  the  rear,  filled 
g  the  city  a  rural  and  delightful  sp. 
^und,  in  the  north-west  part  of  the 


t  part 
laid 


articular  interest.  It  is  laid  out  ir 
ded  into  family  buiying  places ;  thi 
rows  of  tree*.  The  monumenU  uc 
■rest  taste  is  manifested  in  the  whole 
uice  is  solemn  and  impresiive. 
is  Yale  College,  one  ot  the  most  cele 
)ns  in  the  United  SUtes.  It  consiiti, 
erent  buildings,  founded  and  erected 
all  incorporated  under  the  genera) 
ent  and  Fellows  of  Yale  College." 
inidty  from  Governor  Yale,  who  wi 
and  m  honour  of  whom  it  was  named 
name  was  oiiipnally  founded  in  1700 
e  it  was  removed  in  1709  to  Saybrook, 
ren  in  1716.  The  first  building  w»> 
Bd  till  1782,  when  it  was  Uken  down 
:c  built  on  its  stt«.  Th«  college  libra 


■  "liiium 


TALt  COLLIOI— rAiariiiD. 


27/ 


w» 


fvconUins  about  seven  thousand  volumes  and  three  librarieii 
belonging  to  societies  contain  tojfethcr  two  thousand  fivi* 
hundred  volumes.  The  philosophical  and  the  chemical  ap- 
paratus are  very  excellent.  A  cabinet  of  minerals  was  dcpo- 
sited  here  in  1811  by  Geoivc  Gibbs,  E»^.,  the  original  cost 
of  which  was  fo»ir  thousand  pounds  stcrimg  i  the  number  of 
specimens,  ten  thousand.  The  college  has  another  cabinet, 
containing  about  four  thousand  specimens.  The  number  of 
\mdergniduates  in  1821  was  three  hundred  and  twenty-five, 
medical  students  seventy-eight,  total  four  hundred  and  three* 
total  number  educated,  to  IS'20,  three  thousand  four  hunchtsd 
and  seventy-eight ;  number  living,  one  thousand  eight  hun- 
dred and  eighty-four. 

Leaving  New-ilavcn,  and  proceeding  up  the  Sound,  the 
tirst  prominent  object  that  strikes  us  is  Straifurd  Point,  and 
;ix  miles  beyond,  on  a  little  bay,  is  the  town  of  fltirjirlt/. 
This  place,  like  New-London,  was,  in  the  revolutionary  war, 
the  scene  of  a  di^rraceful  invasion  by  a  party  of  the  British. 
On  the  7th  of  July,  1776,  a  body  of  troops,  chiefly  tories, 
under  General  Tryon,  formerly  (governor  of  New-York,  land- 
ed near  Fairfield.  The  women  and  children,  on  the  alarm, 
generally  fled,  with  such  few  articles  as  they  could  carry 
with  them  i  the  men,  who  were  mostly  in  arms,  retired  to  a 
distance,  being  uiuiblc  to-  make  any  effectual  resistance. 
The  invaders  then  pillaged  the  town  of  what  they  could 
conveniently  carry  away,  robbed  the  inhabitants  of  their 
watches,  money,  and  other  things,  and  set  fire  to  every  house 
in  the  place,  to  the  number  of  sixty,  with  the  church,  meet- 
mg-housc,  school-house,  and  other  public  buildings.  Se- 
veral women  had  remained  to  secure  their  property,  some 
of  whom  had  protections  from  officers  of  the  British  forces, 
who  had  been  prisoners  and  lodged  with  them ;  others  were 
notorious  for  their  affection  to  the  British  cause :  but  they 
were  all  treated  alike  with  brutal  insult,  and  their  pro- 
perty  consumed  with  the  rest.  The  old  people  make  this 
event  the  constant  theme  of  their  stories,  and  say  that  the 
town  has  never  recovered  its  losses.  However,  it  is  now  re- 
built, >*-ith  as  many  or  more  houses  than  it  originally  con- 
tained.  The  inhabitants  consist  of  storekeepers,  mnkeepers, 
some  lawyers,  and  a  few  farmers  who  are  independent  enough 
to  live  in  U»e  town,  or  whose  farms  closely  adjoin  it  The 
loss  sustuned  by  the  burning  of  Fairfield,  ww  eKtiatatcd  »t  one 
A  A 


I 


..lU.fiifcft.i-i'jrv- 


E 


(iKkCNWIOl  WWT— •AlH   HLAWBi. 


hundred  and  thirty ^ix  thouMnd  doUut.  Dunng  the  Mine 
expedition  of  Oovemor  Tryon,  the  towni  of  Norwilk,  uro- 
ton,  Mid  icveral  vilUret,  were  »Uo  burnt,  mnd  New-Hwen 
ravaged  and  Uid  ui»der  contribution.  In  1T81,  the  city  ot 
New-I^ndon,  iui  we  h»ve  Mentioned,  wm  burnt  by  General 
Arnold,  although  it  wwi  hia  natire  place— «ich  waa  the  wn. 
dictive  apirit  ihown  by  thia  man  againat  hia  own  countrymen. 
Tl;e  whole  amount  of  theae  loaaea,  aa  aacertamed  by  the  Us. 
iriidature  of  Connecticut,  waa  aiz  hundred  and  lorty-aeven 
thoutand  doUant  and  in  conaideration  of  the  kiaaea  of  the 
private  aufTertrs,  the  atate  granted  them  fire  hundred  thou, 
aand  acrea  of  land  on  the  aouth  aide  of  Lake  Erie. 

Seventeen  nulea  beyond  Fairfield,  ia  Oremwuh  Pottd,  and 
a  little  diatance  further  the  boundary  line  between  ConnecU- 
cut  and  New-York  atrikei  the  Sound.  In  our  paaaagfe,  this 
line  expanse  of  water  now  becomes  narrower  <  the  lalands 
are  more  numerous,  and  the  shores  on  each  side  are  more 
distinctly  seen.  Of  these,  notliing  can  exceed  the  beauty. 
The  vanoua  points  succeawvely  stretchinjf  into  the  bowmi  ot 
the  water,  with  the  inwervening  indentation*  j  the  village*, 
which  aucceed  each  other  at  moderate  distances,  with  their 
white  spires,  seen  over  the  tops  of  the  trees,  or  mmg  in  the 
open  view;  the  rich  fieUa,  which  everywhere  form  the  mar- 
gin «  the  hills,  gradually  ascending  as  the  eye  advances  into 
the  interior,  covered  with  farms  and  crowned  with  groves; 
and  the  multitude  of  vessels,  skimming  tlie  surface  in  every 
dtfection— combine  altogether  as  many  varieties  of  beauty, 
serenity  and  cheeifuhiess,  as  can  easily  be  united  within  the 
same  limits.  The  Sound  is  replenished  wiUi  a  great  vancty 
of  very  fine  fish.  Am-wg  the  finny  tribes  may  be  reckonid 
the  cod,  the  striped  and  sea  baaa,  the  black  fisli,  the  sheep  s 
head,  the  blue  fish,  the  frost  fiah,  the  white  perch,  tiie  plaice, 
the  flounder,  and  many  others  t  of  shell-fish,  there  are  l«b 
sters,  crabs,  oysters,  cUuns,  muscles,  &c. 

Beyond  Thngmorton't  Paint,  the  Sound  becomes  narrow, 
very  suddenly.  Thence  to  New-York,  a  succession  of  hand- 
some villas  is  seen  at  little  disUnces,  on  both  shores.  We 
can  hardly  imagine  a  more  pleasing  series  of  objects,  when 
viewed  in  connection  with  their  appendages. 

About  right  miles  before  we  reach  the  city.  Great  and 
Litfle  Bam  Aland*,  witii  aevend  oUiers,  occupy  nearly  the 
whole  breadth  of  the  Sound,  leaving  but  narrow  channels 


r 

■  brtwec 
I  llaerlei 
torn  of 
which 
positioi 
uiul  th( 
river, 
formed 

fxagP 

found  I 

floods 

to  its  a 

l)ut  lit) 

xnd  a  I 

uut  th 

be  thr 

Froi 

lie  m 

he  wl 

ihe  vil 

be  cit 

:u  N«' 


—■AM   ISLAVDl* 

d  doUara.    During  the  nme 
the  towni  of  Nomrtlk,  Gro. 
aUo  burnt,  and  New-Haren 
bution.    In  1781,  th«  city  of 
ioined,  wm  burnt  by  General 
tive  pUce — luch  wu  the  vin- 
I  againtt  hU  own  countrvmen, 
IM*,  u  aecertained  by  the  le^ 
nz  hundred  and  forty-Mven 
ideration  of  the  kMiea  of  the 
nted  them  fire  hundred  thou- 
It  tide  of  Lake  Erie, 
ffield,  ii  ChrtmwUh  Point,  and 
indary  line  between  Connecti> 
Sound.    In  our  paaiag^e,  this 
icomet  narrower!  the  iilands 
ihores  on  euch  side  are  more 
J»ing  can  exceed  the  beauty. 
y  Htretching  into  the  hoeom  oi' 
ig  indentations;  the  villages, 
noderate  distances,  with  their 
18  of  the  trees,  or  lisinff  in  the 
lich  everywhere  form  the  mar- 
ding  as  the  eye  advances  into 
ns  and  crowned  with  groves ; 
ikimming  U»e  surface  in  every 
r  as  many  varieties  of  beauty, 
Ml  easily  be  united  within  the 
iplenished  with  a  great  variety 
finny  tribes  may  be  reckonid 
us,  the  block  fisli,  the  sheep's 
ih,  the  white  perch,  the  plaice, 
Bt  of  shell-fish,  there  are  lob 
iisclcs,  &c, 

U,  the  Sound  becomes  narrow, 
:w-York,  a  succession  of  hand- 
istances,  on  both  shores.  We 
leasing  series  of  objects,  when 
iir  appendages. 

we  reach  the  city,  Great  and 
end  others,  occupy  nearly  the 
,  leaving  but  narrow  channels 


mtt  BATIl— ■■OOKtItr— 1HW.T«»«. 


879 


between  them.  Immediately  to  the  north  of  these  islands, 
ilaerltm  Hiver  dischurgcs  itself  into  the  East  river  i  the  bot- 
tom of  which  is  formed  by  lanrc  blocks  of  granite,  some  of 
which  are  visible.  Owing  to  tins  pecidiarity  of  situation,  the 
position  of  the  rocks,  the  sudden  contraction  of  the  Sound, 
and  the  influx  and  efflux  of  the  tide  into  and  fi»oin  Haeriem 
river,  a  remarkable  wliirlpool,  called  A<tf  Otrfe,  has  been 

I  formed.    Formerly,  it  was  rarely  mentioned  but  in  terms  of 
puggeration  and  terror:  in  later  times,  howe  -er,  it  has  been 

1  found  almort  harmless.     The  agitation  of  the  water  at  hatf 

'  flood  and  half  ebb,  is  sufficient  to  atarm  one  not  fiumhariicd 
to  its  appearance »  but  about  high  and  low  water,  there  » 
hut  little  commotion.  At  proper  times,  with  a  suitable  wind 
Mil  a  good  pilot,  vcMels  pass  here  without  dangeri  but  with« 
out  these  advantages,  they  are  hable  to  strike  the  rocka  or 
be  thrown  upon  the  shore. 
From  Hell  Gate,  a  passage  of  seven  mdes  conducts  us  along 

I  lie  margin  of  New-York  Island,  laid  out  for  new  streets 
■he  whole  distance.  On  t)ic  other  shore  is  I^ng  island,  and 
ihe  village  of  Brooklyn,  which  may  be  considered  aa  part  of 
lie  city.  From  it,  a  ferry  of  less  Uian  half  a  mile  conveys  us 
■g  Nf.w-Vonii.. 


THE   liXU. 


r 


K^^j^^QgfflgtgiSx^i^ 


■:«pi— 


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